6. Similarities between vertebrates’ heart
• Close circulatory system
• Chambered-heart
• Presence of valves to prevent
backflow of blood
7. Differences
Fishes
Reptiles
• Single circulation
• Double circulation:
Pulmonary circuit and
systematic circuit
• 3 chambers: Two atrium,
one ventricle
• Incomplete septum
• Double circulation:
Pulmonary circuit and
systematic circuit
• 4 chambers: Two atrium,
two ventricle
• Complete septum
• Partial mixing of
deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood --cold-blooded
• Gas exchanges occurs at
lungs
• No mixing of
deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood --warm-blooded
• Gas exchange occurs at
lungs
• 2 chambers: One atrium,
one ventricle
• No septum separating
atrium and ventricle
• Mixing of deoxygenated
and oxygenated blood --cold-blooded
• Gas exchange occurs at
gills
Human
9. 1. Oxygen transport or storage
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain
haemoglobin, which is the major oxygen
transporter in the body.
• Oxygen attach to heme group in erythrocytes.
• Erythrocytes receive oxygen from lungs then
store the oxygen and transport it to all over the
body.
• At region of lower oxygen concentration, the
haemoglobn in erythrocytes release the oxygen
molecule to body cells.
10. 2. Nutrient transport or storage
• Glucose, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and
minerals will bound to the blood plasma
• The nutrients will be supplied to body cells
11. 3. Phagocytosis
• Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils (types
of white blood cells) can phagocytosize a lot of
particles including foreign particles and
infectious agents
12. 4. Immune defense
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies
• These antibodies attack on antigen (foreign
cells)
• Trigger immunologic activity
• Globulins in plasma also contains another type
of antibodies – immunoglobulins, which can
also attack foreign cells and pathogens
13. 5. Blood clotting
• Fibrinogen in plasma is converted to fibrin
catalyzed by thrombin which produced from
prothrombin with the help of thromboplastin
and calcium.
• Fibrin is like a sheet of fibers covering the
injured area and provide the basic framework
for a blood clot
• Platelets are also involved in blood clotting
process
• Platelets form haemostatic plug after vascular
injury
