4. WAR!
Serbia (10)
Austria-Hungary (6)
Russia (5)
Germany (1)
France (4)
Belgium (9)
Britain (2)
Ottoman Turks (8)
Italy (7)
ultimatum
assassination
back-up
support
mobilizes (WAR!)
WAR!
Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan
has treaty
alliance
Bulgaria (12)
The Outbreak of the Great War
--------------
5. Allied Powers:
Britain (2)
France (4)
Russia (5)
Italy (7)
Belgium (9)
Serbia (10)
Romania (11)
Central Powers:
Germany (1)
Austria-Hungary (6)
Ottoman Empire (8)
Bulgaria (12)
USA (3) IN April 1917
________ OUT March 1918
71. Sussex Pledge
May 1916
German promise to U.S. to limit submarine warfare:
⢠passenger ships would not be targeted
⢠merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of
weapons had been established, if necessary by a search
of the ship
⢠merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for
the safety of passengers and crew
⢠rescinded February 1917; unrestricted submarine
warfare resumed
73. Timeline of U.S. Participation in WWI
1917:
Feb. 1: Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
Feb. 28: Wilson made Zimmermann Telegram public
Mar. 8: Tsar Nicholas II overthrown in Russian Revolution
Apr. 6: U.S. Congress declaration of war âto make the world
safe for democracyâ (vs. absolute monarchy)
Nov. 6: Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
1918:
Mar. 3: Russia surrendered in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Mar. 21: German Spring Offensive
Aug. 8: Allied Meuse-Argonne (Hundred Daysâ) Offensive
Nov. 11: Armistice Day
74. April 1917: US entry âto make the world safe for democracyâ
75.
76.
77. Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,
Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,
Hear them calling you and me,
Every son of liberty.
Hurry right away, no delay, go today,
Make your daddy glad to have had such a lad,
Tell your sweetheart not to pine,
To be proud her boy's in line.
78. Over there, over there
Send the word, send the word over there
That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming,
The drums rum-tumming everywhere
So prepare, say a prayer
Send the word, send the word to beware
We'll be over, we're coming over,
And we won't come back till it's over, over there!
79. Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,
Johnnie show the Hun you're a son of a gun,
Hoist the flag and let her fly,
Yankee Doodle do or die.
Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit,
Yankees to the ranks from the towns and the tanks,
Make your momma proud of you
And the old Red White and Blue.
83. Over there, over there
Send the word, send the word over there
That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming,
The drums rum-tumming everywhere
So prepare, say a prayer
Send the word, send the word to beware
We'll be over, we're coming over,
And we won't come back till it's over, over there!
84. 1917 â Selective Service Act
By 1918 - 24 m. men registered
4.8 m. served; 2 m. saw combat
400K African-Americans
15K Native American scouts, messengers, snipers
87. The two American soldiers were
posted on sentry duty on the
midnight-to-four a.m. shift. Johnson
thought it was âcrazyâ to send
untrained men out at the risk of the
rest of the troops, he later told a
reporter, but he told the corporal heâd
âtackle the job.â He and Roberts
werenât on duty long when German
snipers began firing at them.
88. After the shots rang out, Johnson and
Roberts lined up a box of grenades in
their dugout to have ready if a
German raiding party tried to make a
move. Just after 2 a.m., Johnson heard
the âsnippinâ and clippinâ â of
wirecutters on the perimeter fence
and told Roberts to run back to camp
to let the French troops know there
was trouble. Johnson then hurled a
grenade toward the fence, which
brought a volley of return gunfire
from the Germans, as well as enemy
grenades.
89. Roberts didnât get far before he
decided to return to help Johnson
fight, but he was hit with a grenade
and wounded too badly in his arm and
hip to do any fighting. Johnson had
him lie in the trench and hand him
grenades, which the Albany native
threw at the Germans.
90. But there were too many enemy
soldiers, and they advanced from
every direction; Johnson ran out of
grenades. He took German bullets in
the head and lip but fired his rifle into
the darkness. He took more bullets in
his side, then his hand, but kept
shooting until he shoved an American
cartridge clip into his French rifle, and
it jammed.
91. By now, the Germans were on top of
him. Johnson swung his rifle like a
club and kept them at bay until the
stock of his rifle splintered; then he
went down with a blow to his head.
Overwhelmed, he saw that the
Germans were trying to take Roberts
prisoner. The only weapon Johnson
had left was a bolo knife, so he
climbed up from the ground and
charged, hacking away at the
Germans before they could get clean
shot at him.
92.
93. âEach slash meant something, believe
me,â Johnson later said. âI wasnât
doing exercises, let me tell you.â He
stabbed one German in the stomach,
felled a lieutenant, and took a pistol
shot to his arm before driving his
knife between the ribs of a soldier
who had climbed on his back.
Johnson managed to drag Roberts
away from the Germans, who
retreated as they heard French and
American forces advancing.
94. When reinforcements arrived,
Johnson passed out and was taken to
a field hospital. By daylight, the
carnage was evident: Johnson had
killed four Germans and wounded an
estimated 10 to 20 more. Even after
suffering 21 wounds in hand-to-hand
combat, Henry Johnson had
prevented the Germans from busting
through the French line.
95. âThere wasnât anything so fine about
it,â he said later. âJust fought for my
life. A rabbit would have done that.â
96. Council of National Defense
War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch
Food Administration, Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration, William McAdoo
National War Labor Board, W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh
123. Government Excess
1. Espionage Act, 1917
⢠forbade obstruction to recruitment and
promotion of military insubordination
⢠ordered the Postmaster General to screen mail
for left-wing material
⢠fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years
124. 2. Sedition Act, 1918
⢠crime to speak against buying war bonds or
willfully utter, print, write or publish any
disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive
language about the US gov, Constitution, or
armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or
advocate any curtailment of production âŚ
essential to ⌠the war
Government Excess
125. 3. Schenck v. US, 1919
⢠peacetime leaflets would have been
protected by First Amendment
⢠BUT speech judged by circumstances
⢠The most stringent protection of free speech
would not protect a man in falsely shouting
fire in a theater and causing a panic.
⢠If speech posed clear and present danger,
Congress can restrain
Government Excess
127. Sept.âNov. 1918: U.S. Doughboys in Meuseâ
Argonne/Hundred Daysâ offensive
⢠over 1
million
Americans
participated
⢠deadliest
campaign in
American
history
⢠26K killed
⢠over 120K
casualties
141. Human Cost of the War
⢠9-11 million combatants killed
⢠7 million civilians killed
⢠20 million soldiers and civilians wounded
⢠7-12 million killed in Russian Civil War
⢠50-100 million killed by Spanish Flu Pandemic
⢠8.5 of 8.7 million French men aged 20-50 served
⢠Serbia lost 17-28% of population,
⢠Ottoman Empire lost 13-15% of population
⢠Total =
77,000,000-130,000,000 MILLION DEAD
