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Gentoo Linux, or Why in the World You Should Compile Everything
The document provides an overview of Gentoo Linux, highlighting its features such as source compilation, automated software installation, and customization options. It also discusses the Portage system, ebuild files, and the Gentoo community's resources for user support. The content emphasizes Gentoo's appeal to users seeking control, stability, and knowledge of Unix-like systems.
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Gentoo Linux, or Why in the World You Should Compile Everything
- 1. Gentoo Linux, or Whyin the World You Should Compile Everything Donnie Berkholz Council Member & Sr. Developer Gentoo Linux dberkholz@gentoo.org @dberkholz
- 2.
- 3. How I cameto Gentoo
- 4.
- 5.
- 6. Gentoo features • Beautifulsplash screen, console and colorful CLI • Fully automated software installation • Extremely easy maintenance • Available in most architectures and OS's • Configuration file protection and automerge
- 7. Gentoo features(con't) • Advantagesof compiling from source • Multiple versions/implementations handling • Binary package support
- 8. Portage features • Customizationof CFLAGS, LDFLAGS • USE flags (more on that later) • Various optional features - choose to suit your own need through FEATURES variable • Protection for live system • FEATURES sandbox, collision-protect, protect- owned • Compilation speeding up • FEATURES ccache, distcc • System trimming • FEATURES nodoc, noman, noinfo • INSTALL_MASK
- 9. Portage features (con't) • SMP support • emerge --jobs=JOBS --load-average=LOAD • MAKEOPTS='-jN', where N is number of processors + 1 • FEATURES parallel-fetch • Auto resuming after failure whenever possible • emerge --keep-going • Blocker automatic solving • com_err and ss V.S. e2fsprogs-libs • Debugging support • Adding "-g3 -ggdb3 -gdwarf-2" to CFLAGS • FEATURES keepwork, nostrip, splitdebug, installsources
- 10. Portage features (con't) • Embedded system support • Features in portage 2.2 • License filtering • Generic package sets • FEATURES preserve-libs
- 11. Portage tree • Gentoo'ssoftware repository • One of the largest • Bleeding edge packages • Branches • Overlays
- 12. Ebuild file • Definesvariables and functions used to compile and install software • KEYWORDS • SLOT • DEPEND, RDEPEND, PDEPEND • LICENSE • SRC_URI • Functions - src_unpack(), src_compile(), src_install() • Eclasses
- 13. USE flags • Maponto ./configure options • Defaults defined by profile • Define your own in addition to defaults • Install only what you want • Example: • USE="-gnome kde qt -arts -nls"
- 14. Init system • OpenRC •Named run levels (boot, default) • Smart dependencies • Parallel startup • Hotplug/Coldplug
- 15. Documentation • Gentoo Handbook •Desktop docs • Upgrade guides • System admin • Developer docs • Project docs
- 16. Gentoo Community • Closecontact with end users • Many ebuilds submitted by users (sunrise overlay) • IRC • Web forums • Fully public bug tracking • Developers attend FOSS events around the world
- 17. Stay informed • Mainpage - http://www.gentoo.org • Planet - http://planet.gentoo.org • Forums - http://forums.gentoo.org • Gentoo Monthly Newsletter (GMN) • http://www.gentoo.org/news/zh_cn/gmn/ • IRC channels • http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/irc.xml • Mailing lists • http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/lists.xml • Packages - http://packages.gentoo.org • Gentoo Linux Security Announcements (GLSA)
- 18. Is Gentoo forme? • If you are lazy • If you are a perfectionist • If you like being in control • If you want a stable and secure system • If you want to know how a Unix-like system works • If you want to make the most out of your hardware • If you want to make your own distribution • If you want to install GNU/Linux on your PS3 and have it easily, regularly updated
- 19. EAPI: Ebuild API •EAPI 0: Forever... • EAPI 1: Nov 2007 • EAPI 2: Sept 2008 • EAPI 3: Jan 2010 • EAPI 4: Jan 2011
- 20. EAPI: Ebuild API •201499: single dependency variable • DEPENDENCIES: “run+build: dev-libs/foo” • 174412: remove EXPORT_FUNCTIONS • Should be automated • 179800: always-called eclass phase functions • Run something at src_prepare without making sure ebuilds call $ECLASS_src_prepare when overriding • 185567: function to package source code • Creating custom tarballs from upstream, e.g. • 186454: move DESCRIPTION to metadata.xml • package-wide, not per-ebuild
- 21. EAPI: Ebuild API •402167: move HOMEPAGE to metadata.xml • 399019, 399307: move unpacking logic to eclasses • WIP • remove need to dep on proper unpacker • 354219: zero or one-of for REQUIRED_USE • many cases of REQUIRED_USE would benefit from a zero-of-or-one-of / at-most-one-of group.
- 22. Gentoo Linux, or Whyin the World You Should Compile Everything Donnie Berkholz Council Member & Sr. Developer Gentoo Linux dberkholz@gentoo.org @dberkholz
- 23. <http://dev.gentoo.org/~dberkholz/IntroToGentoo.odp> Copyright 2006–2012 RajivManglani, Zhang Le, Donnie Berkholz. Some rights reserved. The Gentoo Linux logo is Copyright 2002 Gentoo Foundation, used with permission. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit < http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0> or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Editor's Notes
- #5 Gentoo – the fastest swimming penguin Based either on Linux, FreeBSD, etc Source-based metadistribution Can be optimized and customized for any purpose Extremely configurable, portable, easy-to-maintain All volunteer, active developer community Is and will always be Free Software Commitment to giving back to the FOSS community
- #6 Started by Daniel Robbins with the name &quot;Enoch&quot; in 1999 Changed name to &quot;Gentoo&quot; later due to speed increase as a result of EGCS adoption Portage - the next generation ports – born after a detour to FreeBSD Gentoo Linux 1.0 released on 2002/03/31 Gentoo Foundation set up in 2004 to take care of financial issue and protect intellectual property Gentoo Council decides on global issues and policies
- #7 Beautiful splash screen, console and colorful CLI Fully automated software installation Dependency solving and fulfillment Source fetching, patching, compiling, installing Extremely easy maintenance 'system' and 'world' package set keep 'world' up-to-date with a single command versionless, seamless upgrading Available in most architectures and OS's amd64, alpha, arm, hppa, ia64, mips, ppc, sparc, x86 other Linux distros, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, AIX, Interix Configuration file protection and automerge
- #8 Advantages of compiling from source Optimized for your own CPU DIY as soon as new software release is out Even if not released yet - live ebuilds (cvs/svn/git...) Multiple versions/implementations handling coexist along with each other peacefully switch on-the-fly mechanisms - software slots, virtual package tools - eselect , gcc-config, binutils-config, java-config Binary package support Native binary package format & repositories Alien binary package format support, e.g. rpm, deb. Upstream binary package: openoffice-bin, mozilla-firefox-bin
- #11 Embedded system support crossdev - create any arbitrary cross toolchain in one command First set CBUILD, PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT and ROOT properly Then just emerge! Features in portage 2.2 License filtering Generic package sets @live-rebuild - all live ebuilds installed on your system @module-rebuild - all out-of-tree kernel module FEATURES preserve-libs preserve old lib after lib version bump emerge @preserved-rebuild to remove old lib and link apps to new lib
- #12 Gentoo's software repository One of the largest in terms of number of packages No split packages, i.e. foo-devel, -headers Provide non-free software, e.g. adobe flash player/reader Bleeding edge packages Branches - stable, testing Defined your global choice in /etc/make.conf Tweak for each package in /etc/portage/package.keywords Overlays - a subset of tree with higher priority GNOME, KDE, toolchain, x11.... managed by &quot;layman&quot;
- #13 Defines variables and functions used to compile and install software KEYWORDS - define branch for this package SLOT - mechanism for multiple version coexistence DEPEND, RDEPEND, PDEPEND - Build time, Runtime, Post-merge dependencies LICENSE - the software license SRC_URI - where to get sources Function - src_unpack(), src_compile(), src_install() Eclass - ebuild's library
- #14 Gentoo's way to customize software components USE flags generally map onto ./configure options Defaults defined by profile /etc/make.profile Define your own in addition to defaults Global flags in /etc/make.conf Package specific flags in /etc/portage/package.use Install only what you want Example: USE=&quot;-gnome kde qt -arts -nls&quot;
- #15 OpenRC, written in C and POSIX-compliant shell script, for compatibility with Gentoo on FreeBSD and embedded systems. Named run levels (boot, default) Smart dependencies Scripts can 'use' or 'need' others. Scripts can start 'before' or 'after' others. Parallel startup option Hotplug/Coldplug services
- #16 Gentoo Handbook (install, embedded, security...) Desktop docs (X, nVidia/ATI, GNOME, KDE, fluxbox, xfce, alsa, DRI, power management...) Upgrade Guide (kernel, gcc, apache, MySQL, PHP...) System admin (security handbook, localization, cron, sudo, kernel, prelink, distcc, mail server, database, web server, virtualization...) Developer docs (dev handbook, devmanual) Project docs (Gentoo projects operation)
- #17 Close contact with end users Many ebuilds submitted by users (sunrise overlay) IRC channels (irc.gentoo.org, currently an alias to freenode), #gentoo is one of the largest on the network with an average of 900+ users. Web-based forums (on forums.gentoo.org), 5,495,131 posts, 1500+ posts per day. Fully public bug tracking (bugs.gentoo.org) Developers attend FOSS events around the world