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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 1
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:OSITCP/IP
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OSI
TCP/IP
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•OSI
•TCP/IP
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 2
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 3
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 4
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 5
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 6
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 7
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• ISO (International Standardization Organization)
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BSI – UK
HSC – Japan
• IUT-T (International Union of Telecommunication)
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 8
5.
‫و‬‫ی‬
1
2
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System A System B
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
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6
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 9
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P1
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‫ل‬ ‫إر‬
A
‫ل‬ ‫ا‬
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 10
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 11
.
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OSI:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 12
•:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 13
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 14
OSI:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 15
OSI:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 16
OSI:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 17
OSI:
•
•:FTPTelnet
Email...
TCP/IP:
•)Interconnection(
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TCP/IP
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Peering Points
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 18
•/(slow start)
(congestion avoidance)(fast retransmit)(fast
recovery)
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.
DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency).
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1980
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ARPANET
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56Kb/s.
Van JacobsonLawrence
Berkeley.
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(fast retransmit)(fast recovery).Moore
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1000.1200050000.
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 19
1996Bob MetcaffeEthernet
.
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TCP/IP25
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KahnVint CerfJon PostelVan Jacobson
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 20
TCP/IP
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•
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:
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‫ﺵ‬
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RFC
RFC.
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RFC.RFC)Algorithms for Synchronizing Network
Clocks(.
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 21
RFC..
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Token Ring, Ethernet, PC Network, Serial Line
IP & ICMP ARPRIP RARP
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LPD
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‫ا‬
‫ا‬
‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
RFC:
•IP(Internet Protocol)(RFC791)
•ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)IP
(RFC792)
•ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)IP(RFC823)
•UDP(User Datagram Protocol)TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol).
UDPTCP
)RFC768RFC793(
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 22
TCP/IP
)(
arp SSH, FTP, HTTP DNS, Quake traceroute
TCP UDP
IP ICMP
ARP ,‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
Copper , ‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ , ‫ی‬ ‫رادی‬ ‫اج‬ ‫أﻡ‬
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 23
‫ﺕ‬
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)(
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Internet Protocol
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Address Resolution Protocol
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Internet Control Message Protocol
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 24
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• Fiber Optic
• ATM
TCP
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SYN-ACK(SYN Acknowledgment)
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TCP
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 25
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 26
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(2)∫ π=
T
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T
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 27
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 28
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 29
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 30
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 31
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 32
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 33
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 34
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 35
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 36
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 37
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 38
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 39
•:
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 40
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Telephone
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/Codec
End Office
Toll Office
Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 41
)(Medium-bandwidth trunk (digital, fiber)
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 42
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 43
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 45
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 46
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 47
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 48
:
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Fire Wire
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 49
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Network Interface Cards NICs
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1-
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 50
o
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SMCLinksysNetgearSMCWestern Digital(
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 51
)Expansion Slots(
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‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬
(Peripheral Bus Standards) 3-‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬
1-
•:
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PCMCIA)
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association(
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‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 94
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)(
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hosts.
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DHCP
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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 164
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Networking in depth

  • 1. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 1 : :OSITCP/IP : . : OSI TCP/IP : : • • • • • •OSI •TCP/IP
  • 2. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 2 • • • •. •: o o o o o o o . . . (1970s) : :. . : . . : .. .
  • 3. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 3 : . :. . . : . . . : . . : •LAN •WAN : LAN: LANLocal Area Network. . . )(. . ..
  • 4. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 4 WAN:WAN Wide Area Networks.. )( . •. )(. •. •: o o o • • • •
  • 5. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 5 : . .. . ."". .
  • 6. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 6 : . . . . . . : : • •)( )("" •)( )()(. •
  • 7. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 7 • • ISO (International Standardization Organization) o o: ANSI – USA AFNOR – France DIN – Germany BSI – UK HSC – Japan • IUT-T (International Union of Telecommunication) o :)1( : 1. 2. 3. 4. ‫و‬‫ی‬ 1 2 1 2 System B System A ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬1-2:‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬12
  • 8. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 8 5. ‫و‬‫ی‬ 1 2 1 2 System B System A ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬:‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬1 ‫و‬‫ی‬ 1 2 1 2 System B System A ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬1 ‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ 1 System A System B 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬1 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬3 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬4 ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬5 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬6 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺏ‬7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬6-7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬5-6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬4-5 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬3-4 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬2-3 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬1-2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬6-7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬5-6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬4-5 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬3-4 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬2-3 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬1-2
  • 9. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 9 : : •)( •. : •. •. •. . •. . •. 1.1-2.10OSI ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إدارة‬ Station A Station B ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ P1 P2 ‫ر‬m ‫ر‬m ‫ر‬M ‫ر‬M ‫ر‬M ‫ر‬M H4 M H4 M H4 M H4 MH3H3 H M H MHH HH TT H4 M H4 MH3H3 H4 M H4 M P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 ‫وا‬7-6 ‫وا‬6-5 ‫وا‬7-6 ‫وا‬6-5 ‫ل‬ ‫إر‬ A ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ B ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ H M H MHH HH TT
  • 10. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 10 . . OSI(Open SystemInterconnection) . . . ‫ا‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ِ ُ ‫ا‬ ِ َ ُ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬6-7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬5-6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬4-5 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬3-4 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬2-3 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬1-2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬6-7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬5-6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬4-5 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬3-4 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬2-3 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬1-2
  • 11. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 11 . : -Application -Presentation layer -Session layer -Transport layer -Network layer -Data link layer -Physical layer OSI: • •ISO-10022UITX.211 • ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 12. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 12 •: o o(encoders)(Modulators) o(Multiplexers) • • •10022-ISO)(UIT)(211.X)211( • •: o o(encoders)(Modulators) o(Multiplexers) OSI: ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 13. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 13 • •ISO-8886UITX.212 • • OSI: •. : o o o o o)( • ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 14. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 14 OSI: • • o o • ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 15. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 15 OSI: • • • ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 16. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 16 OSI: • 1. 2. 3.ASCIIEBCDIC 4. •ASN.1)ISO 8824UIT X.208(ISO •: 1. 2. 3.ASCIIEBCDIC 4. •ASN.1)()ISO 8824UIT X.208(ISO ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 17. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 17 OSI: • •:FTPTelnet Email... TCP/IP: •)Interconnection( •DARPAARPANET1969 • TCP/IP •1980 Peering Points ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺏ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬
  • 18. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 18 •/(slow start) (congestion avoidance)(fast retransmit)(fast recovery) • . )Interconnection( . DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency). DARPAARPANET1969 NSF-NET . TCP/IP TCPIP. 1980 ..NSF-NET 1994. Peering Points. ARPANET VAX)DEC(Berkeley UNIXEthernet10Mb/s 56Kb/s. Van JacobsonLawrence Berkeley. /(slow start)(congestion avoidance) (fast retransmit)(fast recovery).Moore 18. 1000.1200050000.
  • 19. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 19 1996Bob MetcaffeEthernet . . TCP/IP25 .Bob KahnVint CerfJon PostelVan Jacobson . : •ICANN)Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(org.icann.www •ISOC)Internet Society(:org.isoc.www •IETF)eInternet Engineering Task Forc(org.ietf.www. . . : •ICANN(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) .)www.icann.org( •ISOC(Internet Society))www.isoc.org( •IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force). )www.ietf.org(
  • 20. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 20 TCP/IP • • • • : ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ا‬ TCP/IPRFC(Request for Comments).RFC. RFC RFC. . RFC.RFC)Algorithms for Synchronizing Network Clocks(.
  • 21. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 21 RFC.. )(. . RFCwww.rfc-editor.org . TCP/IP Token Ring, Ethernet, PC Network, Serial Line IP & ICMP ARPRIP RARP TCP UDP Telnet REXEC FTP DNS SNMPNFS Kerberos RPCLPR LPD TFTPSMTP Talk RouteD X-Windows X Widget ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ RFC: •IP(Internet Protocol)(RFC791) •ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)IP (RFC792) •ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)IP(RFC823) •UDP(User Datagram Protocol)TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). UDPTCP )RFC768RFC793(
  • 22. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 22 TCP/IP )( arp SSH, FTP, HTTP DNS, Quake traceroute TCP UDP IP ICMP ARP ,‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ Copper , ‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ , ‫ی‬ ‫رادی‬ ‫اج‬ ‫أﻡ‬ :" ) "Application Protocol.(
  • 23. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 23 ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫زﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ِم‬‫رد‬ :TCP •)Connected Mode( • • •)Virtual Circuit( •TCP :UDP •)Connectionless Mode( •TCP • •UDP )( •IP Internet Protocol •ARP Address Resolution Protocol •ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
  • 24. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 24 • Ethernet • Token Ring • Fiber Optic • ATM TCP • •SYN(synchronization flag) • SYN-ACK(SYN Acknowledgment) •ACK TCP •FIN •:ACK FIN •ACK : : – ISDNADSLPRIBRI. : .
  • 25. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 25 : : • • • • • .f(t) . g(t)T)( . : •g(t)T.: (1))tfn2cos(a)tfn2sin(ac 2 1 )t(g 1n n 1n n π+π+= ∑∑ ∞ = ∞ = : • T 1 f = •nn b,a)cos((sin)n. "" •)() 0TT2T(
  • 26. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 26 •(1))tfk2sin( π0Tt: (2)∫ π= T 0 n dt)tfn2sin()t(g T 2 a •(1))tfk2cos( π0Tt: (3)∫ π= T 0 n dt)tfn2(osc)t(g T 2 b •(1)(2)(3):∫= T 0 dt)t(g T 2 c : •bASCII):( 0110 0010.: 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ا‬ •:             π −      π +      π −      π π = 4 n7 cos 4 n6 cos 4 n3 cos 4 n cos n 1 an             π −      π +      π −      π π = 4 n6 sin 4 n7 sin 4 n sin 4 n3 sin n 1 bn 8 3 c =
  • 27. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 27 •2 n 2 n ba +n . : n • . •) (fc).( . : n •T)( •: : Time Harmonics Harmonic Number
  • 28. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 28 • ).( 01)( (bits/s). •b b 8 . 8 b . 30003400 8b 3000 b 24000
  • 29. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 29 •)01(: : T • . ).( 01)( . . (Bits by Second). .) ( .
  • 30. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 30 : • o: o • • . : •. )( •. . : •. )( •. .
  • 31. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 31 : : 1.: o o100120150 o 2.: o: .: •: •: : •U.T.PATT Cat 5Alcatel •F.T.PINRA+ACOMEINTERCO •:S.F.T.PITT •:S.T.PIBM Type 1
  • 32. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 32 : 3.: o o100120150 o 4.: o: .: •: •: : •U.T.P)(ATT Cat 5) (Alcatel •F.T.P)(INRA+ACOMEINTERCO •:S.F.T.P)(ITT •:S.T.P)(IBM Type 1 : : •: o o •: o o o
  • 33. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 33 3.5 . .
  • 34. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 34 500 3000 150 100 100/1000/10000 10 100/1000 : . . .
  • 35. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 35 . : •)81216244864( •LED • • : . . . . )( . . . : RJ45. ISO 11801 –:
  • 36. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 36 • • : • • • • • • •)RJ45 ( •)( • )( . . : • • o o : • • •
  • 37. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 37 ) ( . . : •: .. . •:. : o:. RJ45. o: . .. : . : o3 5. o . o .1.
  • 38. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 38 : •.: o: o: • o o • . .: )(: www.3M.com www.dlink.com ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫م‬ ‫زع‬ ‫ﻡ‬ P P P P P P P P P P P P ‫أول‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫أر‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬
  • 39. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 39 •: a. b. c. •: o o o •: : •: d. e. f. •: o
  • 40. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 40 o o Telephone Local Loop End Office Toll Office Intermediate Switching Office Toll Connecting Trunk Very High bandwidth Intertoll Trunck :ISDNADSL : Computer )(Local Loop (analog twisted pair) Modem /Codec End Office Toll Office
  • 41. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 41 )(Medium-bandwidth trunk (digital, fiber) )(Medium-bandwidth trunk (digital, fiber) ISP Digital Line 10000Up to 10000 Local Loop Modem Bank .:Modem dulateMOodulateDEM. . . . . . .. •56/.33/)33.600 /( •V.34 35/ •V.90""V.34
  • 42. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 42 56/ • V.34V.90 .56/. 33/)33.600/.( ISDN)128/(. . (Control-S). (Control-Q). .. 33.6/)33600( V.3435/. V.90V.34 56/. )(.V.90"". 33.6/. V.34 V.90.
  • 43. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 43 56/)56.000 /.( /)/.( "") (:. Ethernet10BaseT Categoty-5 10/. "" . ISDN ISDN144/) Telco(. 144/: 64/B(Bearer).16 /D(Data). BDNDirectory Number. B128/""Bonding. ISDNNetwork Terminator)NT1 (144/BD.B DISDN. BDBRI"" 2B+D.ISDN:23BD64 /PRI"" BRI.
  • 44. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 44 )( 64/RS-232. ISDN64/ ISDN38.4/. ISDNISDN . TCP/IPIPXAppleTalk. ISDNISDN . ISDN ."" ISDN . ADSL ADSL. : •Downstream1.58/ •16640/ •POTS Downstream: • • • • . ADSL:
  • 45. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 45 . ADSL. : •Downstream1.58/ •16640/ •POTS POTSADSLPOTS ADSL. ADSL1.52 /16/. 6.1/640/.9/ 640/. Downstream: • • • • . . . . 5.5 0.5 1.52/ 4.6 0.4 1.52/ 3.7 0.5 6.1/ 2.7 0.4 6.1/
  • 46. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 46 . . . . . .. ‘ Digital Subscriber LineDSL) (. : • • • • :. .Microwave 1.5/56/. •–MMDS:"
  • 47. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 47 ". •LMDS:" "MMDS. : . .: GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) o:22238 o:0.250.5 o: o:155Mbps MEO (Middle Earth Orbit) o:8000 o:0.1 o:)( o:38.4Mbps LEO (Low Earth Orbit) o:4001000 o:0.05 o:)( o:155Mbps
  • 48. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 48 : : OSI PCMCIAUSBCompactFlashFire Wire IRQ / . : . : : • • o o o PCMCIA USB CompactFlash Fire Wire o o • o o o oIRQ
  • 49. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 49 o o/ o • • o • • • • ‫ﺏ‬‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ Network Interface Cards NICs •NICs:. •OSI •NICs)( . . •)Physical()Data Link( OSI . . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ 1- •NICs:: o o o
  • 50. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 50 o o •: o)( o)100( o)RJ-45SC( o)PCI( o):3ComAdapterD-LinkIBMIntel SMCLinksysNetgearSMCWestern Digital( . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Internal Bus Standards) 2-‫اﺥ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ •:. •:: 1.):( 2.)( •:. )Expansion Slots( . )Expansion Cards – Boards.( •: ) .( •: )().( 8 1632. 64128. . •:.
  • 51. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 51 )Expansion Slots( . )Expansion Cards - Boards( . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Peripheral Bus Standards) 3-‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ 1- •: : oPCMCIA oUSB oCompactFlash oFire Wire •. • PCMCIA) Personal Computer Memory Card International Association( USB)Universal Serial Bus(CompactFlashFire Wire. • . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ 3( Peripheral Bus Standards) -‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ PCMCIA -2 •PCMCIA)Personal Computer Memory Card International Association(: . •1989 )Personal Computer Memory Card International Association(PCMCIA
  • 52. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 52 PCMCIA PCMCIA . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Peripheral Bus Standards) 3-‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ USB -3 •USB)Universal Serial Bus:( . •USB)Universal Serial Bus( .USB 1995 . 1998. ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Peripheral Bus Standards) 3-‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ Fire Wire- 4 •Fire Wire:: o o)Bus Topology( •appleFire WireIEEE 1995IEEE 1394.Macintosh . oFire Wire . o)Bus Topology(–daisy chain.Fire Wire 634.5 72. ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Peripheral Bus Standards 3-‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬)
  • 53. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 53 CompactFlash -5 •CompactFlash: : o CompactFlash oCompactFlash •CompactFlash)CFA( CompactFlash o CompactFlash oCompactFlash PCMCIA ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (On-board NICs) 4-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ •: )on-board ports(. • • • )on-board ports( • • ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أﻥ‬ (Wireless NICs) 5-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺏ‬
  • 54. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 54 •)( . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ 1- •: o o o ROM . • . ROM)) (( ) (ROMEEPROM )Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.( ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ 2-‫ﺕ‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ •:: o: 1. 2. 3. 4.. o: . •:.
  • 55. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 55 •: o: : 1. 2. 3. 4. o: PCMCIAUSBCompactFlash Fire Wire • ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ 3-‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ •)Device Driver(: . • . •RAM . •)Device Driver( . . • .
  • 56. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 56 •RAM . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ (Interrupt Request) ‫ا‬ IRQ -4 • IRQ •)Interrupt( •IRQ)IRQ Number( .015 91011 •BIOS . : o o o)USB( o o o ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ (Memory Range) 5
  • 57. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 57 •)Memory Range(:)CPU()NIC( . •)High Memory Area( A000-FFFF. •)Memory Range(: )CPU()NIC(. . . •)High Memory Area( A000-FFFF. C8000-C9FFF3Com PC. ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ (Base I/O Port) 6-‫ﺥ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‬/‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺥ‬ •/ / . •/ . ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ 7-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اﺥ‬ •: . . •)2(. • .
  • 58. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 58 . On-board CPU DMA LED ) ( )dual channels( )load balancing( Look Ahead )SNMP( . RAM RAM Buffering ROM (Repeaters) ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ •
  • 59. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 59 OSI .. • )Data Stream(. )Bus Topology.( • .. ( Hubs) •)Hub( .OSI. . uplink .Ethernet .)Multistation Access Points(MAUs. • . )Bandwidth()Collision Domain(. •)Collision Domain(Ethernet . •: 1.. 2. .
  • 60. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 60 (Hubs) : : 1.)Passive Hubs(:. 2.)Intelligent Hubs(: . )Managed Hubs(. 3.)Standalone Hubs(: . . )Workgroup Hubs(. )Single Point of Failure(. 4.)Stackable Hubs(: . . (Bridges) •)Bridges:( MAC .)Data Link(OSI. . •: 1. . . . 2.Ethernet.
  • 61. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 61 . 3.) .( •MAC : o . o )(. •)Filtering Database( MAC . (Switches) ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ •. )Data Link(OSI .MAC . . • . • )LANs( . 1. . 2. .
  • 62. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 62 . •)Buffer( . (Routers) ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ •. LANWAN . • . •)Network Layer(OSI . • . . (Gateways ‫ت‬ ‫اﺏ‬ ‫ا‬) •
  • 63. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 63 OSI. . • . _________________________________________________________________________________________________ : TCP/IP : . : TCP/IP . : : • •TCP/IP •:MACIP • •
  • 64. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 64 •RFC •RFC 871"ARPANET"TCP/IP •TCP/IPLinux/UnixMac-OSWindows •IP(Internet Protocol) •TCPUDPIP RFC"" ."TCP/IP""(DOD)" RFC 871"ARPANET"TCP/IP .1982ARPANET . ARPANET"ARPANET". TCP/IP: •"" •"" TCP/IPTCP/IP Linux/UnixMac-OSWindows. TCP/IP.IP (Internet Protocol) TCP)Transmission Control Protocol(UDP(User Datagram Protocol) IP.
  • 65. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 65 TCP/IP Token Ring, Ethernet, PC Network, Serial Line IP & ICMP ARPRIP RARP TCP UDP Telnet REXEC FTP DNS SNMPNFS Kerberos RPCLPR LPD TFTPSMTP Talk RouteD X-Windows X Widget ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ TCP/IP. TCP/IP. TCP/IP. TCP/IP. RFC: •UDP(User Datagram Protocol)TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) UDP TCP )RFC768RFC793( •IP(Internet Protocol)(RFC791) •ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)IP (RFC792) •ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)IP (RFC823) TCP/IPISO)OSI( OSI .
  • 66. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 66 :TCPUDP . . TCPUDP: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP . UDP . : . UDP . TCP . . TCP . UDP . .. TCP . 5% UDP 1997-19987%2000- 1999. TCPUDP TCP. UDP .
  • 67. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 67 TCP: 21FTP 23Telnet 25SMTP 80Web 110POP-3 119NNTP .. TCPUDPIP"." 16. (email)(FTP)(web) 1024 ) ..( 1.Windows. 2.: i.TFTP ii.IMAP4 iii.Finger iv.Telnet
  • 68. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 68 : i.TFTP (69) ii.IMAP4 (110) iii.Finger (79) iv.Telnet (23) •"". . o"" oIP"" oTCP"" o"" • ."""." (CRC)UDPIPEthernet 4 bytes100 bytes8 bytes20 bytes14 bytes UDP(108 bytes) IP)128 bytes( Ethernet(146 bytes) •""(byte)8. RFC(octet). "". . .. ."" IP""TCP"", UDP""."".
  • 69. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 69 )TCPUDPIPEthernet (. .. "." UDPEthernet.Ethernet "" .EthernetIPIP UDPUDP. ""(byte)8. RFC(octet). UDP UDP: •(Source Port) •(Destination Port) •UDP(UDP Length) •(UDP checksum). UDP: UDP: •(Source Port) •(Destination Port) •UDP(UDP Length)
  • 70. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 70 •(UDP checksum) TCP TCP: •(Source Port) •(Destination Port) •(Sequence Number - SEQ) •(Acknowledgement Number - ACK) •TCP(TCP Header Length) •)ACKFINSYNRST...( •TCP)((Window Size) •(TCP checksum) TCP: TCP: •(Source Port) •(Destination Port) •(Sequence Number - SEQ) •(Acknowledgement Number - ACK) •TCP(TCP Header Length) •)ACKFINSYNRST...(
  • 71. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 71 •TCP)((Window Size) •(TCP checksum) TCP a. b. TCP: 1.:LISTENACCEPT 2.CONNECT: TCPSYN)1(ACK )0.(SEQ 3.LISTEN TCPRST)RST1( 4. .ACK 5. 6.
  • 72. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 72 : )( )( . TCP TCP. ):( 1.FIN)FIN( 2.FINACKFIN )( 3.ACK • •"" •Ethernet)10Mb/s100Mb/s1Gb/s10Gb/s( IEEE : www.host.ots.utexas.edu/internetCharles Spurgeon Ethernet. . . . "."Ethernet: Dix Ethernet IIIEEE 802.2LLC SNAP.LinuxEthernet II UNIXCISCO.NovellIPXWindows802.2 Ethernet II. .
  • 73. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 73 Ethernet)10Mb/s100Mb/s1Gb/s10Gb/s( IEEE.. : www.host.ots.utexas.edu/internetCharles Spurgeon Ethernet. •. ""(MTU): MTU Ethernet1500)1492 802.2( PPP512 576 (T1, T3)15004500 •IPTCP/IP . . Ethernet1500." "(MTU)MTU: MTU Ethernet1500)1492 802.2( PPP512 576 (T1, T3)15004500
  • 74. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 74 IPTCP/IP . . . .TCP UDP IP. ping ).( ping )32( . : Ping –l size –f target_address IP)1( IP. . IP.: • • •.
  • 75. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 75 IP . IP)2( IP: . )("" . . . IP . •big-endian •little-endian : 1.IPIP"."RFC 791. . . 2. .)( . IP: .. .. .
  • 76. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 76 )( IPIP. . )("." ""OSI. "." . . . IP . .big-endian. .little-endian.IP . . : •MAC(Medium Access Control) •IP • MAC .IP. .
  • 77. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 77 MAC : •Ethernet6 •Token Ring6 Ethernet6: • • : •: http://www.iana.org/assignements/ethernet-numbers •Ethernet.3COM . 3COM.MAC . .Ethernet 6.Token Ring6. (point to point networks) . Ethernet6: . . RFCRFC1700 1994Assigned Numbers.:www.iana.org/numbers.htm . Ethernet. .. .
  • 78. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 78 IP IPIP4)32( .IP. IPTCP/IP. )(ARP . IP.LinuxWindows IPyahoo.com 216.115.105.245. hostsDNSNIS. IP.. : IP .. . TCP/IP. TCP/IP""."" . . . "": • •
  • 79. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 79 : • •. . TCP/IP. .. TCP/IP"":"A C"."" . . .. " (network unreachable). "": • • : •. .. •. .
  • 80. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 80 . ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) IP. ARP"128.138.116.4". "IPEthernet 8:0:20:0:fb:6a". IPEthernet ARP.ARP. . IP.. Ethernet. ABEthernetARP B.BAA BARP.ARP . ARPARP .ARP. ARP"128.138.116.4". "IPEthernet 8:0:20:0:fb:6a". IPEthernet ARP.ARP. .ARP ARP.
  • 81. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 81 (RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) IP. ") "( IP. RARPARP. ARPRARP. IPEthernet.–RARP– rarpd RARPBootpDHCP . arp)IP MAC.(ping. : : arp –a ICMP (ICMP redirects) IPICMP. . . ICMP." : xxxyyy." ICMP.
  • 82. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 82 )( –. ICMP. . Linux)( CISCO).()( . ICMP (ICMP redirects) 1.ICMP 2.MTU 3.)( )()( .(IP1,MAC1)(IP2, MAC2).
  • 83. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 83 : IP : . : IP. . : : •IP • • • • • • IP32.IP:"" "". IP:"" "". IP32.IP:"" "".
  • 84. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 84 IP. IP:"" "".""" ". .. . IPIP. IP IP32"0""1". : 00001010110000000011100000100101 10.192.56.37. . IP Adress = t. x. y. z ‫ا‬ IP127""127.0.0.1 "." IP32"0""1". IP 8IP. –"0""7" "8""16".: 0000101011000000001110000010010110.192.56.37.IP :128.138.240.1 .
  • 85. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 85 IP127"" .127.0.0.1" ." :ABCDE. ABC.D)"" .(E. IP. Class A [1-127].x.y.z ‫ﺵ‬ Class B [128-191].[1-255].y.z ‫ﺵ‬ ُ Class C [192-223].[1-255].[1-255].z ‫ﺵ‬ Class D (Diffusion Group) [224-239].x.y.z ‫ﺵ‬ :ABCDE. . ABC. .D) "".(E. IP.
  • 86. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 86 Class A [1-127].x.y.z ‫ﺵ‬ Class B [128-191].[1-255].y.z ‫ﺵ‬ ُ Class C [192-223].[1-255].[1-255].z ‫ﺵ‬ Class D (Diffusion Group) [224-239].x.y.z ‫ﺵ‬ A1-126N.H.H.HDOD B128-191N.N.H.H. C192-233N.N.N.H D224-239 E240-255 ABC .IP . IP .
  • 87. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 87 : •0 •IP00.0.0.0 •IP1255.255.255"" •IP1".": 20.255.255.255 •IP0".":20.0.0.0 •IP127"" : •0. IPIP. •IP00.0.0.0 IP. 0 . •IP1255.255.255" ." . •IP1"." ..: 20.255.255.255 •IP0"." ..:20.0.0.0 •IP127"" . . .
  • 88. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 88 ABC: •A(27 - 2)127(224 - 2)16.777.214 .A1.0.0.0126.0.0.0 •B(214 - 2)16383(216 - 2)65534 .B128.0.0.0191.255.0.0 •C(221 - 2)2097151(28 - 2)254 .C192.0.0.0223.255.255.0 C )254.(A B. .. 224239) 07.( IGMP(Internet Gatway Multicast Protocol) . 100.AB. "" IP:" ""."
  • 89. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 89 : BN.N.H.H)NH ( N.N.N.H.B256 C254. 100.AB )1677721465534.( A. "" . IP:""" .""" . . : ""IP. 32. : 10.15.3.154255.255.255.010 15.3154.
  • 90. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 90 : ‫ﺕ‬‫ي‬ ‫ﺕ‬ IP Address 200.20.16.5 1101000 00010100 00001000 00000101 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 1111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Network 200.20.16.0 1101000 00010100 00001000 00000000 : IPIP . "." ."" IP. 32)"1"(IP )"0"(IP .. 1.IP......:...... i. ii.MAC iii. iv.
  • 91. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 91 2.IP: i.16 ii.32 iii.48 iv.64 3.B):( i. ii. iii. iv. 4.172.16.10.10: i.A ii.B iii.C iv.D v.E 5.: i.320 ii.321 iii.161 iv.161 6.: i.10.200.10.30 ii.172.16.20.20 iii.255.10.10.2 iv.0.10.10.3 7.IPAIP: i.25% ii.50% iii.12.5% iv.75%
  • 92. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 92 )1( 1. 10 . 01. : 10.192.3.63255.240.255.192 10.193.3.0. 1. 01255.240.255.0: 10 . 01. )2( ") " "0""1(""." . "". .A255.0.0.0B255.255.0.0 C255.255.255.0. .
  • 93. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 93 )3( )IP(/XXXX .CIDR(classless Inter-Domain Routing). : 26/128.138.243.0 128.138.243128.138.243.64128.138.243.128 128.138.243.192. 255.255.255.192 10.. 0243..138128. 192255.255.255. 00001100111111111111111111111111 /26(32-26=6).26 =6464 .620 1).( )1( 128.138.234.0/26: 1./266: Number_of_bits = 32-26=6 bits 2.(Network Size))(64 =6426 Network_Size = 2Number_of_bits = 3.256: Last_Octet= 256 – Network Size=256-64=192
  • 94. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 94 4.:255.255.255.192: 0243..138128. 192255.255.255. 00001100111111111111111111111111 5.)2 4.(000110 1126/128.138.234.04/26: •128.138.243.0/26)128.138.243.00000000( •128.138.243.64/26)128.138.243.01000000( •128.138.243.128/26)128.138.243.10000000( •128.138.243.192/26)128.138.243.11000000( 6.. )2( RFC(RFC950)) .( RFC.0 . : 1. 2.. 2. : : 128.138.243.0/26128.138.243.0128.138.243.63 128.138.243.64/26128.138.243.64128.138.243.127 128.138.243.128/26128.138.243.128128.138.243.191 128.138.243.192/26128.138.243.192128.138.243.255
  • 95. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 95 RFC(RFC950)) .(:0 192. RFC.0 1 0..( : 3.0 4.0. 2. :. 8.: i.IPIP ii. iii. iv. 9.: i.1 ii.2 iii.3 iv.4 10.C: i.253 ii.254 iii.255 iv.256
  • 96. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 96 11.C: i.2 ii.6 iii.4 iv.8 12.IP206.15.8.0/20: i.4094 ii.4088 iii.4098 iv.4096 13.4B: i.255.255.240.0 ii.255.255.224.0 iii.255.255.0.0 iv.255.255.255.64 14.6: i.32 ii.64 iii.48 iv.128 ‘: 1X.Y.Z.T/26 2X.Y.Z.T/27 3X.Y.Z.T/28 4X.Y.Z.T/33 5X.Y.Z.T/34 : : 1 2
  • 97. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 97 3 :: 1X.Y.Z.T/26:4 2X.Y.Z.T/27:8 3X.Y.Z.T/28:16 4X.Y.Z.T/33:32 5X.Y.Z.T/34:64 CIDR IP"IP ." IP""(network prefix))"(""." . :10.10.0.0/16 . . 1/32255.255.255.255 2/30255.255.255.252 6/29255.255.255.248 14/28255.255.255.240 30/27255.255.255.224 62/26255.255.255.192 126/25255.255.255.128 254/24255.255.255.0 510/23255.255.254.0 1022/22255.255.252.0 2046/21255.255.248.0
  • 98. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 98 : 1. .IP .: 255.255.0.010.10.0.0. IP"IP ." ABC .IP"" (network prefix))"(""." .. . . .: 10.10.0.0/16 . : 1. .IP .: 255.255.0.010.10.0.0.
  • 99. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 99 IP IP. CIDR. . . RFC1918A16B256B . . . IPCIDR A10.0.0.010.255.255.25510.0.0.0/8 B172.16.0.0172.31.255.255172.16.0.0/12 C192.168.0.0192.168.255.255192.168.0.0/16 IP. ‘ . CIDR. . . .RFC1918A16B256 B. . . .
  • 100. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 100 NAT. NAT . CISCONAT. Windows ServerLinuxNAT. NAT. NAT(Network Address Translation) . NAT . . . NATIP .. . . NAT. CISCONAT.Windows ServerLinuxNAT . NATNAT ..
  • 101. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 101 1IP 1992: 1. 2.. 3.IP"". : •(CIDR-Classless Inter-Domain Routing) •IPV6 1992: 4.B– 1995 5.. 6.IP"" . . : •(CIDR-Classless Inter-Domain Routing).IP4 •IPV6IP 16IP .IP . IPV6CIDR CIDR.
  • 102. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 102 (InterNIC). ARINInterNIC. : ICANN(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names, & Addresses) . ARINwww.arin.net APNICwww.apnic.net RIPEwww.ripe.net ICANNARINRIPEAPNIC . (InterNIC). ARINInterNIC. . . : ICANN(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names, & Addresses) . ICANN. ICANNARINRIPEAPNIC .
  • 103. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 103 1.9-10-11.23 1.. 2.IP 3.134.122.0.0/16: i./19 ii. iii.134.122.64.124 iv. : IP : Glossary. : IP . : : •IP • • • •
  • 104. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 104 1.12-13.1 o o. .. .. """AC". "" . . . . . )(. . . AND )()( .
  • 105. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 105 ) ( : : 20.20.20.3255.255.255.120.20.20.2 20.20.20.425.255.255.120.20.20.2 200.200.128.0255.255.64.0200.200.65.24 200.200.129.128255.255.128.0200.200.128.24 IP •IPIP •IP • •"""" . •IP : "IP" IPIPXAppletalK.... """IP".
  • 106. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 106 IPIP . IP . IP . .IP. IP"""" .. IP . IP:"" "." • •)( )IP( •
  • 107. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 107 : IP. . IP:" ""." . )( )IP.( . : . . . .: •)("" •)( •"" )( "". ).(
  • 108. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 108 .: )("" )( "").( . )( . "". "". "". ).( ICMP" "(network unreachable). : A B C D E F G N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N0 N6 1 2 12 3 1 2 1 2 12 1 2 1 2 3
  • 109. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 109 N1,N2, ...A,B,C, … 12.... )( .: E: N3F12 N3D24 ……… … !!! !!! IP:. . . . :. . .
  • 110. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 110 : )(1) ("". . 10.35.63.4510.32.0.0/14. IP Address=10.35.63.45 00001010 00100011 00111111 00101101 Network = 10.32.0.0./14 00001010 00100000 00000000 00000000 : IP. . )( 1)("". . "" . 10.35.63.4510.32.0.0/14. .10.32.0.0/1410.35.63.45 "".
  • 111. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 111 Classless routing Algorithm IP. . IP. : ←:. ←: . ←. : . : 18.0.0.0/5Ethernet0192.168.1.1 210.1.0.0/16TokenRing0192.168.2.1 3172.0.0.0/8Serial0172.16.1.1 410.32.0.0/14Ethernet110.32.1.10 510.32.1.0/24Ethernet1- 610.32.0.0/14Ethernet110.32.1.11 7192.168.1.0/24Ethernet0- 8192.168.2.0/24TokenRing0- 9172.16.1.0/30Serial0- 46 . .
  • 112. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 112 10.35.45. . ←12463578 9. ←46. ←46. 10.255.5.1 : ←1. ←1. ←Elhernet0192.168.1.1. 9.1.1.1.: ←1. ←1. ←Elhernet0 192.168.1.1. IP. ABC. . IP . . : ←:. . . ←: ..
  • 113. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 113 ←. Classfull Routing Algorithm : oIP. o. . : oIP. o. . H1H2S1S210.0.0.0/8) A.(S1S2S3172.16.0.0/16) B(H1H2S1S2 R1R2. . . . . :
  • 114. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 114 •: IP. •: . ."." : . : •""(per-packet load balancing) •""(per-destination load balancing) : • .." "(per-packet load balancing). •IP .IP .""(per-destination load balancing) . . IP. "." :
  • 115. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 115 •"" •"". "" . . IP. .. "." . . •).( •"." ."" : • • . . "". 0255 ).(
  • 116. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 116 .""." : : 18.0.0.0/5Ethernet0192.168.1.1100 210.1.0.0/16TokenRing0192.168.2.1150 3172.0.0.0/8Serial0172.168.1.1150 410.32.0.0/14Ethernet110.32.1.10200 510.32.1.0/24Ethernet1-0 610.32.0.0/14Ethernet110.32.1.11100 7192.168.1.0/24Ethernet0-0 8192.168.2.0/24TokenRing0-0 9172.16.1.0/30Serial0-0 1. 10.32.1.0/28. . 10.32.1.0/24 2428. 150 8.0.0.0/5)( 100. : • • •
  • 117. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 117 "". "". "." "". . : • • • . "". "". . . . "." ."". . . Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) IP. .
  • 118. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 118 IPCIDR. CIDREGP. CIDR RFC 1519: "Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): An address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy" RFC 1518: "Architecture for IP Address Allocation With CIDR" RFC 1812CIDR. . . . . IP: • • • . . . "".
  • 119. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 119 "." .RFC 1122: "Requirements for Internet Hosts Communication Layer" RFC 1812. IP: • • • . . .. IP. "". . . 0.0.0.0/0. "." .RFC 1122: "Requirements for Internet Hosts Communication Layer" RFC 1812.
  • 120. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 120 routeroute PRINT)Windows 2000WindowsXP ( route (ICMP)Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP ."""" . ICMPIP.ICMPIP. ICMPIP. : ICMPIP.ICMP IP.. ICMP ICMP. ICMPICMPIP .. IPICMP . ICMPICMP.
  • 121. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 121 : •(Type) •(Code) •(Checksum) ICMP 64. RFC 792: "Internet Control Message Protocol" RFC 1700: "Assigned Numbers" . ICMPICMP . ICMPICMPIP .. IPICMP . . ICMPICMP ICMP. : •(Type)8 •(Code)8 •(Checksum)16 ICMP 64.
  • 122. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 122 RFC 792: "Internet Control Message Protocol" RFC 1700: "Assigned Numbers" . : TCP/IP : Glossary. : TCP/IP .TCP/IP: . : : • •
  • 123. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 123 1.14-15.1 TCP/IP: •TCP/IP •. : .–. DHCP DHCPRFC2131RFC2132BootP UNIX. BootP:IP TFTP. DHCP"." : 1.DHCP"!" 2.DHCPIP )( 3.DHCP "DHCP" 4.. . 5.
  • 124. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 124 6. 7. 8. "!"DHCP)( : 1.DHCP. DHCP.– . 2.DHCP . .: a.IP b.)( c.(DNS) d.)RFC2132.( 3.DHCPDHCP . 4.DHCPIPMAC) .(. 5.) .( 6.DHCP. DHCPWindows Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2003 ServerDHCP Windows.
  • 125. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 125 1.Control Panel 2.Add Remove Software 3.Add Remove Windows Component 4.Networking Services 5.Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 6.Administrative Tools 7. 8.Local Host: .)Windows Server( 9. 10.ReservationIPMAC 11.DNS)() Windows Server ( 12.. DHCP Control PanelNetwork ConnectionsLocal Area NetworkIP/TCP. 13.DHCP 14.Command Prompt: ipconfig /all 15.DHCP 16.: ipconfig /release : ipconfig /all 0.0.0.0. 17.: ipconfig /renew : ipconfig /all . 18.DHCP
  • 126. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 126 )( ! : . DNS.DNS IP. IP.DNS. . DNS."" . DNS • •DNS: •Paul MackapetrisDNSRFC 882RFC 883 1983PaulNS •UNIX1984 Berkeley •1985DECKevin DunlapBIND(Berkeley Internet Name Damain System) •NortelISCBINDWindowsBINDUNIX DNS •MicrosoftDNSWindows 2000Microsoft. •30RFC ARPANET.
  • 127. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 127 . ARPANET.DNS :. Paul MackapetrisDNSRFC 882RFC 8831983 1987RFC 1034RFC 1035PaulDNS UNIX. UNIX1984 Berkeley:Douglas TerryMark PainterDavidRiggleSongnian Zhou. BSDRalph CampbellBerkeley. 1985DECKevin DunlapBIND(Berkeley Internet Name Damain System)Mike KarelsPhil AlmquistPaul Vixie.BIND UNIXLINUXorg.isc.wwwISC (Internet Software Consortium)BIND. ISCBIND9.ISC . . NortelISCBINDWindowsBINDUNIX DNSBINDUNIXDNS. UINXDNSWindows.Microsoft DNSWindows 2000MicrosoftBIND . RFC 1034RFC 1035DNS30RFC .
  • 128. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 128 hosts. )Windows 2000%SystemRoot%System32driversetc Linux/etc.( Ping. DNS DNS: IP "resolver" DNS. DNS. DNS/. )( DNS. DNS . DNS. DNS: IP "resolver"
  • 129. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 129 DNS/etc/hosts IP. DNS. . )(. DNS/.)(DNS . DNSDNS. )( DNS. DNS. DNS. DNS DNS. DNSBIND. RFC SRV. 2052 A6IPV6. - DNameIPV6. 2672-3 IPV6. - )DHCP.( 2136 DNSSEC. 2535-51 TSIG/TKET. 2845 BIND9IPV6IPV6. DNSSECDNS.
  • 130. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 130 DNS . )IPV6DNSSEC(DNS UDP. DNS.DNSBIND DNS. BIND. IETF. BIND9IPV6IPV6. DNSSECDNS.DNSSEC DNSDNS. ".""" . .BIND9DNSSECTSIG(Transaction Signature). DNS . )IPV6DNSSEC(DNS UDP. DNS DNS""(domains). . "."
  • 131. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 131 oIP"""" oIP""" " GTLDs(Generic Top-Level Domains). 1988 2001. aero com biz edu coop gov info mil museum net name org .... Pro int IP arpa .: hk Fi au Ch Fr ca mx Jp br hu Se de )("SVU""svu"“Svu” DNS. (Fully Qualified). mail.svuonline.orgmail. .Host.svuonline.org mail.svuonline.orgwww.svuonline.org.
  • 132. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 132 DNS""(domains). . ".".)root-level.( ICANN)( 2001:bizinfonamemuseumaerocoop. IP IP."" )(""""" ." . comedu.)comorg net(GTLDs(Generic Top- Level Domains). . . .. eduJP. .Moldovia "md"Maryland(MD). Tonga"to". : . combusiness.com $3.5M. )("SVU""svu"“Svu” DNS.DNS. ..
  • 133. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 133 (Fully Qualified). mail.svuonline.orgmail. mail. DNSmail.svuonline.org... . .Host.svuonline.org mail.svuonline.orgwww.svuonline.org. wwwmail .CNAME DNS. . . comorgneteduNetwork SolutionsNational Science Foundation. gTLDs. . DNS .DNS . DNS)RFC 1219(DNS . DNSDNS .
  • 134. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 134 comorgneteduNetwork SolutionsNational Science Foundation. gTLDs.. . .www.cann.org . . DNS. DNS .. DNS. DNS)RFC 1219(DNS . . . DNSDNS . . edu.com. . com. RFC 103212.DNS 63255. .
  • 135. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 135 DNS. . ....Twinkies.com . .DNS . SonySony.com DNS. ).( : . BIND BIND:BIND4BIND8BIND9.BIND4) RFC10341035.(BIND81997BIND92000. BIND5BIND6BIND7BIND8 .BIND8BSD4.4 8.Sendmail8. BIND8.BIND9 )( IPV6.
  • 136. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 136 )BIND(. BIND9. BINDUNIX. BIND9BIND4 BIND9BIND8 . BIND onamednamed) ((name Server). o DNS(Resolver) oDNS:nslookupdighost. . : o o o o. 10,000 : o o.
  • 137. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 137 : oDNS o. bincomedu DNS : DNSClient DNS mail.svuonline.org Demande Recursive www.silogix.fr DNS (ns.mydomain.com) Serveur DNS Local Demande itérative Serveur Racine .orgServeur de nom .fr svuonline.orgServeur de nom silogix.fr
  • 138. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 138 DNS. .comeduorgfr de....org.svuonline.orgcom admin.com. mail.svuonline.orghost1.mydomain.com host1ns.mydomain.org. mail.svuonline.org svuonline.orgorg.).( mail.svuonline.org. )(gTLDs) comnetorg(.org org mail.svuonline.org. org)mail.svuonline.org( svuonline.org.svuonline.org .ns.mydomain.com orgsvuonline.org. :. . 1998RFC 2308BIND8.2 BIND9. :
  • 139. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 139 BINDRFCWindows. :. . . . .DNS RFC 1034BIND. 1998RFC 2308BIND8.2 BIND9. RIPE60% )Microsoft.( DNS. : . . . . BINDRFCWindows . )SOAStart-Of-Authority(NXDOMAIN ).(15. DNSmail WWW)alias.(
  • 140. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 140 DHCP . DHCP DNS. DNS. DHCP DHCP. DNSWindows 2000 Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2003 ServerDNS Windows. 1.Control Panel 2.Add Remove Software 3.Add Remove Windows Component 4.Networking Services 5.Domain Name Service 6.oolsAdministrative T 7. 8. 9.New Zone 10. 11.SOAStart-Of-Authority 12. (Host) (MX) 13.Properties) (
  • 141. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 141 14.)Forwarders(DNS 15.. DNS) . DHCPDHCP DNS( 16.Command PromptWindows:nslookup DNS
  • 142. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 142 : : Glossary. : : .. : : • • •:...
  • 143. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 143 . . TCP/IP. . )(... . . : "" . . : :. . . . .
  • 144. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 144 : )Zero Paper -.("" . . . 1998570000 . . . . Gartner William Malik199990 . : :. . . . Kevin Mitchnick17000Internet Netcom. . . .: Kriegsmann.
  • 145. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 145 . : : o o o o o o o o . . . .: : o o o
  • 146. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 146 o o o o o . . . . )...( . )( . . . . . . .
  • 147. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 147 : . : . )(: : : :. : . : : . : .
  • 148. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 148 (DOS: Deny Of Service). :com.amazon.www .4 .1998 DOS. : . . )( . .: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.. :
  • 149. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 149 : :.: : .: . :)( .: :. ) ( : : .. 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7-:...
  • 150. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 150 . .. : 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- "". . (Patches). . .Microsoft ) windows()OfficeInternet Explorer... ((Live Update) . .
  • 151. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 151 . . : . . . . .
  • 152. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 152 CERT (www.cert.org). . : )( : JavaJavascriptActiveX . ) ...(. .)( Windows:Backorifice NetbusSubSeven.
  • 153. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 153 . : o o o o o o o o o o o Windows:Backorifice NetbusSubSeven.. .: .. . : o o o o o o o) ( o
  • 154. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 154 o o o (Applet Java / Javascript / ActiveX / Macros) ) (. (attached files) office . ) (. : . . (attached files). Microsoft Office MacrosVBA(Visual Basic application). office
  • 155. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 155 office . . : (Microsoft Virus Builder)" Microsoft"Word)Tools()Macros( Visual Basic)Visual Basic Editor()help(!! Wordtest.txtWord:
  • 156. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 156 Wordtest.txtWord. officeMicrosoft Office 2000.(Tools)Word(Security) . Internet Explorer 5.0)5.0.( (Tools)(Internet Options) (Security). (Internet) (Security Levels) (Custom Level) .. !
  • 157. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 157 (Internet Options)(Advanced) (security) . .Melissa . . . . . . : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
  • 158. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 158 : •Replicator: •Protector: •Trigger: •Payload: : •: . • •:OfficeWordExcel. 75%.. . : •:. •: . ‘ . •: . : • • • • : •: ).( • •
  • 159. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 159 : • • • • • •BIOS • Windows." .. . LoveLetter: “LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbs”)TXT vbs.( . . )txt()jpg()avi( .)vbsexe.( . : (Tools) (Folder Option)(Files Type).
  • 160. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 160 : (Tools) (Folder Option)(Views) (Hide extensions). . : •. .)70%( • WindowsUnix •PROMISCUOUS IP •Sniff winsniff : • •SwitchHubs.Switch • : •Deny of Service ICMP Echo)Ping( .
  • 161. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 161 • • • (Amazon) 3 : • •ICMP echo •ICMP Echo : •: o o o oBrut Force •: o o o”“ o •: o o o o
  • 162. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 162 o o •. : oDeffie-Hellman oPublic Key Exchange Protocol : •MKCC:C[KC](M)= ME •MEKDD:D[KD]( ME)=M •KC=KD o oKAB o:DES, IDEA •KCKD o oKpubKprv o o o:RSA, El Gamal : •)100010000( • • • •. •.
  • 163. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 163 •)(Numerical Certificate •: o o: • •(Root CA) . SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
  • 164. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 164 ):( Public Key Certificate httpsRequest to connect to: https://... Certificate of Server Public Key Public Key Certificate WWW browser WWW Server SSL3For SSL3 Only Request for public key Certificate Public Key Certificate of Client Exchanging Common Key for session Encryption of Server Data Encryption of Client Data Certification Authority : •.. •SSL • • •)(Certificate Server SSL: •)( •. •)40128(...
  • 165. Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l 165 • •)(