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Detecting child grooming behaviour patterns on social media

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Amparo Elizabeth Cano Basave
Amparo Elizabeth Cano Basave

This document discusses detecting patterns of child grooming behavior on social media. It presents an approach for identifying the stages of online child grooming (trust development, grooming, physical approach) using chat conversation data annotated with grooming stages. Features like n-grams, part-of-speech tags, sentiment, psycholinguistic dimensions and discourse patterns are extracted from sentences and used to build classifiers. Analysis finds discourse and psycholinguistic features are effective for automatic classification of grooming stages. Future work involves adding temporal features and distinguishing between teen and predatory sexual content.

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DETECTING CHILD GROOMING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS ON SOCIAL MEDIA Miriam Fernandez m.fernandez@open.ac.uk Harith Alani h.alani@open.ac.uk A. Elizabeth Cano amparo.cano@open.ac.uk
INTRODUCTION SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS • Widely spread across the Internet. • Quick and inexpensive tools for personal and group communications. • No age, geographical and cultural boundaries. • Anonymity of the users is not compromised. http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1539078/thumbs/o-SOCIAL-MEDIA-facebook.jpg
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILDREN EXPOSURE TO PAEDOPHILES * Source: NSPCC • 12% of 11- 16 year olds in the UK received unwanted sexual messages*. • 8% of 11-16 year olds in the UK received requests to send or respond to a sexual message*. http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/58277000/jpg/_58277172_138045933.jpg
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Premeditated behaviour intending to secure the trust of a minor as a first step towards future engagement in sexual conduct. http://www.saferinternet.at/uploads/pics/442916_web_R_K_by_Christian_Seidel_pixelio.de.jpg
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Pseudo-victims posing as minors Predators seeking to groom minors Chat-conversations
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Pseudo-victims posing as minors Predators seeking to groom minors Chat-conversations Archive chat conversation Convicted Predators
INTRODUCTION IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE Perverted Justice ! • 530 chat-room conversations. • Involving: A. PJ volunteers posing as minors. B. Adults seeking to begin a sexual relationship with a minor. Perverted Justice, http://www.perverted-justice.com/Perverted Justice, http://www.perverted-justice.com/
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access age, gender, likes, dislikes, family.. [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Approach predator: where are you from victim: where I from or where I am now? what’s your asl? Deceptive Trust Development
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Grooming Approach predatoCrO: sRoE do you masturbate? victim: not really that borin predator: what do you like in sex? raise victim’s curiosity, .
INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access Deceptive Trust Development [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Cycle of Entrapment Grooming Approach Isolation Physical Approach Sexual Conduct predator: do you like to meet sometime? victim: maybe you seem cool … predator: but i'm sorry your parents home all the time victim: no
MOTIVATION IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE • Sexually abused children driven to voluntarily agree to physically approach the predator [36]. • Understanding predator’s manipulative strategies could help in educating children on how to react when expose to such situations.
RELATED WORK IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES Predators/Victims chat-room conversations • Predator detection (Kontostathis et al. [15], Michalopoulos et al. [17], Escalante et al. [6]) Online Child Grooming • Annotation Tools (Kontostathis et al. [15]) • Empirical Analysis of child grooming stages (Gupta et al.[9]) • Discriminate child grooming from adults cyber-sex (Bogdanova et al.[2])
OBJECTIVES DETECTING ONLINE CHILD GROOMING IN ONLINE CHAT-ROOMS • Create classification models to identify online child grooming stages: 1. Trust development 2. Grooming 3. Physical approach ! • Analyse discriminative features characterising these stages.
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE DATA SET Annotated Chat-room Conversations (Kontostathis et al[15]) • 50 conversations transcripts • Conversations with 83 to 12K lines. • Predator’s sentences manually labelled by two annotators. • Annotations labels: 1)Trust development, 2)Grooming, 3)Seek for physical approach, 4) Other.
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES ARCHITECTURE PJ Conversations Preprocessing Predator Victim Removing Stopwords Stemming N-gram Syntactical Content Sentiment Polarity Psycho-linguistic Discourse Translation Emoticon Chat-lingo Feature Extraction Feature Selection Info.Gain Build SVM Classifiers Trust Development Grooming Approach
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DATA PREPROCESSING Challenges in processing chat-room conversations • Irregular and ill-formed words. • Chat slang and teen-lingo • Emoticons. ! Generated a list of over 1K terms and definitions:
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE EXTRACTION Feature Description n-grams n-grams (n=1,2,3) BoW extracted from a sentence. Syntactic (POS) POS tags extracted from a sentence. Sentiment Polarity Average sentiment polarity of terms contained in a sentence Content Complexity, Readability, Length. Psycho-linguistic LIWC dimensions, based on cosine similarity of a sentence to a dictionary Discourse Semantic Frames, describing lexical use of English in texts.
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PSYCHO-LINGUISTIC FEATURES • Authorship profiling [12] shown that different groups of people writing about a particular genre use language differently. • E.g. frequency in the use of certain words. • LIWC dataset [26] covers 60 dimensions of language. STYLE PATTERNS prepositions e.g., for, beside conjunctions e.g., however, whereas cause e.g., cuz, hence PSYCHOLOGICAL swearing e.g., damn, bloody affect e.g., agree, dislike sexual e.g., naked, porn
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DISCOURSE FEATURES • Qualitative analysis [5] of PJ’s predators transcripts revealed frequent use of fixated discourse (i.e predator unwillingness to change a topic). • FrameNet [1], incorporate semantic generalisations of a discourse. • Covers 1K patterns used in English (e.g.,Intentionality act, Causality, Grant Permission)
APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DISCOURSE FEATURES SEMAFOR [4] to extract semantic frames from sentences. Sentence: Your mom will let you stay home?, I’m happy FRAME SEMANTIC ROLE LABEL Grant Permission Target Action you stay home Grantee Grantor Action you your mom stay home Emotion Directed Target Experiencer happy I
EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES
EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features
EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features predator: lots of luck right like your pictures i see you keep it in place and look
EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative featuprreesdator: you ever had anyone run there fingers real litely over your body
EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features predator: do you want me to come ther ? good
EXPERIMENTS CONCLUSIONS • Psycho-linguistic and discourse features provide an insight of the mindset of predators in online grooming stages. • Discourse patterns are effective features for the automatic classification of sentences into online grooming stages. !
EXPERIMENTS ampaeli@gmail.com @pixarelli https://www.gradtouch.com/uploads/images/questions.jpg
EXPERIMENTS FUTURE WORK • Some stages of online grooming are not sequential (e.g. predator convincing child to meet in person during trust-development). - Adding temporal features to the analysis could aid in characterising such back-forth changes on these stages. • Characterise sexual content between teens and between adults (challenging since both involve the use of sexual content).

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Detecting child grooming behaviour patterns on social media

  • 1. DETECTING CHILD GROOMING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS ON SOCIAL MEDIA Miriam Fernandez m.fernandez@open.ac.uk Harith Alani h.alani@open.ac.uk A. Elizabeth Cano amparo.cano@open.ac.uk
  • 2. INTRODUCTION SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS • Widely spread across the Internet. • Quick and inexpensive tools for personal and group communications. • No age, geographical and cultural boundaries. • Anonymity of the users is not compromised. http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1539078/thumbs/o-SOCIAL-MEDIA-facebook.jpg
  • 3. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILDREN EXPOSURE TO PAEDOPHILES * Source: NSPCC • 12% of 11- 16 year olds in the UK received unwanted sexual messages*. • 8% of 11-16 year olds in the UK received requests to send or respond to a sexual message*. http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/58277000/jpg/_58277172_138045933.jpg
  • 4. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Premeditated behaviour intending to secure the trust of a minor as a first step towards future engagement in sexual conduct. http://www.saferinternet.at/uploads/pics/442916_web_R_K_by_Christian_Seidel_pixelio.de.jpg
  • 5. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Pseudo-victims posing as minors Predators seeking to groom minors Chat-conversations
  • 6. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING Pseudo-victims posing as minors Predators seeking to groom minors Chat-conversations Archive chat conversation Convicted Predators
  • 7. INTRODUCTION IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE Perverted Justice ! • 530 chat-room conversations. • Involving: A. PJ volunteers posing as minors. B. Adults seeking to begin a sexual relationship with a minor. Perverted Justice, http://www.perverted-justice.com/Perverted Justice, http://www.perverted-justice.com/
  • 8. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access age, gender, likes, dislikes, family.. [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Approach predator: where are you from victim: where I from or where I am now? what’s your asl? Deceptive Trust Development
  • 9. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Grooming Approach predatoCrO: sRoE do you masturbate? victim: not really that borin predator: what do you like in sex? raise victim’s curiosity, .
  • 10. INTRODUCTION ONLINE CHILD GROOMING OLSON’S THEORY OF LURING COMMUNICATION (LTC) Gain Access Deceptive Trust Development [1] Towards a Theory of Child Sexual Predator’s Luring Communication. L.N. Olson et al Time Cycle of Entrapment Grooming Approach Isolation Physical Approach Sexual Conduct predator: do you like to meet sometime? victim: maybe you seem cool … predator: but i'm sorry your parents home all the time victim: no
  • 11. MOTIVATION IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE • Sexually abused children driven to voluntarily agree to physically approach the predator [36]. • Understanding predator’s manipulative strategies could help in educating children on how to react when expose to such situations.
  • 12. RELATED WORK IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES Predators/Victims chat-room conversations • Predator detection (Kontostathis et al. [15], Michalopoulos et al. [17], Escalante et al. [6]) Online Child Grooming • Annotation Tools (Kontostathis et al. [15]) • Empirical Analysis of child grooming stages (Gupta et al.[9]) • Discriminate child grooming from adults cyber-sex (Bogdanova et al.[2])
  • 13. OBJECTIVES DETECTING ONLINE CHILD GROOMING IN ONLINE CHAT-ROOMS • Create classification models to identify online child grooming stages: 1. Trust development 2. Grooming 3. Physical approach ! • Analyse discriminative features characterising these stages.
  • 14. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PERVERTED JUSTICE DATA SET Annotated Chat-room Conversations (Kontostathis et al[15]) • 50 conversations transcripts • Conversations with 83 to 12K lines. • Predator’s sentences manually labelled by two annotators. • Annotations labels: 1)Trust development, 2)Grooming, 3)Seek for physical approach, 4) Other.
  • 15. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES ARCHITECTURE PJ Conversations Preprocessing Predator Victim Removing Stopwords Stemming N-gram Syntactical Content Sentiment Polarity Psycho-linguistic Discourse Translation Emoticon Chat-lingo Feature Extraction Feature Selection Info.Gain Build SVM Classifiers Trust Development Grooming Approach
  • 16. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DATA PREPROCESSING Challenges in processing chat-room conversations • Irregular and ill-formed words. • Chat slang and teen-lingo • Emoticons. ! Generated a list of over 1K terms and definitions:
  • 17. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE EXTRACTION Feature Description n-grams n-grams (n=1,2,3) BoW extracted from a sentence. Syntactic (POS) POS tags extracted from a sentence. Sentiment Polarity Average sentiment polarity of terms contained in a sentence Content Complexity, Readability, Length. Psycho-linguistic LIWC dimensions, based on cosine similarity of a sentence to a dictionary Discourse Semantic Frames, describing lexical use of English in texts.
  • 18. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES PSYCHO-LINGUISTIC FEATURES • Authorship profiling [12] shown that different groups of people writing about a particular genre use language differently. • E.g. frequency in the use of certain words. • LIWC dataset [26] covers 60 dimensions of language. STYLE PATTERNS prepositions e.g., for, beside conjunctions e.g., however, whereas cause e.g., cuz, hence PSYCHOLOGICAL swearing e.g., damn, bloody affect e.g., agree, dislike sexual e.g., naked, porn
  • 19. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DISCOURSE FEATURES • Qualitative analysis [5] of PJ’s predators transcripts revealed frequent use of fixated discourse (i.e predator unwillingness to change a topic). • FrameNet [1], incorporate semantic generalisations of a discourse. • Covers 1K patterns used in English (e.g.,Intentionality act, Causality, Grant Permission)
  • 20. APPROACH IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES DISCOURSE FEATURES SEMAFOR [4] to extract semantic frames from sentences. Sentence: Your mom will let you stay home?, I’m happy FRAME SEMANTIC ROLE LABEL Grant Permission Target Action you stay home Grantee Grantor Action you your mom stay home Emotion Directed Target Experiencer happy I
  • 22. EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features
  • 23. EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features predator: lots of luck right like your pictures i see you keep it in place and look
  • 24. EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative featuprreesdator: you ever had anyone run there fingers real litely over your body
  • 25. EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFYING GROOMING STAGES FEATURE ANALYSIS Top discriminative features predator: do you want me to come ther ? good
  • 26. EXPERIMENTS CONCLUSIONS • Psycho-linguistic and discourse features provide an insight of the mindset of predators in online grooming stages. • Discourse patterns are effective features for the automatic classification of sentences into online grooming stages. !
  • 27. EXPERIMENTS ampaeli@gmail.com @pixarelli https://www.gradtouch.com/uploads/images/questions.jpg
  • 28. EXPERIMENTS FUTURE WORK • Some stages of online grooming are not sequential (e.g. predator convincing child to meet in person during trust-development). - Adding temporal features to the analysis could aid in characterising such back-forth changes on these stages. • Characterise sexual content between teens and between adults (challenging since both involve the use of sexual content).