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Topic :
   Survey on Mobile
   Processors and their
   Architectures

Group Members :
Chirag Kothari Ashish Bansal Ashutosh Singh
Jaspreet Singh Pawan Kumar
First 2G-digital hand-size mobile
telephone
1992 :-
Motorola
International 3200
Further Advancements
1992-94                 1993                         1996




     Nokia 1011         BellSouth/IBM Simon      Motorola StarTAC
     First Ever Mass-   Personal Communicator    First clamshell cellular phone
     Produced GSM       The IBM Simon was the
     Phone              first PDA/Phone combo.
First Smartphone Series
Nokia 9000 Communicator
What is a Cell Phone ?
ARM – What is it?
• ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines
• An ARM processor is basically any 16/32bit
  microprocessor designed and licensed by ARM Ltd,
  a microprocessor design company headquartered
  in England, founded in 1990 by Herman Hauser
• A characteristic feature of ARM processors is their
  low electric power consumption, which makes
  them particularly suitable for use in portable
  devices.
• It is one of the most used processors currently on
  the market
Arm Architectures :
Early Architectures :
V1
 • Developed at Acorn, Cambridge, UK. Between October 1983
   and April 1985.
 • Fewer than 25,000 transistors.
 • No multiply or coprocessor instructions.
 • 26-bit addressing.
V2
 • 30,000 transistors.
 • 32-bit multiplier instructions (MUL & MLA).
Continued …
v2a
 • First ARM with an on-chip cache (ARM3).
V3
 • 32-bit addressing.
 • Undefined Instruction and Abort modes (allows virtual
   memory).
v3M
 • Signed and unsigned long multiply and multiply-accumulate
   instructions: SMULL, SMLAL,UMULL, UMLAL.
Architecture 4
 v4
 • It is the first architecture to have a full formal definition.
 • the oldest supported architecture today. It added:
 • Load/store instructions for signed and unsigned
   halfwords and bytes.
 • LDRH, LDRSH, LDRSB.
 • System mode – privileged mode using user registers.
 • 26-bit addressing no longer supported.
 v4T added:
 • Thumb mode.
Architecture 5
 v5T
 • Superset of ARMv4T.
 • New instructions: BLX, CLZ and BKPT.
 v5TE
 • New signal processing instructions.
 • New multiply Instructions for DSP (Digital Signal Processing )
   : SMULxy , SMLAxy , SMULWy , SMLAWy , SMLALxy.
 • Saturated math support: Q flag --
    QADD, QSUB, QDADD, QDSUB .
 • New PLD memory pre-load hint instruction.
 v5TE
 • Java acceleration.
Architecture 6
 V6 :
  • Mixed endian data handling: SETEND, REV, REV16, REVSH.
  • 60+ new SIMD
    instructions: SMUSD, SMUADX, USAD8, USADA8 .
  • Unaligned data handling.
  • New multiprocessing instructions: LDREX, STREX.
 v6T2 :
  • Thumb-2 instruction set.
Architecture 7
 v7A , v7R :
 •   Dynamic Compiler Support.
 •   Execution Environment (Thumb-2EE).
 •   VFP v3 (Vector Floating Point).
 •   NEON advanced SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data).
 •   Thumb-2 mandated.
 v7M :
 • Minimalist variant for embedded uses.
 • Thumb-2 only.
 • Neon Technology is a 64/128 bit hybrid SIMD architecture
   developed by ARM to accelerate the performance of multimedia
   and signal processing applications.
 • The NEON architecture provides at least 3x the performance
   of ARMv5 and 2x the performance of ARMv6 SIMD on a range of
   media and DSP applications.
Performance v/s Capability :
Features of ARM Family
ARM Family   ARM Architecture   ARM Core   Cache(I/D),      MIPS @ MHz
                                           MMU
  ARM1            ARMv1            ARM1         None             -

                  ARMv2            ARM2         None          4 MIPS @
  ARM2                                                          8 MHz
                 ARMV2a           ARM250       MEMC1a         7 MIPS @
                                                               12 MHz
  ARM3           ARMv2a            ARM3      4 KB unified    12 MIPS @
                                                              25 MHz
  ARM6            ARMv3           ARM60         None         10 MIPS @
                                                              12 MHz
                                  ARM600     4 KB unified    28 MIPS @
                                                              33 MHz
                                  ARM610     4 KB unified    17 MIPS @
                                                              20 MHz

  ARM7            ARMv3          ARM700      8 KB unified      40 MHz
                                 ARM710      8 KB unified      40 MHz
                                 ARM710a     8 KB unified      40 MHz
ARM Family   ARM            ARM Core        Cache(I/D), MMU MIPS @ MHz
             Architecture
ARM7TDMI        ARMv4T       ARM7TDMI(-S)           -          15 MIPS @
                                                                16.8 MHz
                               ARM710T        8 KB unified     36 MIPS @
                                                                 40 MHz
                               ARM720T        8 KB unified     60 MIPS @
                                                                59.8 MHz
                               ARM720T            MPU               -


  ARM7EJ       ARMv5TEJ        ARM7EJ-S             -              -

  ARM8          ARMv4          ARM810         8 KB unified ,   84 MIPS @
                                                 MMU            72 MHz
ARM9TDMI        ARMv4T        ARM9TDMI              -

                               ARM920T        16 KB/16 KB,     200 MIPS @
                                                 MMU            180 MHz
                               ARM922T      8 KB/8 KB, MMU

                               ARM940T      4 KB/4 KB, MPU
ARM Family   ARM            ARM Core         Cache(I/D), MMU MIPS @ MHz
             Architecture
  ARM9E        ARMv5TE        ARM946E-S          coupled             -
                                             memories, MPU
                              ARM966E-S      no cache, TCMs          -

                              ARM968E-S       no cache, TCMs         -

               ARMv5TEJ       ARM926EJ-S      variable, TCMs,   220 MIPS @
                                                   MMU           200 MHz
               ARMv5TE        ARM996HS       no caches, TCMs,
                                                   MPU               -
 ARM10E        ARMv5TE        ARM1020E         32 KB/32 KB,          -
                                                   MMU
                              ARM1022E         16 KB/16 KB,          -
                                                   MMU
               ARMv5TEJ      ARM1026EJ-S     variable, MMU or        -
                                                   MPU
  ARM11         ARMv6        ARM1136J(F)-S    variable, MMU           -
               ARMv6T2      ARM1156T2(F)-S    variable, MPU           -
               ARMv6Z       ARM1176JZ(F)-S   variable, MMU +    965 DMIPS @
                                                TrustZone         772 MHz
               ARMv6K        ARM11 MPCore     variable, MMU           -
TIMELINE :
 • Week 1:-Introduction to Early Mobile phones, Introduction to ARM
   architecture, ARM architecture Features
 • Week 2:-Preference of ARM Processors over other architecture
 • Week 3 :- The Basic ARM Architecture
 • Week 4 :-Working of Classical ARM Processors and architecture (1)
 • Week 5:- Working of Classical ARM Processors and architecture (2)
 • Week 6:-Working of Embedded ARM Processors and architecture (1)
 • Week 7:-Working of Embedded ARM Processors and architecture (2)
 • Week 8-Working of Application ARM Processors and architecture (1)
 • Week 9-Working of Application ARM Processors and architecture (2)
 • Week 10:-Challenges for current Mobile Processors
 • Week 11:-Required features of Microprocessors in accordance with
   the need of mobile applications.
 • Week 12:-Details of processors other than ARM architecture.
 • Week 13:-Summary of project done.
References :
• http://www.historyofcellphones.net/
• http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/05/th
  e-evolution-of-cell-phone-design-between-1983-
  2009/
• http://www.davespace.co.uk/arm/introduction-
  to-arm/arm-arch7.html
• http://cellphones.lovetoknow.com/Cellular_Pho
  ne_Timeline
• http://www.arm.com/
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/
Thank You
Survey On Mobile Processors


Today’s Topic : Fastest Mobile Processors
             And Future


              Presented by Group-5
Fastest Phones: Rank 1
                   Qualcomm MSM8260 Snapdragon
                          CPU Instruction Set : ARMv7
                          CPU : 1.2-1.5 GHz Dual-core
                          Scorpion
HTC Velocity 4G Vodafone GPU : Adreno 220
                          Wireless Radio Technology :
                                                         Samsung Galaxy S II Skyrocket
                          GSM (GPRS, EDGE)
                          More Devices Having
                          Qualcomm MSM8260          Qualcomm MSM8660 Snapdragon
Samsung Galaxy S Blaze 4G Snapdragon :
                          Asus Eee Pad Memo,
                          HTC Amaze 4G,
                          HTC Evo 3D (GSM),
                          HTC Sensation,
                          HTC Sensation XE,                LG Optimus LTE SU640
                          Sony Xperia Ion,
     HTC Velocity 4G      Sony Xperia S,
                          T-Mobile myTouch 4G Slide,


                   HTC Sensation XE (Sensation XE)     Samsung Galaxy S II HD LTE
Fastest Phones: Rank 1
           Qualcomm MSM8260 Snapdragon



               CPU - Dual-core 1.5
               GHz Scorpion
               GPU - Adreno 220       Samsung Galaxy S II LTE
               OS - Android OS,
               v2.3.4 (Gingerbread)


HTC Amaze 4G

                            Samsung Galaxy S II T-Mobile (Hercules, SGH-T989)
Qualcomm Snapdragon
 Snapdragon: family of mobile system on chips(SOCs)
  by Qualcomm.
 First with 1GHz speed.
 Adopted by HD2(Windows),Nexus one, evo 4G.
 Qualcomm designed its own CPU Scorpion similar to
  the famous ARM Cortex A8 and uses the ARM v7 ISA.
 Further One more CPU KRAIT that is even faster has
  been designed that can reach speeds even greter
  than 1.5 GHz.
 Had an advantage over standard ARM A8 in
  instruction per clock cycle.
Qualcomm Snapdragon
 Further Qualcomm divided its products into :



        S1             S2        S3              S4(latest)

 Next generation of snapdragon powers new device such as
  Desire Z , Thunderbolt , Desire HD using smaller 45nm
  technology.
 Allowed more transistors & performance enhancing tweaks.
Qualcomm Snapdragon
• On the GPU side of SoC
   – Used AMD-sourced Adreno 200.
• Outperforms Hummingbird in 3D performance.
• Advantage-
   – Qualcomm combines GPU & cellular antenna to SoC.
   – Allowing phone design to be more compact and a
     much simpler choice then using multiple pieces.
Fastest Phones : Rank 2
Samsung Galaxy Note
Launched: 2011, September
Chipset: Exynos
CPU: Dual-core 1.4 GHz ARM Cortex-A9
GPU: Mali-400MP
                      Motorola DROID RAZR XT912
                      Released 2011, November
                      •Super capacitive touchscreen,
                      16M colors
                      •16 GB storage, 1GB RAM
                      •Android OS, v2.3.5 (Gingerbread)
                      •CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9
                      •GPU: PowerVR SGX540
Fastest Phones : Rank 3
Samsung Galaxy Nexus
• OS: Android OS, v4.0 (Ice Cream
  Sandwich)
• Launched: 2011, October
• Chipset: TI OMAP 4460
• CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9
                         HTC Vivid
                         Platform:Android Gingerbread
                         2.3.4
                         Chipset: Qualcomm APQ8060
                         Snapdragon
                         CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Scorpion
                         Internal Memory :1 GB RAM, 16
                         GB eMMC
                         GPU: Adreno 220
Fastest Phones : Rank 3
HTC Raider 4G
• Launched:2011, September
• OS: Android OS, v2.3.4
  (Gingerbread),
• upgradable to v4.x
• CPU:Dual-core 1.2 GHz


                LG Optimus Q2 LU6500
                LG Optimus EX SU880

                Launched:2011, September
                OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread)
                Chipset: Nvidia Tegra 2 AP20H
                CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9
Fastest Phones : Rank 3
Samsung Galaxy S II 4G
Launched: 2011, July
OS: Android OS, v2.3 (Gingerbread)
Chipset: Exynos
CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9

HTC Sensation
Launched: 2011, April
OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread),
upgradable to    v4.x
Chipset: Qualcomm MSM8260
Snapdragon
CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Scorpion
GPU:
Fastest Phones : Rank 3

Samsung I9100 Galaxy S II
Launched: 2011, February
OS: Android OS, v2.3.4
(Gingerbread)
Chipset: Exynos
CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9
GPU: Mali-400MP
Hummingbird
• Samsung first introduced their Hummingbird SoC
  inside their Galaxy S lineup.
• The Hummingbird uses ARM Cortex-
  A8 architecture with the ARMv7 instruction set.
• Samsung used 45 nanometer (nm) manufacturing
  tech, which describes the amount of transistors they
  can fit onto a single chip.
Hummingbird
• While the ARM A8 is the basis of the
  chip,Samsung made it their own by carrying
  out a large number of modifications with their
  partners Intrisity.
• For example: Intrinsity changed the logic
  design of the standard A8 which helped in
  reducing the number of operations
• Also, the speed of their design was upto 10%
  faster than the original ARM technology.
Performance
• The upcoming Infuse will feature a 1.2 GHz
  Hummingbird.
• Samsung features another advantage: ARM
  NEON multimedia extension.
• It had far better hardware video encoding and
  decoding, high quality graphics, and better
  sound processing.
• In Samsung’s unit the PowerVR SGX540 GPU
  was introduced and outclassed its ARM-
  based competitors.
Performance

• In terms of 3D or anything GPU-intensive, the
  Snapdragon really could not compete.
• The Intrinsity-branded Hummingbird was also
  what powered the Apple iPhone 4.
Motorola MOTO MT870    LG Optimus 2X SU660      Motorola Photon 4G MB855




                      CPU     Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9
                      GPU     ULP GeForce

                                Rank 4                    Motorola MOTO XT882
Motorola ATRIX 4G




                                                               Motorola ATRIX
                            Samsung I9103 Galaxy R
    LG Optimus 2X
Fastest Phones : Rank 4
 Motorola ATRIX 2
 CPU      Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9
 GPU      PowerVR SGX540




   Apple iPhone 4
   CPU      1 GHz Cortex-A8
   GPU      PowerVR SGX535
Fastest Phones : Rank 4
 LG Optimus 3D P920
 CPU     Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9
 GPU     PowerVR SGX540




   Dell Venue
   CPU      1 GHz Scorpion
   GPU      Adreno 200
Cortex A9
• The Cortex-A9 processor is a high-
  performance, low-power, ARM macrocell with
  an L1 cache subsystem that provides full
  virtual memory capabilities.
• It implements the ARMv7 architecture and
  runs 32-bit ARM instructions,16-bit and 32-bit
  Thumb instructions.
• It also supports 8-bit Java bytecodes in Jazelle
  state.
Key Features
• Speculative, Superscalar execution pipeline
  giving 2.50DMIPS/Mhz/core .
• Neon SIMD instruction set extension
  performing up to 16 operations per
  instruction (optional).
• High performance VFPv3 floating point unit
  doubling the performance of previous ARM
  FPUs
Key Features
• Thumb-2 instruction set encoding.
• Trustzone security extensions.
• Jazelle DBX support for Java execution.
• Program trace macrocell and coresight design
  kit for unobtrusive tracing of instruction
  execution.
• L2 cache controller (0-4 MB).
Cortex A9 MPCore

• The ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore is a 32-bit
  multicore processor providing up to 4 cache
  coherent Cortex-A9 cores, each implementing
  the ARM.
• There are only two recent ARM architectures
  that have multicore support: the ARM11 and
  the ARM Cortex A9.
• The A8 doesn't come in a multicore variant
Cortex A9 MPcore
Implementations
• Several SoC devices implement the Cortex-A9
  core including:
 Altera SoC FPGA

 TRIDENT Microsystems

 Texas Instruments OMAP4 Processors

 ST-Ericsson Nova A9500

 Sony play station Vita

 Xilinx Extensible Processing platform
Fastest Mobile SoC: Nvidia Tegra

                                    Its SoC used
                                   tweaked dual
                                  ARM Cortex-
                 Tegra-2:-First       A9 cores.
Tegra-1:- Just     dual core            Clock
  short of        SoC(System         Frequency-
  Disaster         on chip) in        1 GHz.
                    market.
                                    Uses ARMv7
                                  instruction set.
Performance Comparison
Performance
  Processor Support upto
 12MP sensors,auto white
                                   Tegra 2 has an ARM7
  balance, auto focus and
                                 processor that is used for
general video processing on
                                    chip management.
  either a still picture or a
       video stream.



                 It handles dataflow, power
                   management and other
                        similar tasks.
Performance

               Just Difference
               is:-
GPU in Tegra   • Improved
2 has same       efficiency.
               • More Memory
architecture     Bandwidth.
as Tegra 1.    • Higher clock rate.
Comparison!!!
What to Expect in 2012 ?
The Answer is “Quad-Core Phones”

    o One of the big mobile buzzwords of 2011 was
      “Dual-Core”.
    o Dual-Core processors became the standard for
      high-end smartphones, starting with the LG
      Optimus 2X .
    o In 2012, however, it is all about quad-core.
    o But other than having double the cores of this
      year’s smart phones, what do quad-cores mean
      for the smart phones of 2012?
The State of Multicore Processors
o Nvidia :
   • Was the first to bring dual-core processing to mobile with the
     LG Optimus 2X, which debuted at the beginning of 2011 with
     the Tegra 2 chip.
   • Is blazing the multicore trail again with the release of the Asus
     Eee Pad Transformer Prime TF201 tablet which is also the first
     device with 1.3 GHz Tegra 3 quad cores .
         For now, it’s the only quad-core device on the market.
         The Transformer earned high praise for its stunning
           graphics and zippy performance.
   • Future :
     It has said that Nvidia is working with a number of device
     makers on Tegra 3-powered phones, but can’t reveal who they
     are due to nondisclosure agreements. Quad-core phones are
     “on track”, however, for 2012.
   • The rumored HTC Edge will supposedly be the world’s first
     quad-core smartphone, running the Tegra 3 chip. Mobile news
     site “PocketNow” was first to claims to have exclusive images
     as well as a spec sheet.
The State of Multicore Processors
o Qualcomm :
    • Stated that its quad-core Snapdragon chip, the APQ064, will join its
      S4 line of products.
    • Based on ARM architecture, the S4 chips will run at clock speeds
      upto 2.5GHz.
    • Qualcomm’s Vice President of Product Management Raj Talluri,
      confirmed that the first phones with quad-core Snapdragon
      chips will ship in 2012.
o TI (Texas Instruments ):                                                   Raj Talluri
    • Unlike Nvidia and Qualcomm, chipset manufacturer TI isn’t putting
      a number on its OMAP processor. Rather than calling them dual-
      core or quad-core, TI refers to them as “Multicore”.
    • Latest system-on-a-chip is the OMAP 5 by TI.
    • The company didn’t give any exact benchmarks, but maintains that
      the OMAP 5 produces speeds competitive with Nvidia’s quad-core
      processor.
The State of Multicore Processors
o Samsung:
   • Its phones and tablets have used both Snapdragon and Tegra
     chipsets, but the manufacturer’s semiconductor division is hard at
     work on the next generation of its own Exynos line of systems-on-
     a-chip.
   • The next one, the Exynos 5250, isn’t quad-core, however; it is a
     dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 processor.
   • Like TI, Samsung seems to be confident that the Exynos 5250 can
     produce benchmarks and performance competitive with a quad-
     core processor.
The More the Cores, the Better?
o According to Nvidia :
    •   quad-core processors improve performance during multitasking as well as the performance
        of multithreaded applications.
    •   quad-core processor will bring to your phone a level of performance comparable to that of a
        desktop computer.
    •   Nick Stam (Director of technical marketing at Nvidia) :
        “People are going to consider their phones as their primary computer”
        “Phones with a quad-core processor are really full computers that can replace
         many functions of laptops or desktop computers. It is a level of performance
         that truly does rival a desktop processor.”


o According to Qualcomm :
    •   It expects users will see the power of quad-core in the multitasking speed. The speed in
        which you switch between open applications will be much faster than that of a dual-core
        phone.
    •   Gaming, of course, is the popular example. Quad-core processors support multithreaded
        applications, meaning an app that runs multiple processes at once, like a game.
        Therefore, Gameplay on a phone that can support these simultaneous processes is much
        more fluid and snappier with higher-quality graphics.
    •   Imaging softwares can stitch together multiple photos much faster than a single or dual-
        core phone.
Battery Life: What’s at Stake?
o Shortened battery life is the thorn in the side of smartphone innovation.
  Smartphone batteries can’t seem to hold up as processors get more powerful
  and networks become faster.
o But Nvidia says that quad-core processors are actually easier on battery life
  than single or dual-core chips.
o With the Tegra 3 :
    • The processes are distributed across the multiple cores, and therefore a
       quad-core phone consumes less power than a dual-core phone.
    • Have a fifth “companion core” that is built using a special lower-power-
       silicon process. This companion core handles tasks at a lower frequency
       for active standby mode, music playback, and video playback.
o Qualcomm’s quad-core chips will be able to run simultaneously at different
  clock frequencies and at different voltages.
Main References :

•   www.phonegg.com/fastest-phones
•   www.theandroidphones.com
•   www.symbian-freak.com
•   www.pcworld.com
•   www.india-mobilewatch.blogspot.in
•   www.aceslab.org
Thank You
Survey On Mobile Phone
       Processors

Today’s Topic: Fastest Graphics
   Processing Units (GPU)
What is a GPU?
• A Graphics Processing Unit is a co-
  processor that takes on graphical
  calculations and transformations
  so that the main CPU does not
  have to be burdened by them.
• The use of a GPU can greatly
  increase the performance of a
  device, especially when used for
  tasks such as 3D gaming.
• A GPU can be a stand-alone chip
  or, as is more often the case,
  integrated into a complete chip
  design that includes one or more
  CPU cores.
Need of GPU ??
Fastest GPU–Now : ARM Mali-400 MP
• World’s 1st embedded multi-
  core GPU with 4 cores
• Configurable L2 cache tuned for
  maximum throughput of size
  256 KiB
• Multi-core scaling transparent
  to software developers
• API’s : OpenVG 1.1, OpenGL ES
  2.0 / 1.1
• Devices :Win Accord, SmartQ
  T10 , Samsung Galaxy S II
• Chipsets : Samsung Exynos 4210,
  4212, 4412 , AML logic 8726-M, 8726-
  MX
Mali-400 in 1080p at 60fps
High-quality Game Content : Mali-400
More in ARM Mali GPUS - Now
• Mali-300
  – High Definition (HD) user
    interfaces
  – Integrated 8KB L2 cache
  – Chipsets : Spreadtrum
    SC8810, SC6820
• Mali-200
  – World’s most licensed
    OpenGL ES 2.0 core
  – 1st OpenGL ES 2.0
    conformant GPU at 1080p
  – No Cache
  – Chipsets : Telechips TCC8803,
    TCC8902 , STMicroelectronic
    SPEAr1340
Mali GPUS - Future
• Mali-T604
   – Innovative GPU architecture
       • Tri-pipe –for performance and flexibility
   – Up to 5x Mali-400 MP performance
   – Scalable up to 4 cores
   – L-2 cache size : 256 KiB
   – Anti Aliasing
   – Dynamic power management
   – OS support : Linux, Android, Windows
     Phone OS.
   – Chipsets : Samsung Exynos 5250
ARM Mali GPUS - Future
• Mali-T658
  – Midgard architecture
  – 3D graphics
  – Multi core with 8 cores
  – 2 L2 caches : size
    256KiB
  – Upto 10X graphic
    performance
    compared to Mali-400
    MP
Nvidia Tegra-2 GeForce GPU
For Game Developers
GeForce GPU Architecture:-
• The Tegra 2 system-on-a-chip (SoC)
  features an ultra-low power (ULP)
  GeForce GPU .
• An Architecture similar to that of
  desktop GeForce GPUs.
• Reduces power consumption.
• Increases Graphics Quality.
Features…
• The mobile GeForce GPU processing pipeline is similar
  to the one defined by the OpenGL 2.0 specifications.
• Has unique optimizations that enable it to deliver
  performance of a pipelined GPU architecture while
  keeping the mobile power requirements in mind.
• It included eight cores (four pixel shader cores and four
  vertex shader cores).
• They also implemented a unique and proprietary
  Anisotropic Filtering (AF) algorithm for improved
  texture quality (up to 16x AF).
Geforce GPU Architecture
Difference in using Anistropic Filtering
Additional Special Features
• Early-Z support to filter out non-visible pixels.
• Integrated Pixel Shader and Blend Unit for programming flexibility and
  higher performance.
• Pixel Cache, Texture cache, Vertex, and Attribute Caches to reduce
  memory transactions.
• Unique 5x Coverage Sampling Anti-aliasing (CSAA) technique that
  achieves higher image quality at lower memory bandwidth.
• Advanced Anisotropic Filtering (AF) for high detail textures.
• A custom Memory Controller developed in-house that improves GPU
  performance and reduces power consumption.
• Numerous Power Management features for ultra low power
  consumptions.
• Tegra 2 is well equipped to handle hardware accelerated, touch-based
  user interfaces when the Android OS adopts GPU-based UI rendering.
• Usually slower than PowerVR SGX Series 5.
• But in several Game Scenarios it is found that GeForce
  GPU is 25-50% faster than PowerVR series 5.
• Hardware accelerated Adobe Flash:-NVIDIA worked
  closely with Adobe to offload the Flash processing from
  the CPU core and do nearly all the rendering on the
  GPU core.
• This reduces the amount of power consumed and
  greatly increases the overall performance because the
  CPU is freed up to handle other tasks.
• In the popular Flash benchmark GUIMark2, NVIDIA
  found that hardware accelerated Flash improved
  performance 2x to 3x over competing devices that use
  the CPU to process Flash content.
Comparison!!
Phones using GeForce GPU




HTC One X   Motorola Photon 4G   Samsung Captivate Glide




                                             And Many More….
Nvidia GoForce GPU’s

   GPU’s            Gadgets
GoForce 4500       Gizmondo

GoForce 4800   SonyEricson W900i,
                Motorola Razr V3x
GoForce 5500   Samsung SGH-P910,
               Modeo HTC Foreseer
GOFORCE 5500


•Launched by Nvidia
•Multimedia Graphic Processor
•Decode Video and Audio Formats
•Supports H.264
•24-bit 64-voice Sound processor
Features


True, Fluid Digital TV              Console-Class 3D Gaming




                                High-Fidelty Surround Sound




Sharp, Vivid Photos                    Less Battery Usage
True, Fluid Digital TV
• The industry’s first handheld GPU to playback
  H.264, WMV9 and MPEG-4 video up
  to D1 resolution at 30 frames per second (fps).
• Compatible with major mobile TV standards
  including DVB-H, ISDB-T and DMB
  networks
Console-Class 3D Gaming
• Experience console class games, like Quake III
  Arena, at unrivalled speeds on a
  handheld device.
• 3X the performance of the previous
  generation 2.
High-Fidelty Surround Sound
• The industry?s first handheld surround sound
  processor to deliver an immersive audio
  experience in the palm of your hand.
• Crossfade and multistream technologies help
  to prevent annoying breaks between
  songs and music cut out when the ringtone is
  activated.
Sharp, Vivid Photos
• Rapid multi-shot capabilities so you never
  miss that photo.
• Support for up to 10 megapixel resolution.
GPU Details
•   Core Speed – 270MHz
•   Architecture – NV34B
•   Memory – 256 MB
•   Memory Bus – 128(64X2) bits
•   Memory Type – DDR
•   Open GL – 1.5
•   Resolution – 2048X1536
PowerVR
• Develops hardware and software for 2D and
  3D rendering, and for video encoding,
  decoding, associated image processing.
• With introduction of OpenGL and Direct3D
  small players like PowerVR were pushed from
  market.
• It responded by developing a series of designs
  that could be incorporated into system-on-a-
  chip architectures suitable for handheld
  device use. E.g. Smartphones, palmtops etc.
PowerVR Series
Following chipsets were introduced under
PowerVR series:
• Series 1 (Micro)
• Series 2 (Micro)
• Series 3 (STMicro)
• Series 4 (STMicro)
• MBX
• Series 5 (SGX)
• Series 5XT(SGXMP)
• Series 6 (Rogue)
Samsung Galaxy S
                                                   Samsung Captivate

                     These are some phones which
                     use PowerVR SGX 540.




  Samsung Facinate                                 Samsung Nexus S
Features of SGX Series 5
• Most comprehensive IP core family in
  industry.
• Shader driven-Tile bases deffered architecture
  (TBDR).
• Fully programmable GPU using unique USSE
  architecture.
• Supports all industries standard mobile and
  desktop graphics API and OS.
• Fully backward compatible with PowerVR MBX
Benefits of SGX Series 5
• Low risk solution for all embedded graphics
  applications.
• Shader-based architecture enables near photo
  realistic image quality.
• Lowest power consumption and silicon
  footprint.
• Low host CPU and memory system bandwidth
  load.
• Enables 2D, 3D and general purpose (GP-GPU)
  processing in a single core.
Supported APIs and OS
APIs
• OpenGL ES 2.0
• OpenVG 1.1
• OpenCL 1.1
• OpenWF
OS support
• Symbian,android and linux
Adreno Graphics Processing Units
Adreno Graphics Processing Units
• All the phones from HTC, Samsung, LG that have
  Qualcomm Snapdragon processors include the
  integrated, custom-built Adreno GPU.
• The power of the Adreno GPU allows developers to
  bring console and PC quality 3D games to mobile
  devices.
• Qualcomm's Adreno graphics solution helps put the
  power in your hands, allowing you to make the most
  of your 2D and 3D games across wide array of
  devices from high-end smartphones and tablets to
  feature phones.
Adreno Graphics Processing Units
• Optimized for faster frame rates, smoother rendering
  and longer battery life.
• Designed for everything from 3D rendering to high-
  end effects, Adreno GPUs deliver the graphics power
  needed for the next generation of games and user
  experiences
• Adreno has many versions : Adreno 130, Adreno 200,
  Adreno 205, Adreno 220.
Adreno 130 GPU
• Included in certain Snapdragon S1 chipsets, the Adreno
  130 GPU features complete hardware support for 3D
  graphics and the APIs needed to deliver industry leading
  games and engaging UIs on feature phones.
• Fixed function graphics pipeline.
• Enables concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP.
• Supported APIs:
     OpenGL ES 1.1
     OpenVG 1.1
     EGL 1.3
     Direct3D Mobile
Adreno 200 GPU
• Available in certain Snapdragon S1 chipsets, the Adreno
  200 GPU features a flexible, unified shader architecture
  that allocates only the units necessary for enhanced
  processing.
• First OpenGL ES 2.0 graphics processing unit with
  programmable Function Pipeline
• Concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP
• Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG
  and other image surfaces with 3D graphics
• Awailable in S1 chipsets like QSD8x50 with 1GHz CPU
  and MSM7x27 with 600MHz A11
Adreno 200 GPU
• Supported APIs:
    OpenGL ES 2.0
    OpenVG 1.1
    EGL 1.3
    DirectDraw
   Direct3D Mobile
Adreno 205 GPU
• Available in the Snapdragon S2 chipset, the Adreno 205
  GPU features dedicated 2D OpenVG graphics hardware,
  3D hardware for faster, smoother and more efficient 2D
  rendering, greatly enhanced 2D plus 3D concurrency – all
  while providing lower power utilization.
• More than twice the graphics performance of the Adreno
  200 GPU
• Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG
  and other image surfaces with 3D graphics
• Supported APIs(extra):
    GDI
    SVGT 1.2
Adreno 220 GPU
• Available in the Snapdragon S3 chipset, the Adreno 220
  GPU features an enhanced level of 3D graphics
  performance, allowing for high-end, immersive gaming
  experiences previously limited to PCs and game consoles.
• More than five times the graphics performance of the
  Adreno 200 GPU
• Concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP
• Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG
  and other image surfaces with 3D graphics
• Supported APIs:
      (Same as Adreno 200)
HTC Desire HD
                    HTC G2         LG Optimus LTE LU6200




     HTC Desire Z            Galaxy S II Skyrocket
HTC Nexus One                     HTC myTouch 4G




                Nokia Lumia 800
Bibliography :
• http://www.arm.com/products/multimedia/mali-
  graphics-hardware/index.php
• http://smartphonebenchmarks.com/
• http://graphics-cards-review.toptenreviews.com/
• http://www.mobileburn.com
• https://developer.qualcomm.com/discover/chipsets-
  and-modems/adreno
• http://sigalonandroid.soup.io/tag/powervr%20sgx540
• http://androidandme.com/2010/10/news/3dmarkmob
  ile-gpu-showdown-adreno-205-vs-powervr-sgx540/

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Survey on Mobile Processors

  • 1. Topic : Survey on Mobile Processors and their Architectures Group Members : Chirag Kothari Ashish Bansal Ashutosh Singh Jaspreet Singh Pawan Kumar
  • 2. First 2G-digital hand-size mobile telephone 1992 :- Motorola International 3200
  • 3. Further Advancements 1992-94 1993 1996 Nokia 1011 BellSouth/IBM Simon Motorola StarTAC First Ever Mass- Personal Communicator First clamshell cellular phone Produced GSM The IBM Simon was the Phone first PDA/Phone combo.
  • 4. First Smartphone Series Nokia 9000 Communicator
  • 5. What is a Cell Phone ?
  • 6. ARM – What is it? • ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines • An ARM processor is basically any 16/32bit microprocessor designed and licensed by ARM Ltd, a microprocessor design company headquartered in England, founded in 1990 by Herman Hauser • A characteristic feature of ARM processors is their low electric power consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices. • It is one of the most used processors currently on the market
  • 7. Arm Architectures : Early Architectures : V1 • Developed at Acorn, Cambridge, UK. Between October 1983 and April 1985. • Fewer than 25,000 transistors. • No multiply or coprocessor instructions. • 26-bit addressing. V2 • 30,000 transistors. • 32-bit multiplier instructions (MUL & MLA).
  • 8. Continued … v2a • First ARM with an on-chip cache (ARM3). V3 • 32-bit addressing. • Undefined Instruction and Abort modes (allows virtual memory). v3M • Signed and unsigned long multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions: SMULL, SMLAL,UMULL, UMLAL.
  • 9. Architecture 4 v4 • It is the first architecture to have a full formal definition. • the oldest supported architecture today. It added: • Load/store instructions for signed and unsigned halfwords and bytes. • LDRH, LDRSH, LDRSB. • System mode – privileged mode using user registers. • 26-bit addressing no longer supported. v4T added: • Thumb mode.
  • 10. Architecture 5 v5T • Superset of ARMv4T. • New instructions: BLX, CLZ and BKPT. v5TE • New signal processing instructions. • New multiply Instructions for DSP (Digital Signal Processing ) : SMULxy , SMLAxy , SMULWy , SMLAWy , SMLALxy. • Saturated math support: Q flag -- QADD, QSUB, QDADD, QDSUB . • New PLD memory pre-load hint instruction. v5TE • Java acceleration.
  • 11. Architecture 6 V6 : • Mixed endian data handling: SETEND, REV, REV16, REVSH. • 60+ new SIMD instructions: SMUSD, SMUADX, USAD8, USADA8 . • Unaligned data handling. • New multiprocessing instructions: LDREX, STREX. v6T2 : • Thumb-2 instruction set.
  • 12. Architecture 7 v7A , v7R : • Dynamic Compiler Support. • Execution Environment (Thumb-2EE). • VFP v3 (Vector Floating Point). • NEON advanced SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data). • Thumb-2 mandated. v7M : • Minimalist variant for embedded uses. • Thumb-2 only. • Neon Technology is a 64/128 bit hybrid SIMD architecture developed by ARM to accelerate the performance of multimedia and signal processing applications. • The NEON architecture provides at least 3x the performance of ARMv5 and 2x the performance of ARMv6 SIMD on a range of media and DSP applications.
  • 14. Features of ARM Family
  • 15. ARM Family ARM Architecture ARM Core Cache(I/D), MIPS @ MHz MMU ARM1 ARMv1 ARM1 None - ARMv2 ARM2 None 4 MIPS @ ARM2 8 MHz ARMV2a ARM250 MEMC1a 7 MIPS @ 12 MHz ARM3 ARMv2a ARM3 4 KB unified 12 MIPS @ 25 MHz ARM6 ARMv3 ARM60 None 10 MIPS @ 12 MHz ARM600 4 KB unified 28 MIPS @ 33 MHz ARM610 4 KB unified 17 MIPS @ 20 MHz ARM7 ARMv3 ARM700 8 KB unified 40 MHz ARM710 8 KB unified 40 MHz ARM710a 8 KB unified 40 MHz
  • 16. ARM Family ARM ARM Core Cache(I/D), MMU MIPS @ MHz Architecture ARM7TDMI ARMv4T ARM7TDMI(-S) - 15 MIPS @ 16.8 MHz ARM710T 8 KB unified 36 MIPS @ 40 MHz ARM720T 8 KB unified 60 MIPS @ 59.8 MHz ARM720T MPU - ARM7EJ ARMv5TEJ ARM7EJ-S - - ARM8 ARMv4 ARM810 8 KB unified , 84 MIPS @ MMU 72 MHz ARM9TDMI ARMv4T ARM9TDMI - ARM920T 16 KB/16 KB, 200 MIPS @ MMU 180 MHz ARM922T 8 KB/8 KB, MMU ARM940T 4 KB/4 KB, MPU
  • 17. ARM Family ARM ARM Core Cache(I/D), MMU MIPS @ MHz Architecture ARM9E ARMv5TE ARM946E-S coupled - memories, MPU ARM966E-S no cache, TCMs - ARM968E-S no cache, TCMs - ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S variable, TCMs, 220 MIPS @ MMU 200 MHz ARMv5TE ARM996HS no caches, TCMs, MPU - ARM10E ARMv5TE ARM1020E 32 KB/32 KB, - MMU ARM1022E 16 KB/16 KB, - MMU ARMv5TEJ ARM1026EJ-S variable, MMU or - MPU ARM11 ARMv6 ARM1136J(F)-S variable, MMU - ARMv6T2 ARM1156T2(F)-S variable, MPU - ARMv6Z ARM1176JZ(F)-S variable, MMU + 965 DMIPS @ TrustZone 772 MHz ARMv6K ARM11 MPCore variable, MMU -
  • 18. TIMELINE : • Week 1:-Introduction to Early Mobile phones, Introduction to ARM architecture, ARM architecture Features • Week 2:-Preference of ARM Processors over other architecture • Week 3 :- The Basic ARM Architecture • Week 4 :-Working of Classical ARM Processors and architecture (1) • Week 5:- Working of Classical ARM Processors and architecture (2) • Week 6:-Working of Embedded ARM Processors and architecture (1) • Week 7:-Working of Embedded ARM Processors and architecture (2) • Week 8-Working of Application ARM Processors and architecture (1) • Week 9-Working of Application ARM Processors and architecture (2) • Week 10:-Challenges for current Mobile Processors • Week 11:-Required features of Microprocessors in accordance with the need of mobile applications. • Week 12:-Details of processors other than ARM architecture. • Week 13:-Summary of project done.
  • 19. References : • http://www.historyofcellphones.net/ • http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/05/th e-evolution-of-cell-phone-design-between-1983- 2009/ • http://www.davespace.co.uk/arm/introduction- to-arm/arm-arch7.html • http://cellphones.lovetoknow.com/Cellular_Pho ne_Timeline • http://www.arm.com/ • http://www.howstuffworks.com/
  • 21. Survey On Mobile Processors Today’s Topic : Fastest Mobile Processors And Future Presented by Group-5
  • 22. Fastest Phones: Rank 1 Qualcomm MSM8260 Snapdragon CPU Instruction Set : ARMv7 CPU : 1.2-1.5 GHz Dual-core Scorpion HTC Velocity 4G Vodafone GPU : Adreno 220 Wireless Radio Technology : Samsung Galaxy S II Skyrocket GSM (GPRS, EDGE) More Devices Having Qualcomm MSM8260 Qualcomm MSM8660 Snapdragon Samsung Galaxy S Blaze 4G Snapdragon : Asus Eee Pad Memo, HTC Amaze 4G, HTC Evo 3D (GSM), HTC Sensation, HTC Sensation XE, LG Optimus LTE SU640 Sony Xperia Ion, HTC Velocity 4G Sony Xperia S, T-Mobile myTouch 4G Slide, HTC Sensation XE (Sensation XE) Samsung Galaxy S II HD LTE
  • 23. Fastest Phones: Rank 1 Qualcomm MSM8260 Snapdragon CPU - Dual-core 1.5 GHz Scorpion GPU - Adreno 220 Samsung Galaxy S II LTE OS - Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread) HTC Amaze 4G Samsung Galaxy S II T-Mobile (Hercules, SGH-T989)
  • 24. Qualcomm Snapdragon  Snapdragon: family of mobile system on chips(SOCs) by Qualcomm.  First with 1GHz speed.  Adopted by HD2(Windows),Nexus one, evo 4G.  Qualcomm designed its own CPU Scorpion similar to the famous ARM Cortex A8 and uses the ARM v7 ISA.  Further One more CPU KRAIT that is even faster has been designed that can reach speeds even greter than 1.5 GHz.  Had an advantage over standard ARM A8 in instruction per clock cycle.
  • 25. Qualcomm Snapdragon  Further Qualcomm divided its products into : S1 S2 S3 S4(latest)  Next generation of snapdragon powers new device such as Desire Z , Thunderbolt , Desire HD using smaller 45nm technology.  Allowed more transistors & performance enhancing tweaks.
  • 26. Qualcomm Snapdragon • On the GPU side of SoC – Used AMD-sourced Adreno 200. • Outperforms Hummingbird in 3D performance. • Advantage- – Qualcomm combines GPU & cellular antenna to SoC. – Allowing phone design to be more compact and a much simpler choice then using multiple pieces.
  • 27. Fastest Phones : Rank 2 Samsung Galaxy Note Launched: 2011, September Chipset: Exynos CPU: Dual-core 1.4 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 GPU: Mali-400MP Motorola DROID RAZR XT912 Released 2011, November •Super capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors •16 GB storage, 1GB RAM •Android OS, v2.3.5 (Gingerbread) •CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9 •GPU: PowerVR SGX540
  • 28. Fastest Phones : Rank 3 Samsung Galaxy Nexus • OS: Android OS, v4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) • Launched: 2011, October • Chipset: TI OMAP 4460 • CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9 HTC Vivid Platform:Android Gingerbread 2.3.4 Chipset: Qualcomm APQ8060 Snapdragon CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Scorpion Internal Memory :1 GB RAM, 16 GB eMMC GPU: Adreno 220
  • 29. Fastest Phones : Rank 3 HTC Raider 4G • Launched:2011, September • OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread), • upgradable to v4.x • CPU:Dual-core 1.2 GHz LG Optimus Q2 LU6500 LG Optimus EX SU880 Launched:2011, September OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread) Chipset: Nvidia Tegra 2 AP20H CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9
  • 30. Fastest Phones : Rank 3 Samsung Galaxy S II 4G Launched: 2011, July OS: Android OS, v2.3 (Gingerbread) Chipset: Exynos CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9 HTC Sensation Launched: 2011, April OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread), upgradable to v4.x Chipset: Qualcomm MSM8260 Snapdragon CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Scorpion GPU:
  • 31. Fastest Phones : Rank 3 Samsung I9100 Galaxy S II Launched: 2011, February OS: Android OS, v2.3.4 (Gingerbread) Chipset: Exynos CPU: Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9 GPU: Mali-400MP
  • 32. Hummingbird • Samsung first introduced their Hummingbird SoC inside their Galaxy S lineup. • The Hummingbird uses ARM Cortex- A8 architecture with the ARMv7 instruction set. • Samsung used 45 nanometer (nm) manufacturing tech, which describes the amount of transistors they can fit onto a single chip.
  • 33. Hummingbird • While the ARM A8 is the basis of the chip,Samsung made it their own by carrying out a large number of modifications with their partners Intrisity. • For example: Intrinsity changed the logic design of the standard A8 which helped in reducing the number of operations • Also, the speed of their design was upto 10% faster than the original ARM technology.
  • 34. Performance • The upcoming Infuse will feature a 1.2 GHz Hummingbird. • Samsung features another advantage: ARM NEON multimedia extension. • It had far better hardware video encoding and decoding, high quality graphics, and better sound processing. • In Samsung’s unit the PowerVR SGX540 GPU was introduced and outclassed its ARM- based competitors.
  • 35. Performance • In terms of 3D or anything GPU-intensive, the Snapdragon really could not compete. • The Intrinsity-branded Hummingbird was also what powered the Apple iPhone 4.
  • 36. Motorola MOTO MT870 LG Optimus 2X SU660 Motorola Photon 4G MB855 CPU Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9 GPU ULP GeForce Rank 4 Motorola MOTO XT882 Motorola ATRIX 4G Motorola ATRIX Samsung I9103 Galaxy R LG Optimus 2X
  • 37. Fastest Phones : Rank 4 Motorola ATRIX 2 CPU Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9 GPU PowerVR SGX540 Apple iPhone 4 CPU 1 GHz Cortex-A8 GPU PowerVR SGX535
  • 38. Fastest Phones : Rank 4 LG Optimus 3D P920 CPU Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9 GPU PowerVR SGX540 Dell Venue CPU 1 GHz Scorpion GPU Adreno 200
  • 39. Cortex A9 • The Cortex-A9 processor is a high- performance, low-power, ARM macrocell with an L1 cache subsystem that provides full virtual memory capabilities. • It implements the ARMv7 architecture and runs 32-bit ARM instructions,16-bit and 32-bit Thumb instructions. • It also supports 8-bit Java bytecodes in Jazelle state.
  • 40. Key Features • Speculative, Superscalar execution pipeline giving 2.50DMIPS/Mhz/core . • Neon SIMD instruction set extension performing up to 16 operations per instruction (optional). • High performance VFPv3 floating point unit doubling the performance of previous ARM FPUs
  • 41. Key Features • Thumb-2 instruction set encoding. • Trustzone security extensions. • Jazelle DBX support for Java execution. • Program trace macrocell and coresight design kit for unobtrusive tracing of instruction execution. • L2 cache controller (0-4 MB).
  • 42. Cortex A9 MPCore • The ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore is a 32-bit multicore processor providing up to 4 cache coherent Cortex-A9 cores, each implementing the ARM. • There are only two recent ARM architectures that have multicore support: the ARM11 and the ARM Cortex A9. • The A8 doesn't come in a multicore variant
  • 44. Implementations • Several SoC devices implement the Cortex-A9 core including:  Altera SoC FPGA  TRIDENT Microsystems  Texas Instruments OMAP4 Processors  ST-Ericsson Nova A9500  Sony play station Vita  Xilinx Extensible Processing platform
  • 45. Fastest Mobile SoC: Nvidia Tegra Its SoC used tweaked dual ARM Cortex- Tegra-2:-First A9 cores. Tegra-1:- Just dual core Clock short of SoC(System Frequency- Disaster on chip) in 1 GHz. market. Uses ARMv7 instruction set.
  • 46.
  • 48. Performance Processor Support upto 12MP sensors,auto white Tegra 2 has an ARM7 balance, auto focus and processor that is used for general video processing on chip management. either a still picture or a video stream. It handles dataflow, power management and other similar tasks.
  • 49. Performance Just Difference is:- GPU in Tegra • Improved 2 has same efficiency. • More Memory architecture Bandwidth. as Tegra 1. • Higher clock rate.
  • 51. What to Expect in 2012 ? The Answer is “Quad-Core Phones” o One of the big mobile buzzwords of 2011 was “Dual-Core”. o Dual-Core processors became the standard for high-end smartphones, starting with the LG Optimus 2X . o In 2012, however, it is all about quad-core. o But other than having double the cores of this year’s smart phones, what do quad-cores mean for the smart phones of 2012?
  • 52. The State of Multicore Processors o Nvidia : • Was the first to bring dual-core processing to mobile with the LG Optimus 2X, which debuted at the beginning of 2011 with the Tegra 2 chip. • Is blazing the multicore trail again with the release of the Asus Eee Pad Transformer Prime TF201 tablet which is also the first device with 1.3 GHz Tegra 3 quad cores .  For now, it’s the only quad-core device on the market.  The Transformer earned high praise for its stunning graphics and zippy performance. • Future : It has said that Nvidia is working with a number of device makers on Tegra 3-powered phones, but can’t reveal who they are due to nondisclosure agreements. Quad-core phones are “on track”, however, for 2012. • The rumored HTC Edge will supposedly be the world’s first quad-core smartphone, running the Tegra 3 chip. Mobile news site “PocketNow” was first to claims to have exclusive images as well as a spec sheet.
  • 53. The State of Multicore Processors o Qualcomm : • Stated that its quad-core Snapdragon chip, the APQ064, will join its S4 line of products. • Based on ARM architecture, the S4 chips will run at clock speeds upto 2.5GHz. • Qualcomm’s Vice President of Product Management Raj Talluri, confirmed that the first phones with quad-core Snapdragon chips will ship in 2012. o TI (Texas Instruments ): Raj Talluri • Unlike Nvidia and Qualcomm, chipset manufacturer TI isn’t putting a number on its OMAP processor. Rather than calling them dual- core or quad-core, TI refers to them as “Multicore”. • Latest system-on-a-chip is the OMAP 5 by TI. • The company didn’t give any exact benchmarks, but maintains that the OMAP 5 produces speeds competitive with Nvidia’s quad-core processor.
  • 54. The State of Multicore Processors o Samsung: • Its phones and tablets have used both Snapdragon and Tegra chipsets, but the manufacturer’s semiconductor division is hard at work on the next generation of its own Exynos line of systems-on- a-chip. • The next one, the Exynos 5250, isn’t quad-core, however; it is a dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 processor. • Like TI, Samsung seems to be confident that the Exynos 5250 can produce benchmarks and performance competitive with a quad- core processor.
  • 55. The More the Cores, the Better? o According to Nvidia : • quad-core processors improve performance during multitasking as well as the performance of multithreaded applications. • quad-core processor will bring to your phone a level of performance comparable to that of a desktop computer. • Nick Stam (Director of technical marketing at Nvidia) : “People are going to consider their phones as their primary computer” “Phones with a quad-core processor are really full computers that can replace many functions of laptops or desktop computers. It is a level of performance that truly does rival a desktop processor.” o According to Qualcomm : • It expects users will see the power of quad-core in the multitasking speed. The speed in which you switch between open applications will be much faster than that of a dual-core phone. • Gaming, of course, is the popular example. Quad-core processors support multithreaded applications, meaning an app that runs multiple processes at once, like a game. Therefore, Gameplay on a phone that can support these simultaneous processes is much more fluid and snappier with higher-quality graphics. • Imaging softwares can stitch together multiple photos much faster than a single or dual- core phone.
  • 56. Battery Life: What’s at Stake? o Shortened battery life is the thorn in the side of smartphone innovation. Smartphone batteries can’t seem to hold up as processors get more powerful and networks become faster. o But Nvidia says that quad-core processors are actually easier on battery life than single or dual-core chips. o With the Tegra 3 : • The processes are distributed across the multiple cores, and therefore a quad-core phone consumes less power than a dual-core phone. • Have a fifth “companion core” that is built using a special lower-power- silicon process. This companion core handles tasks at a lower frequency for active standby mode, music playback, and video playback. o Qualcomm’s quad-core chips will be able to run simultaneously at different clock frequencies and at different voltages.
  • 57. Main References : • www.phonegg.com/fastest-phones • www.theandroidphones.com • www.symbian-freak.com • www.pcworld.com • www.india-mobilewatch.blogspot.in • www.aceslab.org
  • 59. Survey On Mobile Phone Processors Today’s Topic: Fastest Graphics Processing Units (GPU)
  • 60. What is a GPU? • A Graphics Processing Unit is a co- processor that takes on graphical calculations and transformations so that the main CPU does not have to be burdened by them. • The use of a GPU can greatly increase the performance of a device, especially when used for tasks such as 3D gaming. • A GPU can be a stand-alone chip or, as is more often the case, integrated into a complete chip design that includes one or more CPU cores.
  • 62. Fastest GPU–Now : ARM Mali-400 MP • World’s 1st embedded multi- core GPU with 4 cores • Configurable L2 cache tuned for maximum throughput of size 256 KiB • Multi-core scaling transparent to software developers • API’s : OpenVG 1.1, OpenGL ES 2.0 / 1.1 • Devices :Win Accord, SmartQ T10 , Samsung Galaxy S II • Chipsets : Samsung Exynos 4210, 4212, 4412 , AML logic 8726-M, 8726- MX
  • 63. Mali-400 in 1080p at 60fps
  • 65. More in ARM Mali GPUS - Now • Mali-300 – High Definition (HD) user interfaces – Integrated 8KB L2 cache – Chipsets : Spreadtrum SC8810, SC6820 • Mali-200 – World’s most licensed OpenGL ES 2.0 core – 1st OpenGL ES 2.0 conformant GPU at 1080p – No Cache – Chipsets : Telechips TCC8803, TCC8902 , STMicroelectronic SPEAr1340
  • 66. Mali GPUS - Future • Mali-T604 – Innovative GPU architecture • Tri-pipe –for performance and flexibility – Up to 5x Mali-400 MP performance – Scalable up to 4 cores – L-2 cache size : 256 KiB – Anti Aliasing – Dynamic power management – OS support : Linux, Android, Windows Phone OS. – Chipsets : Samsung Exynos 5250
  • 67. ARM Mali GPUS - Future • Mali-T658 – Midgard architecture – 3D graphics – Multi core with 8 cores – 2 L2 caches : size 256KiB – Upto 10X graphic performance compared to Mali-400 MP
  • 69. For Game Developers GeForce GPU Architecture:- • The Tegra 2 system-on-a-chip (SoC) features an ultra-low power (ULP) GeForce GPU . • An Architecture similar to that of desktop GeForce GPUs. • Reduces power consumption. • Increases Graphics Quality.
  • 70. Features… • The mobile GeForce GPU processing pipeline is similar to the one defined by the OpenGL 2.0 specifications. • Has unique optimizations that enable it to deliver performance of a pipelined GPU architecture while keeping the mobile power requirements in mind. • It included eight cores (four pixel shader cores and four vertex shader cores). • They also implemented a unique and proprietary Anisotropic Filtering (AF) algorithm for improved texture quality (up to 16x AF).
  • 72. Difference in using Anistropic Filtering
  • 73. Additional Special Features • Early-Z support to filter out non-visible pixels. • Integrated Pixel Shader and Blend Unit for programming flexibility and higher performance. • Pixel Cache, Texture cache, Vertex, and Attribute Caches to reduce memory transactions. • Unique 5x Coverage Sampling Anti-aliasing (CSAA) technique that achieves higher image quality at lower memory bandwidth. • Advanced Anisotropic Filtering (AF) for high detail textures. • A custom Memory Controller developed in-house that improves GPU performance and reduces power consumption. • Numerous Power Management features for ultra low power consumptions. • Tegra 2 is well equipped to handle hardware accelerated, touch-based user interfaces when the Android OS adopts GPU-based UI rendering.
  • 74. • Usually slower than PowerVR SGX Series 5. • But in several Game Scenarios it is found that GeForce GPU is 25-50% faster than PowerVR series 5. • Hardware accelerated Adobe Flash:-NVIDIA worked closely with Adobe to offload the Flash processing from the CPU core and do nearly all the rendering on the GPU core. • This reduces the amount of power consumed and greatly increases the overall performance because the CPU is freed up to handle other tasks. • In the popular Flash benchmark GUIMark2, NVIDIA found that hardware accelerated Flash improved performance 2x to 3x over competing devices that use the CPU to process Flash content.
  • 76. Phones using GeForce GPU HTC One X Motorola Photon 4G Samsung Captivate Glide And Many More….
  • 77. Nvidia GoForce GPU’s GPU’s Gadgets GoForce 4500 Gizmondo GoForce 4800 SonyEricson W900i, Motorola Razr V3x GoForce 5500 Samsung SGH-P910, Modeo HTC Foreseer
  • 78. GOFORCE 5500 •Launched by Nvidia •Multimedia Graphic Processor •Decode Video and Audio Formats •Supports H.264 •24-bit 64-voice Sound processor
  • 79. Features True, Fluid Digital TV Console-Class 3D Gaming High-Fidelty Surround Sound Sharp, Vivid Photos Less Battery Usage
  • 80. True, Fluid Digital TV • The industry’s first handheld GPU to playback H.264, WMV9 and MPEG-4 video up to D1 resolution at 30 frames per second (fps). • Compatible with major mobile TV standards including DVB-H, ISDB-T and DMB networks
  • 81. Console-Class 3D Gaming • Experience console class games, like Quake III Arena, at unrivalled speeds on a handheld device. • 3X the performance of the previous generation 2.
  • 82. High-Fidelty Surround Sound • The industry?s first handheld surround sound processor to deliver an immersive audio experience in the palm of your hand. • Crossfade and multistream technologies help to prevent annoying breaks between songs and music cut out when the ringtone is activated.
  • 83. Sharp, Vivid Photos • Rapid multi-shot capabilities so you never miss that photo. • Support for up to 10 megapixel resolution.
  • 84. GPU Details • Core Speed – 270MHz • Architecture – NV34B • Memory – 256 MB • Memory Bus – 128(64X2) bits • Memory Type – DDR • Open GL – 1.5 • Resolution – 2048X1536
  • 85. PowerVR • Develops hardware and software for 2D and 3D rendering, and for video encoding, decoding, associated image processing. • With introduction of OpenGL and Direct3D small players like PowerVR were pushed from market. • It responded by developing a series of designs that could be incorporated into system-on-a- chip architectures suitable for handheld device use. E.g. Smartphones, palmtops etc.
  • 86. PowerVR Series Following chipsets were introduced under PowerVR series: • Series 1 (Micro) • Series 2 (Micro) • Series 3 (STMicro) • Series 4 (STMicro) • MBX • Series 5 (SGX) • Series 5XT(SGXMP) • Series 6 (Rogue)
  • 87. Samsung Galaxy S Samsung Captivate These are some phones which use PowerVR SGX 540. Samsung Facinate Samsung Nexus S
  • 88. Features of SGX Series 5 • Most comprehensive IP core family in industry. • Shader driven-Tile bases deffered architecture (TBDR). • Fully programmable GPU using unique USSE architecture. • Supports all industries standard mobile and desktop graphics API and OS. • Fully backward compatible with PowerVR MBX
  • 89. Benefits of SGX Series 5 • Low risk solution for all embedded graphics applications. • Shader-based architecture enables near photo realistic image quality. • Lowest power consumption and silicon footprint. • Low host CPU and memory system bandwidth load. • Enables 2D, 3D and general purpose (GP-GPU) processing in a single core.
  • 90. Supported APIs and OS APIs • OpenGL ES 2.0 • OpenVG 1.1 • OpenCL 1.1 • OpenWF OS support • Symbian,android and linux
  • 91.
  • 93. Adreno Graphics Processing Units • All the phones from HTC, Samsung, LG that have Qualcomm Snapdragon processors include the integrated, custom-built Adreno GPU. • The power of the Adreno GPU allows developers to bring console and PC quality 3D games to mobile devices. • Qualcomm's Adreno graphics solution helps put the power in your hands, allowing you to make the most of your 2D and 3D games across wide array of devices from high-end smartphones and tablets to feature phones.
  • 94. Adreno Graphics Processing Units • Optimized for faster frame rates, smoother rendering and longer battery life. • Designed for everything from 3D rendering to high- end effects, Adreno GPUs deliver the graphics power needed for the next generation of games and user experiences • Adreno has many versions : Adreno 130, Adreno 200, Adreno 205, Adreno 220.
  • 95. Adreno 130 GPU • Included in certain Snapdragon S1 chipsets, the Adreno 130 GPU features complete hardware support for 3D graphics and the APIs needed to deliver industry leading games and engaging UIs on feature phones. • Fixed function graphics pipeline. • Enables concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP. • Supported APIs: OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenVG 1.1 EGL 1.3 Direct3D Mobile
  • 96. Adreno 200 GPU • Available in certain Snapdragon S1 chipsets, the Adreno 200 GPU features a flexible, unified shader architecture that allocates only the units necessary for enhanced processing. • First OpenGL ES 2.0 graphics processing unit with programmable Function Pipeline • Concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP • Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG and other image surfaces with 3D graphics • Awailable in S1 chipsets like QSD8x50 with 1GHz CPU and MSM7x27 with 600MHz A11
  • 97. Adreno 200 GPU • Supported APIs: OpenGL ES 2.0 OpenVG 1.1 EGL 1.3 DirectDraw Direct3D Mobile
  • 98. Adreno 205 GPU • Available in the Snapdragon S2 chipset, the Adreno 205 GPU features dedicated 2D OpenVG graphics hardware, 3D hardware for faster, smoother and more efficient 2D rendering, greatly enhanced 2D plus 3D concurrency – all while providing lower power utilization. • More than twice the graphics performance of the Adreno 200 GPU • Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG and other image surfaces with 3D graphics • Supported APIs(extra): GDI SVGT 1.2
  • 99. Adreno 220 GPU • Available in the Snapdragon S3 chipset, the Adreno 220 GPU features an enhanced level of 3D graphics performance, allowing for high-end, immersive gaming experiences previously limited to PCs and game consoles. • More than five times the graphics performance of the Adreno 200 GPU • Concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics, and MDP • Streaming textures that can combine video, camera, SVG and other image surfaces with 3D graphics • Supported APIs: (Same as Adreno 200)
  • 100.
  • 101. HTC Desire HD HTC G2 LG Optimus LTE LU6200 HTC Desire Z Galaxy S II Skyrocket
  • 102. HTC Nexus One HTC myTouch 4G Nokia Lumia 800
  • 103. Bibliography : • http://www.arm.com/products/multimedia/mali- graphics-hardware/index.php • http://smartphonebenchmarks.com/ • http://graphics-cards-review.toptenreviews.com/ • http://www.mobileburn.com • https://developer.qualcomm.com/discover/chipsets- and-modems/adreno • http://sigalonandroid.soup.io/tag/powervr%20sgx540 • http://androidandme.com/2010/10/news/3dmarkmob ile-gpu-showdown-adreno-205-vs-powervr-sgx540/