Java Course 5: Enums, Generics, Assertions

Java course - IAG0040 Enums, Generics & AssertionsAnton Keks 2011

Arrays helper class ● Arrays class provides operations on arrays – asList() - provides a view of an array as a List – binarySearch() - searches for an element from a sorted array – equals() - checks two arrays for equality – fill() - fills an array with the specified element – sort() - sorts an array (using a tuned QuickSort algorithm) – toString() - can be used for displaying of arrays – deepToString() - the same for multidimensional arraysJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 2

Collections helper class ● Provides constants and operations on Collections – EMPTY_XXX or emptyXXX() - immutable empty collection – sort(), binarySearch(), fill(), copy(), min(), max(), shuffle(), replaceAll(), rotate(), swap() – singletonXXX() - immutable collection with one element – enumeration() - for support of legacy classes ● Wrappers – checkedXXX() - a dynamically typesafe view – unmodifiableXXX() - an unmodifiable view – synchronizedXXX() - a synchronized viewJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 3

Tips ● Program to interfaces – List list = new ArrayList(); ● Copy (or conversion) constructors – Set set = new TreeSet(map.values()); ● Checking if the Collection is empty – collection.isEmpty() – collection.size() == 0 may be very expensive ● Remove all nulls (or other elements): – collection.removeAll(Collections.singleton(null)) ● Convert to arrays – String[] s = c.toArray(new String[c.size()]);Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 4

Tips (cont) ● Iterate Maps with Map.Entry if you need both keys and values – for(Map.Entry e : map.entrySet()) {} ● Initial capacity in case of HashSet, HashMap, and ArrayList – new ArrayList(512) ● Operations on sublists are reflected in the main lists – list.subList(15, 16).remove(object); ● All collections implement toString() – useful for displaying the contents quicklyJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 5

Inner classes ● Inner classes can be defined inside of other classes – class MyClass { class InnerClass { } } – non static inner classes can access internals of parent classes – static inner classes cannotJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 6

Anonymous inner classes ● Classes can be created and instantiated inline – Runnable runnable = new Runnable() { public void run() { System.out.println("Running!"); } }; runnable.run(); ● Analogous to initialization of arrays: new byte[] {1} ● Very useful for implementation of short interfaces, where the code is needed as part of the surrounding code ● Compiled into ParentClass$1.class, where $1 is the index of the anonymous class within the ParentClassJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 7

Annotations ● Annotations are special type of interfaces – @interface MyAnnotation { } – Allow specification of meta data for source code elements ● Used before the element in question, just like Javadoc – In general, dont have effect at runtime – Built-in: @SupressWarnings, @Deprecated, @Override, @Generated, etc – Can take parameters: @SupressWarnings(“unused”) or @SupressWarnings(value=“unused”) ● Very useful in various frameworks, e.g. JUnit4, Spring2, Hibernate3, EJB3Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 8

Enums ● Special type of class (base class is java.lang.Enum) ● enum Season {WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN} ● Only one instance of each constant is guaranteed; enums cannot be instantiated; they are implicitly final (cannot be extended) ● Constructors can be used: WINTER(1), SPRING(“Hello”) ● Accessed like constants: Season.WINTER ● Every enum has the following methods: – int ordinal() - returns an ordinal value of the constant – String name() - returns the name of the constant – static Enum valueOf(String name) - returns the enum constant – static Season[] values() - returns an array of all constants ● See Season and Planet in net.azib.java.lessons.enumsJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 9

Introduction to Generics ● Are there any problems with collections? – String s = (String) list.get(3); ● Java 1.5 introduced generics for type safety checks – List<String> list; String s = list.get(3); ● Additionally, generics allow to abstract over types – List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList( new Integer[]{1,2}); – List<String> list = Arrays.asList( “a”, “b”, “c”); ● Provide more compile time information for error checkingJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 10

Defining generic classes ● public interface List<E> { void add(E x); Iterator<E> iterator(); } ● public interface Iterator<E>{ E next(); boolean hasNext(); } ● Formal type parameters are in the angle brackets <> ● In invocations of generic types (parametrized types), all occurrences of formal types are replaced by the actual argument ● Primitives cannot be used as arguments, but arrays and wrappers can – Iterator<int[]> i; List<Integer> intList;Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 11

Defining generics ● Generics can be thought of as if they were expanded – public interface ListOfIntegers { void add(Integer x); Iterator<Integer> iterator(); } ● Actually they are not: generics introduce no memory or performance overhead ● Information about type parameters is stored in class files and used during compilation ● Use possibly meaningful single character names – E = Element, T = Type, K = Key, V = Value, etcJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 12

Generics usage in Java API ● Collection<E>, Iterable<E>, Iterator<E> ● Set<E>, List<E>, Queue<E> – Set<String> set = new HashSet<String>(); – Queue<Dog> q = new LinkedList<Dog>(); ● Map<K, V> – Map<String, Thread> map = new HashMap<String, Thread>(); ● Comparator<T>, Comparable<T> ● Class<T> – Date d = Date.class.newInstance();Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 13

Subtyping ● If A extends B, does List<A> extend List<B>? ● List<String> ls = new ArrayList<String>(); List<Object> lo = ls; – this is illegal – List of Strings is not a List of Objects ● lo.add(new Integer(42)); // adds an illegal object String s = ls.get(0); // this is not a String! – this code would break type safety at runtime! ● However – ls instanceof List & lo instanceof List – Collection<String> cs = ls; // legalJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 14

Backward compatibility ● Generics are backward compatible – Java 1.5 still had to be able to run old (unparameterized) code – Backward compatibility has influenced the implementation ● Old-style (unparameterized or raw-type) code can still be written – ArrayList al = new ArrayList<String>(); ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList(); ● For now, checks are only done at compile time – At runtime, generic collections hold Objects (type erasure) – Collections.checkedXXX() methods may be used for runtime type checking – Implementation may change in futureJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 15

Wildcards ● void printCollection(Collection<Object> c) { for (Object e : c) System.out.println(e); } ● printCollection(new ArrayList<String>()) // doesnt compile ● void printCollection(Collection<?> c) { // ? is a wildcard for (Object e : c) System.out.println(e); } ● However the following fails (at compile time!) – c.add(new Object()); – Collection<?> means “collection of unknown”, it is read-only – Unknown <?> can always be assigned to Object (when reading)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 16

Bounded wildcards ● <? extends T> means “anything that extends T” – upper bounded wildcard, “read-only” – List<? extends Number> vs List<Number> – List<Integer> can be assigned to the first one, but not to the second one – add() still doesnt work, because actual type is not known ● <? super T> means “anything that is a supertype of T” – lower bounded wildcard, “write-only” – List<? super Number> vs List<Number> – add(new Integer(5)) works, because Integer can be assigned to any supertype of Number or Number itselfJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 17

Generic methods ● Methods can also be generic, independently from their classes ● Generic methods can substitute wildcard types – boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c); <T> boolean containsAll(Collection<T> c); ● But it is more reasonable to use in case a type is used many times – <T> void copy(List<T> dest, List<? extends T> src); <T, S extends T> void copy( List<T> dest, List<S> src); ● T is selected automatically based on the passed types (it is always the most specific type possible), its usage is implicit ● Relative type dependencies are important (extends / super)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 18

Generics tasks ● Use generics in WordFrequencyCalculatorImpl and DuplicateRemoverImpl ● Write some new classes – Circle and Square ● both should extend the provided net.azib.java.lessons.collections.Shape – ShapeAggregatorImpl (which should implement the ShapeAggregator)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 19

Assertions ● assert keyword can be used for assertion of validity of boolean expressions (a debugging feature) – assert boolean-expression : value-expression; – assert A == 5 : “A is not 5!!!”; ● If boolean-expression evaluates to false, an AssertionError is thrown with the value-expression as detailed message (optional) ● Assertions are disabled by default, therefore have no runtime overhead ● When enabled, help to write self-documented code and trace bugs at runtime ● java -ea switch enables assertions (specific packages and classes may be specified if global activation is not desired)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 5Anton Keks Slide 20

Java Course 5: Enums, Generics, Assertions

by Anton Keks on Jan 11, 2012

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Java Course 5: Enums, Generics, Assertions — Presentation Transcript