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Innovation and Re-Invention: Connaught Laboratories, Biotechnology and Canadian Public Health
- 1. Innovation & Re-Invention: Connaught Laboratories, Biotechnology & Canadian Public Health Tuesday, September 7, 2010 FitzGerald Building Room 103 Introduction to CHL 5004 for Incoming Class Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto By Christopher J. Rutty, Ph.D. Medical Historian, Consultant Health Heritage Research Services http://healthheritageresearch.com
- 2. A Legacy of Re-Invention
- 3. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Louis Pasteur
- 4. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Origins – Dr. J.G. FitzGerald’s Public Health Vision
- 5. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Origins – Dr. J.G. FitzGerald’s Public Health Vision 1914-1921 – Antitoxins, WWI, Smallpox & Pandemic Influenza Vaccines
- 6. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Origins – Dr. J.G. FitzGerald’s Public Health Vision 1914-1921 – Antitoxins, WWI, Smallpox & Pandemic Influenza Vaccines 1922-1940 – Insulin, Diphtheria &, Pertussis Vaccines
- 7. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Origins – Dr. J.G. FitzGerald’s Public Health Vision 1914-1921 – Antitoxins, WWI, Smallpox & Pandemic Influenza Vaccines 1922-1940 – Insulin, Diphtheria &, Pertussis Vaccines 1941-1945 – WWII, Penicillin & 1 st Pediatric DP & DPT Combination Vaccines
- 8. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Origins – Dr. J.G. FitzGerald’s Public Health Vision 1914-1921 – Antitoxins, WWI, Smallpox & Pandemic Influenza Vaccines 1922-1940 – Insulin, Diphtheria &, Pertussis Vaccines 1941-1945 – WWII, Penicillin & 1 st Pediatric DP & DPT Combination Vaccines 1946-1955 – Virus Research, Synthetic Media & Salk Polio Vaccine
- 9. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance 1956-1972 – DPT-Polio, Pandemic Influenza, Sabin Polio, & Smallpox Eradication
- 10. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance 1956-1972 – DPT-Polio, Pandemic Influenza, Sabin Polio & Smallpox Eradication 1972-1989 – University of Toronto Sale, Swiftwater Acquisition, New Partnerships
- 11. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance 1956-1972 – DPT-Polio, Pandemic Influenza, Sabin Polio & Smallpox Eradication 1972-1989 – University of Toronto Sale, Swiftwater Acquisition, New Partnerships 1989-1999 – Institute Mérieux Takeover, New Vaccine Combinations, Acellular Pertussis and Pentacel, Aventis Pasteur Creation
- 12. Overview: Connaught’s Historical Contributions: Biological Products of Medical Significance 1956-1972 – DPT-Polio, Pandemic Influenza, Sabin Polio & Smallpox Eradication 1972-1989 – University of Toronto Sale, Swiftwater Acquisition, New Partnerships 1989-1999 – Institute Merieux Takeover, New Vaccine Combinations, Acellular Pertussis and Pentacel, Aventis Pasteur Creation 2000-2010 – Sanofi Pasteur Creation, Showcasing a Unique Legacy
- 13. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 14. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1885 - Pasteur Rabies Treatment discovered by Louis Pasteur in France Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 15. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1885 - Pasteur Rabies Treatment discovered by Louis Pasteur in France 1888 - Pasteur Institute founded in Paris Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 16. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1885 - Pasteur Rabies Treatment discovered by Louis Pasteur in France 1888 - Pasteur Institute founded in Paris 1890 - Diphtheria Antitoxin discovered by Emil Behring in Germany Dr Emil Behring Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 17. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1885 - Pasteur Rabies Treatment discovered by Louis Pasteur in France 1888 - Pasteur Institute founded in Paris 1890 - Diphtheria Antitoxin discovered by Emil Behring in Germany 1891 – Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine established in Great Britain Dr Joseph Lister Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 18. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1885 - Pasteur Rabies Treatment discovered by Louis Pasteur in France 1888 - Pasteur Institute founded in Paris 1890 - Diphtheria Antitoxin discovered by Emil Behring in Germany 1891 – Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine established in Great Britain 1895 - New York City Public Health Laboratories created Dr William H. Park, Director, NYC Public Health Laboratories Prelude: 1796 - Edward Jenner demonstrated immunizing value of Smallpox Vaccine
- 19. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1882 - Ontario Provincial Board of Health (1st in Canada) Ontario Legislature, Queen’s Park, Toronto
- 20. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1882 - Ontario Provincial Board of Health (1st in Canada) 1886 - Ontario Smallpox Vaccine Farm established in Palmerston
- 21. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1882 - Ontario Provincial Board of Health (1st in Canada) 1886 - Ontario Smallpox Vaccine Farm established in Palmerston 1890 - Ontario Provincial Laboratory established (1st in North America) Ontario Public Health Laboratories, 5 Queen’s Park Circle, Toronto
- 22. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1882 - Ontario Provincial Board of Health (1st in Canada) 1886 - Ontario Smallpox Vaccine Farm established in Palmerston 1890 - Ontario Provincial Laboratory established (1st in North America) 1910 - Department of Hygiene, University of Toronto, established Dr J.A. Amyot, 1 st Professor of Hygiene, U. of T. & Director, Ontario Board of Health Laboratory U. Of T. Dept. of Hygiene had a Museum of Hygiene behind this door
- 23. Key Global & Canadian Public Health Foundations, 1882-1910 1882 - Ontario Provincial Board of Health (1st in Canada) 1886 - Ontario Smallpox Vaccine Farm established in Palmerston 1890 - Ontario Provincial Laboratory established (1st in North America) 1910 - Department of Hygiene, University of Toronto, established 1910 - Canadian Pubic Health Association founded, Duke of Connaught, first patron For more background visit: http://cpha100.ca eBook: This Is Public Health: A Canadian History
- 24. Origins
- 31. World War I Expansion
- 32. Smallpox Vaccine
- 35. Influenza: Facing a Pandemic (Part I)
- 39. Insulin: The ‘Greatest’ Invention
- 46. Insulin: The ‘Greatest’ Invention To learn more about the discovery, development & legacy of the Discovery of Insulin in Toronto, visit the poster exhibit outside the Diabetes Clinic at Toronto General Hospital, 12th floor, Eaton Wing. Posters also viewable at: http://healthheritageresearch.com
- 47. The School of Hygiene: Connaught HQ, 1927-1955 The discovery of Insulin drew considerable international attention to the U of T, particularly from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York In 1925, the foundation provided funding for the establishment of a School of Hygiene for the expansion of public health education, and also to provide new research, laboratory, production and administrative facilities for Connaught
- 48. Diphtheria Toxoid: Taming ‘The Strangler’
- 53. Pertussis: Preventing ‘Whooping Cough’
- 61. Connaught & World War II: Penicillin: Making the Miracle Drug
- 67. Conquering The Crippler: Connaught & Polio Vaccines
- 82. Influenza: Facing a Pandemic (Part II)
- 85. Slaying the Speckled Monster: Connaught & Smallpox Eradication
- 92. “ Too Big For Canada, Too Small for the World” Connaught’s Privatization & Global Partnerships, 1972-1989
- 102. Building the Best Vaccine Combinations
- 107. Increase in adolescent pertussis with decrease in infant pertussis New Challenges: Adolescent and Adult Pertussis Adolescent and adult pertussis began to increase in the 1990s in Canada just as incidence in infants and children was coming down due to the 5-component combination vaccine distributed in Pentacel. The need for an adolescent and adult pertussis vaccine led to the development of Adacel
- 110. From Aventis Pasteur to Sanofi Pasteur: Maintaining Connaught’s Canadian Identity into the 21 st Century
- 115. Showcasing a Unique Heritage Barton Avenue Stable - 1913 - 2001
- 116. Showcasing a Unique Heritage 2004
- 117. Showcasing a Unique Heritage Heritage Centre 2004 - 2010
Editor's Notes
- Slide 6 1916-17 – Canada gets serious about Smallpox Vaccine - Connaught assumed responsibility for smallpox vaccine production in 1916, acquiring the assets of the Ontario Vaccine Farm, which had been producing vaccine in Palmerston since 1885 - Connaught helped by the New York City Health Department Laboratory getting production started with supplies of an original Jenner Vaccinia strain and bulk vaccine to meet immediate Canadian demands - Connaught’s full vaccine production began in 1917. Most of its first lots supplied to the Canadian Armed Services, and then, shortly after the war, to fight major smallpox outbreaks in the Toronto and Ottawa areas
- While smallpox vaccine was a very effective weapon to prevent that disease, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-19 brought Connaught scientists face to face with a deadly infectious threat that could not be prevented with a vaccine, despite a valiant effort to try to prepare one during the peak of the emergency. Not unlike the recent experience with SARS in Toronto and elsewhere, especially in China, during the influenza pandemic there were frantic efforts to identify the cause of the disease and hopefully prepare a vaccine that might prevent it. Scientists had first targeted a bacterium, B. influenza , as the cause of influenza in 1892 and then prepared a vaccine based on a variety of strains isolated from influenza cases. When the epidemic started in 1918, the New York City Health Department prepared such a vaccine and supplied what were thought to be influenza strains to Connaught for preparing a Canadian vaccine.
- Working day and night in the cramped Antitoxin Laboratory in the University of Toronto Medical Building basement, a small team under the direction of Dr. R.D. Defries, supplied the Connaught influenza vaccine in large quantities, and free of charge, to provincial health departments, hospitals, the military and other public health services across the country. Due to this unprecedented emergency, Connaught made no claims for the effectiveness of the vaccine, but kept careful records so that it could be evaluated. However, as the epidemic eased it became increasingly clear that the influenza bacterium was not responsible for the disease, but, as was discovered in 1933, it was due to a virus.
- Slide 17 1967-68 – Energizing Smallpox Eradication - In 1966, the WHO turned to Connaught to serve as one of two International Smallpox Vaccine Reference Centers for the global eradication campaign. The second Reference Center was located at the RIJKS Institute in the Netherlands - In 1967 the Pan American Health Organization asked Drs Fenje and R.J. Wilson to serve as consultants to help local smallpox vaccine producers in South America improve the quality of their vaccine.