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ESS Topic 7 Environmental Value Systems
1. VALUE SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL
By Peter Stanley
International
School of
Tanganyika
2008
updated 2011
Brad Kremer
Topic 7
2. VALUE SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL
By Peter Stanley
International
School of
Tanganyika
2008
updated 2011
Brad Kremer
Topic 7
3. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
4. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
5. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
6. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
7. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
8. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
9. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
10. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
11. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
12. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
•System = inputs and outputs:
13. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
14. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
15. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
16. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
17. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
18. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
19. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
20. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
21. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
22. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
23. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
24. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
25. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
26. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
27. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
28. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
29. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
•Ecosystems can cross borders leading to conflict
•ie: whaling, wildlife protection/hunting areas
30. 7.1.1: What is an environmental value system?
“State what is meant by an environmental value system.” (1)
•How we see/value environmental
issues
•Influences include:
•culture (including religion)
•economy
•socio-politics
•System = inputs and outputs:
•Inputs: education, religious doctrine, media
•Outputs: decisions, perspectives , action
•Ecosystems can cross borders leading to conflict
•ie: whaling, wildlife protection/hunting areas
31. 7.1.2: Environmental philosophies
Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
“Outline the range(people centred)
(nature centred) of environmental philosophies with reference to figure 6.” (2) (page 38)
(technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
32. Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
33. Syllabus content
Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Figure 6 Holistic world view. Minimum
disturbance of natural processes.
People as environmental managers of
sustainable global systems. Population
Technology can keep pace with and
provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions.
Sustainability for the whole
Earth. Self-reliant communities
Strong regulation by independent authorities
required. ENVIRONMENTAL
solves resource depletion. Need
to understand natural processes
in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
ECOCENTRISM
Deep ecologists
1 Intrinsic importance of
Self-reliance soft ecologists
1 Emphasis on smallness
Environmental managers
1 Belief that economic
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
Cornucopians
1 Belief that man can
TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
Holistic world view. Minimum of
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts
work and leisure through
People as environmental managers of
adjustments to taxes,
fees, etc
technological.
2 Acceptance that pro-
Technology can keep pace with and
3 Biorights—the right of
disturbancespeciestoor
endangered of natural processes.
unique landscapes
a process of personal and
communal improvement.
b sustainable global systems. Population
improvements in
the legal rights to
growth goals define the provide solutions to environmental
rationality of project
Integration of spiritual, social
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation
in community affairs,
controlquality appraisal and weight to resource use.
a minimum level of
environmental
given equal policy problems. Resource replacement
formulation.
and environmental dimensions. and of guarantees of the
rights of minority interests. Strong regulation by independent authorities
c compensation
arrangements 3 Optimism about the solves resource depletion. Need
Participation seen as both a ability of man to improve
Sustainability for the whole and a continuing education required.
satisfactory to those
who experience the lot of the world’s
to understand natural processes
political function. adverse environmental
Earth. Self-reliant communities and/or social effects.
people.
4 Faith that scientific and
in order to control them. Strong
2 Acceptance of new
within a framework of global project appraisal technological expertise emphasis on scientific analysis and
techniques and decision provides the basic
citizenship. in modern large-scale technology and its
4 Lack of faith
Self-imposed review arrangements to foundation for advice prediction prior to policy-making.
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
restraint on resource use.institutions.
authority and inherently anti-democratic
or genuine search for
consensus among
economic growth, public Importance of market, and economic
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the
representative groups of
interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts growth.
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists
discussion in project Environmental managers Cornucopians
appraisal and policy
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness review.
1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
6 Belief that all impediments
nature for the humanity of scale and hencebe overcome given
can growth and resource always find a way out of
a will, ingenuity and
of man. community identity in arising sufficient resources exploitation can continue
out of growth. any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies inand
other settlement, work assuming:
Adapted from Figure 10.1: the seventies, page
leisure.
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
34. Syllabus content
Figure 6 Syllabus content
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Figure 6 Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
Figure 6
disturbance of natural processes.
Integration of spiritual, social
sustainable global systems. Population
control given equal weight to resource use.
provide solutions to environmental
problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities
ENVIRONMENTAL
solves resource depletion. Need
ENVIRONMENTAL
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
ECOCENTRISM
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
Cornucopians
TECHNOCENTRISM
ECOCENTRISM
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic ANTHROPOCENTRISM
1 Belief that man can TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
Holistic world view. Minimum of
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts People taxes, environmental managers of
adjustments to as technological.
Technology can keep pace with and
Holistic world view.and of personal and
3 Biorights—the right of work Minimum
leisure through People as environmental managers of
fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro- Technology can keep pace with and
disturbancespeciestoor
endangered of natural processes.
a process b sustainable global systems. Population
improvements in growth goals define the provide solutions to environmental
disturbance of naturalimprovement.
unique landscapes communal
processes. the legal rights to
sustainablerationality of project
global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation
Integration of spiritual, of the in community social
affairs,
controlqualitygiven equal weight to resource use.
a minimum level of
control
environmental
given appraisal and weight to resource use.
equal policy problems. Resource replacement
problems. Resource replacement
formulation.
andand environmentalofdimensions. c Strong regulation byby independent authorities
environmental dimensions. and guarantees
rights of minority interests.
Strong regulation to independent authorities
compensation
arrangements 3 Optimism about the solves resource depletion. Need
solves resource depletion. Need
Participation seen as both a ability of man improve
Sustainability for forcontinuing education and a
thethe whole
Sustainability political function. whole required.
satisfactory to those
required. the lot of the world’s
who experience to understand natural processes
to understand natural processes
adverse environmental
Earth. Self-reliant communities
Earth. Self-reliant communities 2 Acceptance of new and/or social effects.
people.
4 Faith that scientific and
in order to control them. Strong
in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global
within a framework of global project appraisal technological expertise emphasis on scientific analysis and
emphasis on scientific analysis and
techniques and decision provides the basic
citizenship. in modern large-scale technology and its
4 Lack of faith
Self-imposed
citizenship. Self-imposed review arrangements to foundation for advice prediction prior to policy-making.
prediction prior to policy-making.
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
restraint on resource use.institutions.
restraint on resource use.
authority and inherently anti-democratic
or genuine search for
consensus among
economic growth, public Importance of market, and economic
Importance of market, and economic
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the
representative groups of
interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts growth.
growth.
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
Deep ecologists
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists
Self-reliance soft ecologists
discussion in project Environmental managers
Environmental managers Cornucopians
Cornucopians
appraisal and policy
1 Intrinsic importance of of 1 Emphasis onon smallness
1 Intrinsic importance 1 Emphasis smallness review.
1 1 Belief that economic
Belief that economic 11 Belief that man can
Belief that man can
6 Belief that all impediments
nature for for the humanity
nature the humanity of scale and hencebe overcome given
of scale and hence can growth and resource
growth and resource always find a way out of
a will, ingenuity and always find a way out of
of man.
of man. community identity in in arising
community identity sufficient resources exploitation can continue
exploitation can continue
out of growth. any difficulties, either
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and The evolution of environmentalistsettlement, work and page
2 Ecological (and other other settlement, work and assuming:
assuming:
Adapted from Figure 10.1: objectives and strategies in the seventies,
leisure.
leisure. political, scientific or
political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
natural) laws dictate a asuitable economic
suitable economic
35. Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
36. 7.1.2: Environmental philosophies
Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
37. 7.1.2: Environmental philosophies
Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
What is your environmental philosophy?
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions.
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the
or genuine search for
consensus among
representative groups of
interested parties.
economic growth, public
health and safety.
5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels.
Circe (pencil) 3 points on the list that apply to to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
you. Be prepared to explain why you chose review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
these points. a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
38. 7.1.2: Environmental philosophies
Figure 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECOCENTRISM ANTHROPOCENTRISM TECHNOCENTRISM
(nature centred) (people centred) (technology centred)
Holistic world view. Minimum People as environmental managers of Technology can keep pace with and
disturbance of natural processes. sustainable global systems. Population provide solutions to environmental
Integration of spiritual, social control given equal weight to resource use. problems. Resource replacement
and environmental dimensions. Strong regulation by independent authorities solves resource depletion. Need
Sustainability for the whole required. to understand natural processes
Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
39. Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
citizenship. Self-imposed prediction prior to policy-making.
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and other settlement, work and assuming:
leisure. political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate a suitable economic
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the right of work and leisure through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species or a process of personal and b improvements in growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement. the legal rights to rationality of project
remain unmolested. 3 Importance of participation a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
in community affairs, environmental quality
formulation.
and of guarantees of the c compensation
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the
Participation seen as both a satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a who experience the lot of the world’s
political function. adverse environmental people.
and/or social effects.
4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new
project appraisal technological expertise
techniques and decision provides the basic
review arrangements to foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. economic growth, public
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. to widen basis for
participation and lengthy
discussion in project
appraisal and policy
review.
6 Belief that all impediments
can be overcome given
a will, ingenuity and
sufficient resources arising
out of growth.
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
40. Earth. Self-reliant communities in order to control them. Strong
within a framework of global emphasis on scientific analysis and
Deep ecologists
citizenship. Self-imposed
Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers
prediction prior to policy-making.
Cornucopians
restraint on resource use. Importance of market, and economic
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can
growth.
nature for the humanity of scale and hence growth and resource always find a way out of
Deep ecologists Self-reliance soft ecologists Environmental managers Cornucopians
of man. community identity in exploitation can continue
1 Intrinsic importance of 1 Emphasis on smallness 1 Belief that economic 1 Belief that man can any difficulties, either
2 Ecological (and
nature for the humanity other scale and hence
of settlement, work and
growth and resource assuming:
always find a way out of
of man. community identity in
leisure. exploitation can continue political, scientific or
natural) laws dictate settlement, work and assuming: a difficulties, economic
any suitable either
2 Ecological (and other
2 Integration of suitable economic political, scientific or
adjustments to taxes, technological.
natural) lawsmorality.
human dictate leisure. a concepts of
human morality. 2 Integration of concepts of adjustments to taxes, technological.
3 Biorights—the rightwork and leisurework and leisure through
of fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
3 Biorights—the right of through fees, etc 2 Acceptance that pro-
endangered species species
endangered or aor a process of b improvements in
process of personal and personal and b improvements in
growth goals define the growth goals define the
unique landscapes to communal improvement.
communal improvement.
the legal rights to
unique landscapes to the legal rights
rationality of projectto rationality of project
3 Importance of participation
remain unmolested. a minimum level of
appraisal and policy
3 Importance ofenvironmental quality
remain unmolested.in community affairs, participation a minimum level of
and of guarantees of the
formulation. appraisal and policy
in communitycompensation
c affairs, environmental quality
rights of minority interests. arrangements 3 Optimism about the formulation.
Participation seen as bothguarantees of the
and of a satisfactory to those c compensation
ability of man to improve
continuing education and a minorityexperience
rights of who interests. the lot of the world’s 3 Optimism about the
political function. adverse environmental
arrangements
Participation seen as both a
and/or social effects.
people.
satisfactory to those ability of man to improve
continuing education and a 4 Faith that scientific and
2 Acceptance of new who experience
technological expertise the lot of the world’s
political function.appraisal
project
adverse environmental
techniques and decision provides the basic people.
review arrangements to foundation forsocial effects.
and/or advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to 4 Faith that scientific and
or genuine search for 2 economic growth,of new
Acceptance public
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. technological expertise
consensus among
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and
project appraisal
health and safety.
representative groups of
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties. 5 Suspicion of attempts decision
techniques and provides the basic
basic needs of those below subsistence levels.
review arrangements to
to widen basis for foundation for advice
4 Lack of faith in modern large-scale technology and its participation and lengthy
allow for wider discussion on matters pertaining to
associated demands on elitist expertise, central state discussion in project
or genuine search for
authority and inherently anti-democratic institutions. appraisal and policy economic growth, public
consensus among
review.
5 Implication that materialism for its own sake is wrong and health and safety.
representative groups of
6 Belief that all impediments
that economic growth can be geared to providing for the interested parties.
can be overcome given 5 Suspicion of attempts
basic needs of those below subsistence levels. a will, ingenuity and
to widen basis for
sufficient resources arising
out of growth. participation and lengthy
Adapted from Figure 10.1: The evolution of environmentalist objectives and strategies in the seventies, page discussion in project
372. First published in O’Riordan, T. 1981. Environmentalism. London, UK. Pion Limited.
appraisal and policy
Editor's Notes
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This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
This is a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural (including religious), economic and socio‑political context.\nAn environmental value system is a system in the sense that it has inputs (for example, education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media) and outputs (for example, decisions, perspectives, courses of action) determined by processing these inputs.\nInt: Ecosystems may often cross national boundaries and this may lead to conflict arising from the clash of different value systems about exploitation of resources (for example, ocean fishing and whaling).\n\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
see figure 6 in syllabus (essential)\n
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Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
Consider major landmarks, for example, Minamata, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Bhopal, whaling (Save the Whale), Chernobyl, leading to environmental pressure groups, both local and global, the concept of stewardship and increased media coverage raising public awareness.\n
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The societies chosen should demonstrate significant differences, for example:\n* First Nation Americans and European pioneers operating frontier economics, which involved exploitation of seemingly unlimited resources \n* Buddhist and Judaeo‑Christian societies \n* Communist and capitalist societies.\n\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
Students should be encouraged to reflect upon where they stand on the continuum of environmental philosophies with regard to specific issues arising throughout the syllabus, for example, population control, resource exploitation, sustainable development, and so on. Int: The environmental philosophy of an individual, as with that of a community (see 7.1.1), will inevitably be shaped by cultural, economic and socio-political context. Students should recognize this and appreciate that others may have equally valid viewpoints (aims 4 and 7).\n
