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AIDS - an invited curse
- 2. INTRODUCTION DIAGNOSIS AND CURE Symptoms Replication of HIV Statistica l Analysis NGOS Modes of transmission SUMMARY
- 3. -Human Immuno Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus -Retroviruses are of course, too small to see, so we need special techniques to see them -They are first stained with a metal containing dye which blocks the passage of electrons, thus being viewed by an Electron Microscope.
- 5. -The outer viral envelope consists of protruding surface envelope proteins -It is composed of two layers of fatty molecules. On it are special ENV proteins which help in the fusion of HIV viral cells with the helper CD4 T-lymphocytes and macrophages. -ENV proteins consists of two proteins: the cap GP 120 and stem GP 40.
- 7. -Inside the capsid are two ribbon like structures, that are two molecules of RNA - They have two complete copies of each gene, called diploid - Also present in the enzyme are two enzymes : reverse transcriptase and integrase.
- 8. Two strands of RNA
- 9. -The viral genome has three genes: gag, env and pol - gag codes inner structural proteins. - env codes for envelope proteins - pol codes for two important enzymes: reverse transcriptase and integrase - There are many other genes which have been discovered, but not well understood
- 11. Mainly through Sexual Contact Mother to Child through Breastfeeding Through Intravenous Drug Injections and Blood Transfusion
- 12. Is the most frequent mode of transmission of HIV Risk of transmission increases in presence of other STDs and genital ulcers
- 13. Pregnant mother if suffering from AIDS can also transmit the disease to her baby through breastfeeding. It may also be transmitted during Pregnancy and during delivery of the baby. HIV can be transmitted through needlle sharing during intravenous drug abuse and needle stick injury
- 14. It is the second most frequent mode of transmission of HIV Unsafe medical injections play a significant role in spreading AIDS Risks are also involved in dental care and invasive procedures
- 15. People receiving tattoos, piercings and scarification are at the risk of infection theoretically but no cases have been confirmed yet. It is not possible for mousquitoes or other insects to transmit HIV. There is no risk of contracting HIV by sputum, nasal secretions, saliva, sweat unless contaminated with blood
- 16. 1. ELISA or EIA Test (Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay) – • Time Required- 2 weeks • • • • • • Sorbent Procedure- A persons serum is diluted and applied to a plate containing HIV antigens. The HIV antibodies if present bind to these antigens. A specially prepared “Secondary Antibodies” is then applied to the plate. The Secondary Antibodies is linked to an Enzyme. A substrate for this Enzyme is applied and the catalysis leads to a change in colour or flourescence The most controversial aspect of this
- 17. Diagnosis 2. Western Blot TestConfirmatory Test for AIDS. The cells that are HIV infected are opened and proteins within are placed into slab of gel to which current is applied. • The proteins are separated due to difft. velocities and the charge is leveled by a surfactant “ Sodium lauryl sulfate” •Presence of viral bands confirms AIDS.
- 18. Diagnosis Home testing kits- Used in developed countries • The commonly used kit is Home Access HIV-1 •This has been approved by FDI •A sample of oral fluids is collected by sticking it on a special lancet •The sample is kept on a special collection card in the kit which gives the result
- 19. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NRTIS) Faulty versions of HIV which inhibit it from making copies of itself Ex:Ziagen,Truvida,Combivi r
- 20. Protease inhibitors(PLS) Disable protease,a protein that HIV needs to make copies of itself Ex:Reyataz,Prezista,L exiva
- 21. Gene Therapy- In it the immune cells are engineered to control HIV for a sustained period of time • It focus on CCR-5 receptors on the surface of CD/4 cells •HIV latches onto these receptors in order to begin its assault
- 22. Ayurvedic Cure – Ayurvedic medicines prepared from cow’s urine, tulsi leaves and other herbs helps in the treatment There is no side effects but it is time taking
- 23. Preventive Measures Use of condoms Use of disposable needle and synriges Screen of blood to make it safe from HIV Regular Checkups Ban on Prostitution Education- NACO(National AIDS Control Organisation) NGOs play vital role
- 24. Conclusion As AIDS has no cure, prevention is the best option so it is rightly said “DON’T DIE OF IGNORANCE , FIGHT AGAINST AIDS.” AIDS is a malady that can only be tackled, by the society and medical fraternity acting together.
- 26. National AIDS Control Organization estimated that 2.39 million people live with HIV/AIDS in India in 2008-09
- 27. Pakistan
- 30. 3500000 3000000 2500000 No. of people suffering from AIDS 2011 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 India Thailand Pakistan
- 35. o o Location Islamabad Mission AMAL’s goal is to help eradicate the stigma attached to HIV and AIDS so that the most vulnerable to the disease cease to be the least informed. o Initiatives Provide the best service delivery and education programmes for vulnerable groups. Bring about a wider understanding of HIV and AIDS and its links to sexual and reproductive health, genderand employment issues in the community as a whole.
- 36. Location Karachi Mission To protection fundamental human rights and respect for individual dignity. It recognizes that there are diverse social and cultural perspectives on HIV/AIDS. Initiatives PAPS advocates non discrimination in all areas of human endeavor regardless of HIV status .PAPS encourages maximum participation of women and men with HIV and others affected by the epidemic , in all policies, plans, programs related to prevention , care and support , treatment and research .
- 37. Location Punjab, Pakistan Mission To change behaviour through transfer of knowledge by fuller involvement of vulnerable groups & community/Youths. Initiatives AIDS Prevention Association is working with great courage, determination and commitment despite of financial constraints and limitation and working on totally self-finance basis for eight years. It is registered NGO and the coordinator of Punjab AIDS Consortium (PAC) working under Govt of Pakistan & UNAIDS
Editor's Notes
- Animated bending process SmartArt graphic(Intermediate)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Process. In the Process pane, click Vertical Bending Process, and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text. On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, do the following:Click ChangeColors, and then under Accent 1 click Colored Fill – Accent 1 (second option from the left).Click More, and then under 3-D click Polished (first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 24 from the Font Size list. Select the top left shape (starting point)in the graphic, and then do the following: Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Darker 25% (fifth row, seventh option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Flowchart click Flowchart: Off-page Connector (second row, second option from the left).Select the bottom right shape (ending point) in the graphic, and then do the following:Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Basic Shapes click Hexagon (first row, eighth option from the left).To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the graphic. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box enter 1.00 second.Also on the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Animation Pane.In the AnimationPane, select the fade effect. Click the arrow to the right of the fade effect, and then click EffectOptions. In the Fade dialog box, on the SmartArtAnimation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one, and then click OK.Also in the Animation Pane, click the double arrow under the fade effect to expand the contents of the list of effects.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, 11th, 13th, 15th, and 17th animation effects (fade effects for the rectangles).On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click More, and then under Entrance click Wipe.Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following:In the Start list, select With Previous.In the Duration box, enter 1.00 seconds.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the first, third, fifth, 15th, and 17thanimation effects (stretch effects for the first, second, third, eighth, and ninth rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Top.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the seventh and 13th animation effects (stretch effects for the fourth and seventh rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Left. In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the ninth and 11th animation effects (stretch effects for the fifth and sixth rectangles in the path). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then clickFrom Bottom.In the Animation Pane, press and hold CTRL, and then select the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, 10th, 12th, 14th, and 16th animation effects (fade effects for the connectors). On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list select After Previous.In the Animation Pane, select the eighth animation effect (fade effect for the connector between the fourth and fifth rectangle). Click the arrow to the right of the eighth animation effect, and then click Timing. In the Fade dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5, and then click OK.In the Animation Pane, select the 10th animation effect (fade effect for the connector between the fifth and sixth rectangle). Click the arrow to the right of the 10th animation effect, and then click Timing. In the Fade dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 0.5, and then click OK.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, click Linear Down(first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colorsclick Blue, Accent 1, Darker 25% (fifth row, fifth option from the left). Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 71%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors clickBlack, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).