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Kinetic Particle Theory
(Kinetic Model of Matter)
You are expected to…
•

describe the three states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory.

•

show understanding that Brownian motion provides
evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter.

•

explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles,
e.g. the spread of perfumes and tea/coffee grains in water.

•

describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids,
liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and
distances between molecules and to the motion of the
molecules.
Recall: What is Matter?
•

Objects that have mass and occupy space
are called matter.
Question:
Is this glass bottle
empty?

No. It is filled with air!
Recall: How do we classify matter?
• What are the three
states of matter?

Matter

• Do you know that there
are more than three
states of matter?
- Plasma
- Bose-Einstein
condensate

Solid

Liquid

Gas
Recall: Properties of each state of
matter
Solids
Shape

fixed shape

Volume

fixed volume

Ability to be
compressed

Liquids

Gases

no fixed shape no fixed shape
fixed volume

no fixed
volume

incompressible incompressible compressible
What is matter made of?
Let’s see what the
philosophers have
to tell us…
Democritus
“…if one were to break up matter
into smaller and smaller piece,
there would come a point when it
could no longer be divided
further.”
He called this smallest indivisible
bit of matter ‘atom’ (from the
Greek word atomos which means
indivisible).
Greek Philosopher
(460 B.C. – 370 B.C.)
Aristotle
“Matter has a continuous
composition and that it can be
broken down into smaller and
smaller pieces forever.”
Aristotle was highly regarded and
most people followed his school of
thought about the nature of
matter
Philosopher
(384 B.C. – 322 B.C.)
Who is
right?

Democritus
or Aristotle?
Let’s
vote!

Let’s see who’s right…
Brownian Motion
Brownian Motion
Think, Pair, Share
• Describe the motion of pollen grains in water and the smoke
particles in air.
– Moving constantly in a random or irregular motion

• What caused these motions?
– Pollen grains and smoke particles were bombarded by water
molecules and air particles respectively which themselves were
moving constantly and randomly.
Brownian Motion
• The constant and random motion of small solid particles in
fluids (liquids and gases) is called Brownian motion.
• Brownian motion provided the evidence of molecular motion
& proved the existence of particles that cannot be observed
with a normal microscope.
• Just for info:
Brownian motion is first observed in 1827 by Robert Brown.
Through the microscope, he observed the motion of pollen
grains suspended in water. However, he was unable to
provide an explanation for Brownian motion.
Particles that make up of matter
• Using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), scientists are
now able to observes the particles that make up matter.

Gold atoms
Particles that make up of matter

Iron on Copper
So, who’s right?
In conclusion…
Matter is made up of discrete
(separate not continuous) particles
which are in constant and random
motion.
In other words…
Democritus
(460 B.C. – 370 B.C.)

Democritus’ proposal that matter is
made up of tiny particles is right!
Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic
Particle Theory)
• Based on observations, a model (Kinetic Model of
Matter) which explains the nature of matter was
proposed.
• The Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic Particle
Theory) states that matter is made of tiny discrete
particles (atoms or molecules), which are in
constant and random motion.
• Energy due to movement = Kinetic energy
Remembered this?
Solids
Shape

fixed shape

Volume

fixed volume

Ability to be
compressed

Liquids

Gases

no fixed shape no fixed shape
fixed volume

no fixed
volume

incompressible incompressible compressible

Kinetic Model of Matter can be used to explain the
properties for each state of matter
Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic
Particle Theory)
Video: Things to look out for
•Arrangement of
particles
•Motion of particles
•Attractive forces
between particles
•Speed of particles
(if any)
Particles in a Solid
Arrangement Closely packed together in a
fixed, regular pattern, occupying
minimum space.
This results in solids having high
densities
Particles in a Solid
Movement

Cannot move freely but vibrate
about fixed positions.
Held in position by very strong
attractive forces
This explains why solids have
fixed volumes and shapes
Particles in a Liquid
Arrangement

Randomly arranged with
the particles slightly
further apart as
compared to that of
solids.
This results in liquids
having relatively high
densities
Particles in a Liquid
Movement

Particles slide past one
another
Free to move about but
confined within the
vessel containing it.
Have attractive forces
between particles.
This explains why liquids
have fixed volume but
will take the shape of
vessels containing them.
Particles in a Gas
Arrangement

Very far apart. Particles
are randomly arranged
and will occupy any
available space.
This results in gases
having relatively very
low densities
Particles in a Gas
Movement

Particles have very little
attraction between them
and move about
randomly at a very high
speed..
This explains why gases
have no fixed volume
and shape, and why they
are highly compressible.
The states of matter
• The relative strength of the intermolecular
forces between the particles differ between
the different states of matter
The states of matter
• The relative distances between the particles
also differ between the different states of
matter
A Summary…
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space
• All matter can exist in 3 physical states,
– Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
depending on the temperature and pressure
of their surroundings
Solid

Liquid

Gas

Fixed

Fixed

Takes the
volume of its
container

Shape

Fixed

Takes the shape
of the part of
the container it
fills

Takes the shape
of the container

Density

High

Medium

Low

Expansion
on heating

Little

Moderate

Large

Ease of
compression

Difficult

Difficult

Easy

Volume
A Summary…
So why do solids, liquids and gases
have such different properties?

Kinetic Particle Theory
Kinetic Particle Theory
• Matter is made of tiny discrete particles
(atoms or molecules), which are in constant
and random motion.
• Energy due to movement = Kinetic energy
Evidence of Kinetic Particle Theory?
• Diffusion – particles moving randomly from a
region of high concentration to lower
concentration
• in gases
• in liquids
• in solids???
Thinking Question:
• Now that you know the arrangement
/movement of particles in solids, liquids and
gases, can you compare the rates of particle
movement (diffusion) in liquids and gases, and
explain why it is so?
Thinking Question:
• If a solid is usually more dense than a liquid,
why does ice float on water?
Change in State of Matter
Matter

Solid

Melting

Liquid

Freezing

Boiling

Gas

Condensation
Deposition

Sublimation
Change in State of Matter

gas

Temperature / °C

liquid-gas
liqu
id

boiling point

boiling

solid-liquid
sol
id

melting point

I

melting
II

III

IV

V

Time / s
Change in State of Matter
Temperature / °C

gas
liquid-gas

condensation
point

condensation

liquid
solid-liquid

freezing point

freezing
I

II

III

IV

solid
V

Time / s
Role play 
Melting
• When a solid is heated, the particles absorb thermal
energy. The particles gain kinetic energy and start to
vibrate faster and move further apart . At a certain
temperature known as the melting point, the particles
have enough kinetic energy to overcome the strong
forces of attraction holding the particles together in the
solid. The particles start to break away from one
another and the solid becomes a liquid.
• At the liquid state, the particles start to roll and slide
over one another
Melting
• In other words, during phase II (melting), thermal energy
supplied is used to do work to overcome the strong forces of
attraction holding the particles together in the solid.
Temperature / °C

boiling point
melting point

I

II

III

IV

V

Time / s
Freezing
• When a solid is cooled, the particles release
thermal energy. The particles lose kinetic
energy and vibrate slower. At a certain
temperature known as the freezing point, the
particles no longer have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the strong forces of
attraction holding them together. The
particles start to come together in a regular
arrangement and the liquid becomes a solid.
Boiling
• Particles in a liquid are held by strong attractive
forces.
• When a liquid is heated, the particles absorb thermal
energy. The particles gain kinetic energy and slide
over each other more rapidly.
• Eventually, the particles gain sufficient energy to
overcome the attractive forces between the
particles in a liquid and move far apart rapidly in all
directions.
Summary of today’s lesson
• All matter is made up of a tiny discrete
particles in constant random motion
• The particles in a solid, liquid and gas are
arranged differently – so they have different
properties
• During change of state, the particles gain or
lose energy, resulting in a change in the
arrangement of the particles
Thinking question
• A liquid expands and changes into gas during
boiling. Does it mean that the particles in a
liquid become bigger and change their shape?
• The liquid expands because the particles move
farther apart, so the space between them is
bigger. The particle remain the same in size
and shape.

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Kinetic model of matter

  • 2. You are expected to… • describe the three states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory. • show understanding that Brownian motion provides evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter. • explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and tea/coffee grains in water. • describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules.
  • 3. Recall: What is Matter? • Objects that have mass and occupy space are called matter.
  • 4. Question: Is this glass bottle empty? No. It is filled with air!
  • 5. Recall: How do we classify matter? • What are the three states of matter? Matter • Do you know that there are more than three states of matter? - Plasma - Bose-Einstein condensate Solid Liquid Gas
  • 6. Recall: Properties of each state of matter Solids Shape fixed shape Volume fixed volume Ability to be compressed Liquids Gases no fixed shape no fixed shape fixed volume no fixed volume incompressible incompressible compressible
  • 7. What is matter made of? Let’s see what the philosophers have to tell us…
  • 8. Democritus “…if one were to break up matter into smaller and smaller piece, there would come a point when it could no longer be divided further.” He called this smallest indivisible bit of matter ‘atom’ (from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible). Greek Philosopher (460 B.C. – 370 B.C.)
  • 9. Aristotle “Matter has a continuous composition and that it can be broken down into smaller and smaller pieces forever.” Aristotle was highly regarded and most people followed his school of thought about the nature of matter Philosopher (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.)
  • 12. Brownian Motion Think, Pair, Share • Describe the motion of pollen grains in water and the smoke particles in air. – Moving constantly in a random or irregular motion • What caused these motions? – Pollen grains and smoke particles were bombarded by water molecules and air particles respectively which themselves were moving constantly and randomly.
  • 13. Brownian Motion • The constant and random motion of small solid particles in fluids (liquids and gases) is called Brownian motion. • Brownian motion provided the evidence of molecular motion & proved the existence of particles that cannot be observed with a normal microscope. • Just for info: Brownian motion is first observed in 1827 by Robert Brown. Through the microscope, he observed the motion of pollen grains suspended in water. However, he was unable to provide an explanation for Brownian motion.
  • 14. Particles that make up of matter • Using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), scientists are now able to observes the particles that make up matter. Gold atoms
  • 15. Particles that make up of matter Iron on Copper
  • 16. So, who’s right? In conclusion… Matter is made up of discrete (separate not continuous) particles which are in constant and random motion. In other words… Democritus (460 B.C. – 370 B.C.) Democritus’ proposal that matter is made up of tiny particles is right!
  • 17. Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic Particle Theory) • Based on observations, a model (Kinetic Model of Matter) which explains the nature of matter was proposed. • The Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic Particle Theory) states that matter is made of tiny discrete particles (atoms or molecules), which are in constant and random motion. • Energy due to movement = Kinetic energy
  • 18. Remembered this? Solids Shape fixed shape Volume fixed volume Ability to be compressed Liquids Gases no fixed shape no fixed shape fixed volume no fixed volume incompressible incompressible compressible Kinetic Model of Matter can be used to explain the properties for each state of matter
  • 19. Kinetic Model of Matter (Kinetic Particle Theory)
  • 20. Video: Things to look out for •Arrangement of particles •Motion of particles •Attractive forces between particles •Speed of particles (if any)
  • 21. Particles in a Solid Arrangement Closely packed together in a fixed, regular pattern, occupying minimum space. This results in solids having high densities
  • 22. Particles in a Solid Movement Cannot move freely but vibrate about fixed positions. Held in position by very strong attractive forces This explains why solids have fixed volumes and shapes
  • 23. Particles in a Liquid Arrangement Randomly arranged with the particles slightly further apart as compared to that of solids. This results in liquids having relatively high densities
  • 24. Particles in a Liquid Movement Particles slide past one another Free to move about but confined within the vessel containing it. Have attractive forces between particles. This explains why liquids have fixed volume but will take the shape of vessels containing them.
  • 25. Particles in a Gas Arrangement Very far apart. Particles are randomly arranged and will occupy any available space. This results in gases having relatively very low densities
  • 26. Particles in a Gas Movement Particles have very little attraction between them and move about randomly at a very high speed.. This explains why gases have no fixed volume and shape, and why they are highly compressible.
  • 27. The states of matter • The relative strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles differ between the different states of matter
  • 28. The states of matter • The relative distances between the particles also differ between the different states of matter
  • 29. A Summary… • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space • All matter can exist in 3 physical states, – Solid – Liquid – Gas depending on the temperature and pressure of their surroundings
  • 30. Solid Liquid Gas Fixed Fixed Takes the volume of its container Shape Fixed Takes the shape of the part of the container it fills Takes the shape of the container Density High Medium Low Expansion on heating Little Moderate Large Ease of compression Difficult Difficult Easy Volume
  • 31. A Summary… So why do solids, liquids and gases have such different properties? Kinetic Particle Theory
  • 32. Kinetic Particle Theory • Matter is made of tiny discrete particles (atoms or molecules), which are in constant and random motion. • Energy due to movement = Kinetic energy
  • 33. Evidence of Kinetic Particle Theory? • Diffusion – particles moving randomly from a region of high concentration to lower concentration • in gases • in liquids • in solids???
  • 34. Thinking Question: • Now that you know the arrangement /movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases, can you compare the rates of particle movement (diffusion) in liquids and gases, and explain why it is so?
  • 35. Thinking Question: • If a solid is usually more dense than a liquid, why does ice float on water?
  • 36. Change in State of Matter
  • 38. Change in State of Matter gas Temperature / °C liquid-gas liqu id boiling point boiling solid-liquid sol id melting point I melting II III IV V Time / s
  • 39. Change in State of Matter Temperature / °C gas liquid-gas condensation point condensation liquid solid-liquid freezing point freezing I II III IV solid V Time / s
  • 41. Melting • When a solid is heated, the particles absorb thermal energy. The particles gain kinetic energy and start to vibrate faster and move further apart . At a certain temperature known as the melting point, the particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction holding the particles together in the solid. The particles start to break away from one another and the solid becomes a liquid. • At the liquid state, the particles start to roll and slide over one another
  • 42. Melting • In other words, during phase II (melting), thermal energy supplied is used to do work to overcome the strong forces of attraction holding the particles together in the solid. Temperature / °C boiling point melting point I II III IV V Time / s
  • 43. Freezing • When a solid is cooled, the particles release thermal energy. The particles lose kinetic energy and vibrate slower. At a certain temperature known as the freezing point, the particles no longer have enough kinetic energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction holding them together. The particles start to come together in a regular arrangement and the liquid becomes a solid.
  • 44. Boiling • Particles in a liquid are held by strong attractive forces. • When a liquid is heated, the particles absorb thermal energy. The particles gain kinetic energy and slide over each other more rapidly. • Eventually, the particles gain sufficient energy to overcome the attractive forces between the particles in a liquid and move far apart rapidly in all directions.
  • 45. Summary of today’s lesson • All matter is made up of a tiny discrete particles in constant random motion • The particles in a solid, liquid and gas are arranged differently – so they have different properties • During change of state, the particles gain or lose energy, resulting in a change in the arrangement of the particles
  • 46. Thinking question • A liquid expands and changes into gas during boiling. Does it mean that the particles in a liquid become bigger and change their shape? • The liquid expands because the particles move farther apart, so the space between them is bigger. The particle remain the same in size and shape.

Editor's Notes

  1. http://8th-grade-physical-science.wikispaces.com/THERMAL+ENERGY+AND+HEAT+-+Thermal+Energy+and+States+of+Matter