Objective : Describe the female reproductive system cycle What test is required for diagnosis of pregnancy Describe fertilization and implantation and early changes in the development of embryo What is the importance of nutrition and drugs during pregnancy Describe the importance of the listed test in the pregnancy What is the normal schedule of visit during the pregnancy done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .

2. OBJECTIVE :
1. Describe the female reproductive system cycle
2. What test is required for diagnosis of pregnancy
3. Describe fertilization and implantation and early changes in the
development of embryo
4. What is the importance of nutrition and drugs during pregnancy
5. Describe the importance of the listed test in the pregnancy
6. What is the normal schedule of visit during the pregnancy

3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
http://www.hccs.edu/

4. • These are the internal organs that
make up a woman's reproductive
system.
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5. WHAT TEST IS REQUIRED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF
PREGNANCY ?
•A pregnancy test attempts to
determine whether a woman
is pregnant or not . Markers
that indicate pregnancy are
found in urine and blood.
blood
urine

6.  Yes. There are two types of pregnancy tests. One tests the blood for the
pregnancy hormone, hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin ). The other
checks the urine for the hCG hormone.
• You need to see a doctor to have a blood test. You can do a urine test at a
doctor's office or at home with a home pregnancy test (HPT).
Are there different types of pregnancy tests?
• HPTs will be able to tell if you're pregnant about one week after a missed
period.
home pregnancy test (HPT).

7. • fertilization and implantation and early changes in
the development of embryo

8. • fertilization and implantation and early changes in the
development of embryo

11. • The main aim of any pregnancy test is to identify a potential or existing
health condition before any obvious physical signs are present and early
enough to start treatments to help prevent or minimize the effects of a
condition.
1. Blood pressure
2. Urine tests
3. Weighing
4. Blood tests – group, antibodies
and rhesus factor
5. Iron and platelets
6. Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS
7. Glucose tolerance test or GTT
8. Pap test (cervix)
9. Kick charts

12. What is urine tested for?
Sugar
It's normal to have a small amount of sugar in urine during pregnancy, but if she has high
levels at a couple of prenatal visits in a row or at one visit it could mean you have
gestational diabetes.
Protein
Excess protein in urine can be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney damage, or
certain other disorders.
Ketones
Ketones are produced when the body starts breaking down stored fat for energy. This can
happen when ther're not getting enough carbohydrates ,If ketones are found in combination
with sugar, it could be a sign of diabetes.
Blood cells or bacteria
Along with protein, white cells may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI)

13. • Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
• Typically begins between the fourth and seventh week after the last menstrual
period .
• Affects approximately 75% of pregnant women.
• the reason remains unclear. There is some evidence that it is related to hormone
levels of human chorionic gonadotropin( hcg ) and estrogen.
• Severe cases may require hospitalization, anti-emetics.

14. • Nutrition for Pregnancy:
• during pregnancy , eating healthy foods is more important than ever. pregnant women needs
more protein, iron, calcium, and folic acid than she did before pregnancy. She also need more
calories.
• Nutrition for Pregnancy: Protein
• affects the growth of fetal tissue including the brain. It also helps the breast
and uterine tissue to grow during pregnancy.
• Pregnancy Nutrition: Calcium
• Calcium helps the body regulate fluids, and it helps build the baby bones and
tooth.
• Pregnancy Nutrition: Folate/Folic Acid
• Folic acid plays a key role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects.
• Nutrition for Pregnancy: Vitamin C
• Vitamin C will help with wound healing, tooth and bone development, and
promotes metabolic processes.

15. • The physiology of pregnancy affects the medications used and certain
medications can reach the fetus and cause harm.
• The concern about medication use during pregnancy and lactation has been
influenced by historical events, including thalidomide crisis in the 1960's .
• its could affect the placenta; the product of conception is the functional unit
between fetal blood and maternal (mother) blood. The functions of the placenta
include nutrition, respiration, metabolism, excretion and endocrine activity to
maintain fetal .
• In pregnancy drug treatment presents a special concern due to the threat of
potential teratogenic effects of the drug and physiologic changes in the mother in
response to the pregnancy.
 Drugs During Pregnancy :

16. • What is the normal schedule of visit during the pregnancy
• It’s important to keep seeing the health care provider or the doctor during
pregnancy. Regular prenatal care can helps having a healthy pregnancy and baby.
• she may be able to follow a schedule like this ( if she is in a normal condition ) :
• If she have a health problem during pregnancy, she may want to see her
provider more often.