This is to help the law students while studying IR.

1. Cause behind 2nd World War
and Wartime Conferences
Anjan Kumar Dahal
Associate Professor
Kathmandu School of Law (KSL)

2. What was WW II?
• Largest war in human history after WWI.
• Involved countries, colonies, and territories around the
entire world.
• By the end, over 70 million were dead.
• It lasted from 1939 until 1945.
• Used massive weapons and even Atom Bomb
• New types air war techniques were used
• Nepal also participated on the part of Allied power
through British-Gorkha.

3. Introduction
•World War II (Started September 1, 1939), global
military conflict that, in terms of lives lost and material
destruction, was the most devastating war in human
history.
•It began in 1939 as a European conflict between
Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but eventually
widened to include most of the nations of the world.
•It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated
by the United States and the USSR.

4. Continue.....
• More than any previous war, World War II involved the
commitment of nations' entire human and economic resources,
the blurring of the distinction between combatant and
noncombatant, and the expansion of the battlefield to include all
of the enemy's territories.
• The most important determinants of its outcome were both the
industrial capacity and personnel.
• In the last stages of the WW II, two radically new weapons were
introduced: the Long-Range Rocket and the Atomic Bomb.
• In the main, however, the war was fought with the same or
improved weapons of the types used in World War I. The
greatest advances were in aircraft and tanks.

5. Continue.....
• World War II ended with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945
and the surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945.
• Statistically, this military conflict overshadows every war ever
fought. Some 1.7 billion people from 61 nations engaged in a
struggle waged on the land, on the sea, and in the skies of Europe,
East and Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the islands of the Pacific
Ocean.
• World War II took the lives of some 55 million soldiers and civilians
and destroyed untold amounts of property.
• It cost more to finance World War II than any war before it. The
conflict left a permanent mark on all aspects of human experience
and shaped the history of the postwar world. For a generation of
men and women everywhere, World War II was “The War.”

6. Cause behind the World War II
• Seen and main cause of war is German attack on Poland on
September 1, 1939 and consequent declaration of war by
Britain and France against Germany.
• This gives the impression that war was caused by the Polish-
German dispute. Polish problem was indeed the immediate
cause of the war, but there were many other causes that
created the situation in which war became unavoidable.
• Let us, briefly discuss all the distant as well as immediate
causes of the war. It is generally believed that the treaty of
Versailles signed after the 1st World War was so unjust that it
carried the Germs or Seeds of Second World War.

7. Continue.....
•Three major powers had been dissatisfied with the
outcome of World War I.
 Germany, the principal defeated nation, bitterly dislike the
territorial losses and reparations payments imposed on it
by the Treaty of Versailles.
 Italy, one of the victors, found its territorial gains far from
enough either to offset the cost of the war or to satisfy its
ambitions.
 Japan, also a victor, was unhappy about its failure to gain
control of China.

8. Some of the main causes of the World War II were as follows:
1. Treaty of Versailles:-
• The point is that the primary cause of World War II was the Treaty of Versailles that ended
World War I. The Treaty of Versailles, named after the small town in France where the treaty
was signed, embarrassed and humiliated the Germans. Some of the highlights of the treaty
were:
• German loss of territory, which damaged their economy
• Financial reparations of 33 billion dollars, which caused inflation and unemployment
• Loss of their army and navy, leaving them vulnerable to attack
• The forced acceptance of guilt for WWI, which humiliated the German people
• In addition to embarrassing the people of Germany and making their lives miserable, the
treaty was also filled with other problems.
 Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and parts of Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Italy were carved out of the
old Austro-Hungarian Empire. These new small nations were not strong and were not equipped either
economically or militarily to grow and to defend themselves.
 Russia was not invited to the peace talks because it was still going through its communist revolution and they
were talking of worldwide communism.
 The League of Nations, which was the precursor to the United Nations, was formed but it carried very little
power and was not effective in protecting countries from aggression without USA.

9. • During the 1920s, attempts were made to achieve a stable peace.
• The first was the establishment (1920) of the League of Nations as a forum in
which nations could settle their disputes.
• The league's powers were limited to persuasion and various levels of moral
and economic sanctions that the members were free to carry out as they saw
fit.
• At the Washington Conference of 1921-22, the principal naval powers agreed to
limit their navies according to a fixed ratio.
• The Locarno Conference (1925) produced a treaty guarantee of the German-
French boundary and an arbitration agreement between Germany and Poland.
• In the Paris Peace Pact (1928), 63 countries, including all the great powers
except the USSR, renounced war as an instrument of national policy and
pledged to resolve all disputes among them “by pacific means.” The
signatories had agreed beforehand to exempt wars of “self-defense.”
• Unfortunately, all the Peace Efforts were become Failure and those were not
able to stop the disaster like WW II.
2. The Failure of Peace Efforts:-

10. 3. Failure of Collective Security System:-
• After the First World War the collective security system was
conceptualized to provide the security to the victim of an
aggression.
• Members of League, by their collective action, would compel
the aggressor to vacate it.
• This collective action could either be in the form of economic
sanctions or military support to the victim of aggression.
• It is failed by name of self-defense, the big power did
aggression and collective security didn't work properly.
• Like in 1931 Japan committed an aggression against China on
Manchuria. Also 1935 Italy waged a war against Abyssinia.

11. 4. Failure of Disarmament:-
• Pairs Peace Conference that world peace would be ensure if countries
reduced their armaments to appoint consistent with their defense. That
means all weapons of offensive nature were to be destroyed.
• But the Treaty of Versailles had disarmed Germany, and victor nations
were supposed to disarm later.
• They never really wanted to disarm; therefore Germany declared in
October 1933 that she was leaving both the Disarmament Conference
and the League of Nations.
• Later in 1935 Germany formally declared the she was no more bound by
the military clause of the Treaty of Versailles. This makes the way of an
armed conflict.
• The failure of disarmament became one of the major causes of Second
World War.

12. 5. World Economic Crisis:-
• World Economic Crisis began in 1929 with sudden stoppage
of loans by American financial house to the European
Countries, after Wall Street crashed.
• In the 1930's, the Great Depression that causes throughout
Europe, including Germany, millions of people lost their
jobs, and their money lost its value.
• It makes effect mostly to Germany, because she is making
rapid industrial progress mostly borrowed American money.
• Also the race for armaments did negative effect to the
economic situation of the Europe.

13. 6. Rise of Fascism:-
• In the 1920's and 1930's fascist dictators took control of Italy, Japan,
and Germany and dictatorship even in USSR.
• Fascism is a type of government in which power is in the hands of a
military leader, and the individuals' rights are subordinate to the
authority of the state.
• Unlike communism, fascism supports private ownership of business
but under strict government control.
• Fascist do not approve of criticism and multiple parties are not
permitted.
• Fascists are intense nationalist who believe in building and using
powerful militaries and they support dictatorship and the deprivation of
human rights or in other words, quite the opposite of democracy.

14. 7. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:-
• Treaties between Germany, Italy, and Japan in the period from
1936 to 1940 brought into being the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.
• The Axis thereafter became the collective term for those
countries and their allies.
• It was a combination of anti-communist Fascist Powers.
Japan did not formally adopt fascism, but the armed forces'
powerful position in the government enabled them to impose
a similar type of totalitarianism.
• It divides the world again on the tow hostile camps, which
provides easy grounds for war.

15. 8. The Problem of National Minorities:-
• Large minorities found themselves in the company of non-Germans in
Poland and Czechoslovakia because of the Versailles Treaty.
• There were Russian minorities in Poland and Rumania, Hungarian minorities
in Rumania and Yugoslavia, and German and Slav minorities in Italy.
• This gave rise to feeling of dissatisfaction and fear among the minorities.
• Balance of power had always been the cornerstone of British foreign policy.
• Britain feared that a very powerful France would disturb the balance of
power.
• Britain was worried about growing influence of communism that’s why she
changed her foreign policy and makes appeasement with France.
• Resulted the Munich Pact which create direct confrontation after some time
9. Appeasement (Reunion) by Britain and France:-

16. 10. Failure of League of Nations:-
• America never been a member of the League of Nation,
also German and Russia were not invited to become its
members.
• Germany joined the League in 1926 but left it in 1933.
• Soviet Union came in only in 1934 and was expelled after
her invasion of Finland.
• Any country that was unhappy with league decision left it
easily rather taking responsibilities under league system.
• Thus, Japan left it in 1933 and Italy in 1937.

17. 11. German attack on Poland:-
• The immediate cause of the WW II is the attacked of Germany on Poland.
• On Sept. 1, at 5:45 A.M., 1939, on the order of Chancellor Hitler, the first
shot was fired in what some call "the Second World War."
• On the same day, a score of Polish cities, including Warsaw, Lwow, Cracow,
were bombed. The Polish army expected the attack to come along the
Polish frontiers.
• But Hitler introduced a new kind of war called a Blitzkrieg, which means
“lightning war.” Waves of German bombers targeted railroads in Tczew,
which troubled Polish military mobilization.
• Hundreds of tanks destroyed through Polish defenses and rolled deep into
the country.
• On 3 September 1939, France and Britain declared war against German this
is a beginning of the Second World War.

18. WARTIME CONFERENCES
AND
THEIR IMPORTANCE

19. Why the Conferences During War:
•During the Second World War, the Allied powers held
several conferences for coordinating their military
strategy as also to lay some fundamental principles to
settle the situation during war time.
•The main aims of these conferences were:
 To resolve their mutual differences,
 To hold mutual discussion with a view to arriving at
common objectives as well as to determining the war
strategy and
 To settle plans for the future reconstruction for the world
after conclusion of war.

20. • Setting strategies for defeating Germany and Japan during the Second
World War by the Allies
• Discussing the structure of the world after the World War II
• Formation of the United Nations to maintain international peace and
security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to achieve
international cooperation in the social and economic field
• Decision to form international war crime tribunal for the prosecution
of those responsible for atrocities committed during World War II
• Formation of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Major Significances

21. Some important War-time Conferences
1) Atlantic Charter:-
• The Atlantic Charter is a joint declaration by the United States and Britain, issued during World
War II, expressing certain common principles in their national policies to be followed in the
postwar period.
• The United States was technically neutral in 1941 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt held
shipboard meetings with British prime minister Winston Churchill.
• The declaration that came out of that conference, known as the Atlantic Charter, emphasized
the principles of self-determination and international cooperation to promote peace.
• After the United States entered the war in December 1941 after Pearl Harbor incident, all the
governments that were fighting the Axis powers swore to uphold the principles of the charter
later.
• The declaration was made and signed on August 14, 1941, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
and Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill after a series of conferences aboard a warship in the
North Atlantic off the coast of Newfoundland.

22. Atlantic Charter Continue....
The Atlantic Charter consisted of eight points which stipulated:
1) No aggrandizement, territorial or otherwise
2) No territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned
3) The right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live
4) Enjoyment by all states, great or small, victor or defeated, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and
raw materials of the world
5) Fullest economic collaboration between all nations
6) Assurance of a peace affording safety to all nations
7) Freedom for all to pass through the high seas without hindrance
8) Pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security the disarmament of
aggressor nations as an essential condition for lightening the burden of armaments for peace loving
peoples.
• This was the most authoritative statement so far of the bases of world peace as envisaged by the
leaders of the nations fighting for peace and human integrity and equality among nations at that time.
• The charter expressed the hope that, after the defeat of the Nazis/Axis power, all countries would be
able to feel secure from aggression, and that the people of the world would be free from fear and want.
• It recognized the principle of freedom of the seas, expressed the conviction that humanity must
renounce the use of force in international relations, and affirmed the need for disarmament after the
expected Allied victory.

23. 2) The United Nations Declaration (January 1, 1942):-
• The term "United Nations" refers to the combination of nations opposed to
those designated as Axis Powers WW II. These are the 26 signatories to "Joint
Declaration" signed in Washington January 1, 1942, and those who
subsequently adhered to it later.
• The Principles outlined in the Atlantic Charter were repeated by 26 Allies
through a declaration at Washington, USA. The 26 countries declared
themselves to be the "United Nations".
• The statement embodying this adherence to the charter, called the Declaration
by United Nations, was later signed by most of the free nations of the world
and formed the basis of the UN organization established at San Francisco in
April-June 1945.
• Through this Declaration, 26 Associates and many other countries join later
pledged to support the Atlantic Charter promised not to enter into separate
treaties with any of the Axis Power and not withdraw from war with Axis Power.

24. 3) The Casablanca War Conference (January 14 to 29, 1943):
• The Casablanca War Conference was held between January 14th and January 29th 1943. The meeting in
Casablanca, French Morocco, was between Winston Churchill, the British war leader, and F D Roosevelt,
the American president. The other major war leader, Joseph Stalin, was not invited to Casablanca as neither
Churchill nor Roosevelt had on the agenda anything to do with the Eastern Front.
• This failure to invite Stalin did a great deal to confirm in Stalin’s mind, his belief that war plans were being
made without his participation and behind his back – and he did not agree with this. This suspicion
between the Allies continued for the following years in WW II - and after in the so-called Cold War.
• What was decided at Casablanca did only affect the war in Western Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed
on an increase in the American bombing of Germany and the transfer of British military resources to the
Far East once Italy had been defeated.
• Roosevelt issued a statement that called on the unconditional surrender of the Axis forces – this was backed
by Churchill.
• The meeting at Casablanca did cause friction between Churchill, Roosevelt and the Free French. Charles de
Gaulle, the accepted leader of the Free French, knew nothing of the meeting in Casablanca before it
happened despite the fact that it was being held on French territory.
• As it was being held in part of France, he felt that he had an automatic right to be there. He was not briefed
about the planning for the meeting due to security risk if more and more people knew about the meeting.
• Such an explanation did little to pacify de Gaulle or to ease relations between himself and Churchill-
Roosevelt.

25. 4) Conferences of Moscow (October 19 to 30, 1943):-
• A significant conference was held at Moscow from October 19 to 30, and a joint statement was
issued at the end of it on November 1, 1943.
• The Foreign Ministers of Britain, America, Soviet Union and Chinese ambassador to USSR
attended the conference.
• It resulted in the first formal commitment to establish a United Nations organization for the
maintenance of peace.
• It was also agreed that after the war Austria should become an independent state again.
• It affirmed that those responsible for atrocities committed during World War II would be
“judged and punished according to the laws” of the countries in which the acts were
committed.
• The leaders pledged to establish a democratic government in Italy.
• A major decision taken at Moscow was to establish a new world organization after the war.
Despite the differences and mutual apprehensions between the Soviet Union and the Western
Democracies it was agreed to establish the United Nations after the war.
• It was decided that the four powers would meet at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington (D.C.) in August
1944 to draft the Charter of the United Nations. Thus, the first formal decision to create the
United Nations was taken at Moscow in 1943.

26. 5) The Cairo Conference (November 22-25, 1943):-
• The Cairo Conference was held to discuss the Far Eastern problems and to define
the war aims of the Allied governments with respect to Japan in November 22-26,
1943, during World War II, in Cairo, Egypt.
• President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Chinese President Chiang Kai-
shek attended the Conference because the Soviet Union was not then at war with
Japan, it was not represented at the Cairo Conference.
• The conference was held to discuss strategies for war against Japan and plans for
a post‐war Asia.
• It was the first meeting focused on the war in the Pacific region.
• On December 1, 1943, the U.S. government released a joint communiqué, drafted in
Cairo and signed by all 3 leaders, in which they declared the determination of their
governments to prosecute the war until Japan surrendered unconditionally.
• The meeting resulted in the Allies promising to seek the unconditional surrender
of Japan, the return of Japanese‐occupied Chinese lands, and Korean independence.

27. 6) The Tehran Conference (November 28 to December 1, 1943):-
• The Tehran Conference attended by the American president Franklin D.
Roosevelt, the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, and the British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill.
• This could be considering as the Three-Power Summit. USSAR did not attend
the earlier Cairo Conference and China did not attend this Tehran meeting.
• In this Conference, the three big Powers pledged to respect the independence,
sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran.
• The three leaders also promised to work together both in war and in the
subsequent peace. The meeting of the top Allied leaders to discuss the conduct
of the war and postwar political issues.
• It was planned that Soviet Union will launch full scale invasion on
Germany when the British and Americans begin to liberate France from
German occupation in 1944.

28. 7) The Conference at Bretton Woods (July 1-22, 1944):-
• Bretton Woods Conference, popular name of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference
that took place July 1-22, 1944, at Bretton Woods, a vacation resort in New Hampshire.
• The conference aimed to design the post‐war international monetary system.
• Of particular concern was currency exchange rates.
• It was influenced by the belief that economic cooperation and free trade was the only way to achieve
both peace and prosperity.
• Officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the meeting produced
the agreements that formed the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World
Bank), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund
(IMF).
• Total 44 nations signed the agreements at Bretton Woods to set up an 8.8 billion dollar fund to stabilize
international currencies and a 10 billion dollar bank to guarantee post-war international loans and to
promote world trade.
• Thirty-four of the original signatories ratified the agreements for both the Fund and the Bank before the
December 31, 1945, as given deadline.
• After the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, all national currencies were assigned a fixed exchange rate
against the United States dollar, which was backed by gold.

29. 8) The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21 to October 7, 1944):-
• The Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held between August and October 1944. From August 21 to
October 7, 1944, delegates of the UK, the USSR and China, and the USA met at Dumbarton Oaks, an
estate belonging to Harvard University, in Washington, D. C.
• The principal objective of Dumbarton Oaks was to discuss the possibilities of creating an international
organization that would maintain world peace after the end of WW II.
• The purpose of the Conference was to draft proposals for the Establishment of a General International
Organization under the title of the "United Nations". A draft convention, usually called the United
Nations Charter was adopted to test the reaction of world public opinion to these proposals.
• In fact, there was not one meeting at Dumbarton Oaks, but a series of meetings.
• The conference was divided into two parts. In the first part, the USA, represented by Secretary of State,
British permanent Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Russia, represented by the Russian
ambassador to Washington, met first on August 21 for a period of six weeks.
• At the end of this period, the United States and Britain met with China represented by Chinese
ambassador to Great Britain.
• The structure and form of a United Nations had to be discussed though the primary issue was the
make-up of the Security Council and what its relationship would be to the League of Nations that was
still in existence.
• The main issue at stake was the use of the power of veto in the Security Council. This was discussed
further at the Yalta meeting again and continued at the San Francisco conference of April to June 1945.

30. 9) Yalta Conference (February 4 to 11, 1945):-
• Yalta Conference held in February 1945, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met together for the
last time.
• The conference was held in the vicinity of Yalta, Crimea, in Ukraine. It marked the high point
of Allied unity and followed a similar meeting held in Tehran (Teheran), Iran, 14 months earlier;
it was devoted to the formulation of Allied military strategy and to negotiations on a variety of
political problems.
• Each arrived at the conference with their own agenda, with Roosevelt seeking Soviet aid
against Japan, Churchill demanding free elections in Eastern Europe, and Stalin desiring to
create a Soviet sphere of influence.
• As the meeting concluded, a final plan for the occupation of Germany was agreed upon. It was
decided to divide Germany into four ‘zones’, which Britain, France, the USA and the USSR
would occupy after the war.
• They also agreed to set up a commission to look into reparations.
• It declared the Allied intention to “destroy German militarism and Nazism and to ensure
that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world”; to “bring all
war criminals to just and swift punishment”; and to “exact reparation in kind for the
destruction wrought by the Germans.”

31. Yalta Continue.....
• Soviet Union received territory from Poland and Poland was compensated by moving
its western border into Germany and receiving part of East Prussia.
• The parties agreed to help to establish democracy and free elections in liberated
countries of Eastern Europe.
• Soviet Union also agreed to join the war in the Pacific against Japan.
• The United Nations organization charter had already been drafted by this time, and the
conference worked out a compromise formula for voting in the Security Council.
• Reference was made to a decision to divide Germany into four zones of occupation and
to govern it through a central control commission, situated in Berlin; however, provision
was made to invite France “to take over a zone of occupation, and to participate in
the control commission.”
• Provision was made for a reparations commission to work in Moscow. The declaration
also announced that a “conference of United Nations” would be held in San Francisco
in April 1945.

32. 10) Potsdam Conference 1945 (16 July to 2 August 1945) :
• Potsdam Conference of the Allies was held after the surrender of Germany (in May 1945) to
finalize the principles of the post‐war peace.
• It was the final meeting of the Big Three to discuss the immediate administration of defeated
Germany, the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland, the occupation of Austria, the definition of
the Soviet Union's role in eastern Europe, the determination of reparations, punishment of Nazi,
Italian and Japanese war criminals and the end of the war against Japan.
• The conference largely ratified many of the decisions agreed at Yalta and stated that the goals of
the occupation of Germany would be demilitarization, denazification, democratization and
decentralization.
• At Potsdam, the Allies agreed to war crimes tribunals (later held at Nuremberg), and a demand for
unconditional surrender from Japan since the war with Japan was yet to end. Stalin wanted huge
reparations from Germany, but Truman wanted to allow German industry to recover.
• The four occupation zones of Germany conceived at the Yalta Conference were set up, and each
would be administered by the Soviet, British, U.S., and French army until the establishment
of a permanent new government. These zones would later evolve into East Germany and West
Germany

33. Potsdam Continue....
• Germany was to compensate to the greatest possible extent for the loss and suffering caused to
the Allies.
• It was agreed that the four occupying powers of Germany should take reparations from their
respective zones of occupation; but, because of the greater loss suffered by the USSR, it would
receive additional compensation.
• The Conference also decided to create a Council of Foreign Ministers to prepare peace
treaties for Italy, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Romania and ultimately Germany.
• The Potsdam Conference decided to issue a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally.
• The representatives agreed to accept the German‐ Polish border established by the USSR.
• Truman got the message that the atomic bomb test was successful while he was at this
conference. America's possession of Atomic Bomb and Soviet determination to force
Soviet‐led communism on Eastern European countries increased tensions between them.
• Soviet Union was concerned that US’s new weapon would threaten Soviet security.
• Soviet Union was unhappy for the fact that the United States developed the atom bomb without
the knowledge of the Soviet Union. Most see Potsdam as a precursor to the Cold War.

34. 11) San Francisco Conference (April 25, 1945):
• The United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco,
with delegates from 50 countries attending. The United Nations Charter was signed on
26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, signed it later and
became one of the original 51 member states.
• The delegates worked for two months to complete a charter for the UN that included its
purpose, principles, and organizational structure.
• The charter contained a formal agreement committing all the world’s nations to a common
set of basic rules governing their relations.
• In this San Francisco Conference the Charter of the United Nations (UN) was finalized
fully. The Conference recognized the failure of the League of Nations, the UN’s
predecessor, to contain the conflicts that led to World War II (1939-1945).
• The conference sought to create an organization that could represent all of the world’s
nations and deal effectively with a broad range of issues.
• The charter provides the framework for the UN, which continues to work toward its
primary goal of maintaining world peace.

35. End of WW II
•Hitler committed suicide on 29 April 1945 and
Berlin surrendered on 2 May 1945.
•Germany, cut into four, surrendered on 7 May
1945.
•America dropped atom bomb on Hiroshima on 6
August 1945 and the Second atom bomb on
Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.
•On 10 August 1945, Japan had surrendered, thus
ended the Second World War.

36. Peace Negotiation and Peace
Treaties after WW II
Introduction
• The conclusion of peace treaties after the Second World War proved to be a
very difficult task.
• By that time serious differences had developed between the western powers on
one hand and the Soviet Union on the other.
• After two years of the termination of hostilities, treaties were concluded only
with five of the defeated powers.
• They were Italy, Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland.
• The treaty of peace with Austria could be concluded only in 1955 and with
Japan in 1952.

37. Situation of Germany:
• Germany could not be reunited, after it was divided after
Potsdam Conference.
• It remained divided between pro-west Federal Republic
of Germany (West Germany) and Democratic German
Republic under the influence of the Soviet Union.
• Since Germany was not reunited no treaty with Germany
as such was ever concluded.
• Two Germanys were finally united in 1990 into one
Germany, after the end of the Cold War in 1989.

38. Peace Conferences:
• A Foreign Ministers meeting took place in London from 2nd September to 3rd October,
1945.
• The draft-treaties were prepared in these meetings, to Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary and
Finland.
• Thereafter, a 12-nation Paris Conference was held from July 29 to October 15, 1946.
• Because of the differences in interests between western powers on one hand and
the Soviet Union on the other, no final decision could be made in Paris.
• The Paris Conferences was thus followed by other meetings of the Foreign
Ministers Committee and the treaties were finally approved by the Committee at
New York on December 12, 1946.
• Finally, these treaties were signed by the Allies on the one side and the five
above mentioned defeated powers on the other.
• Separate treaties were concluded with each of them, not like one treaty as done in
1919.

39. Peace Treaties:
• The Treaty concluded with Italy deprived it of a number of territories.
• France, Greece and Yugoslavia gained territories at the cost of Italy.
• Albania and Ethiopia regained their independence.
• Italy was deprived of the colonies of Libya, Somaliland and Eritrea.
• Italian defense forces were considerably reduced and it was required to pay big
amount of money as reparation within seven years.
• Italy was to pay huge reparation to Russia, to Yugoslavia, to Greece, to Ethiopia
and to Albania. Besides she was to pay adequate reparation for the damage done to
Allied property in Italy.
• All fortresses close to the boundary of Yugoslavia and France were to be
dismantled.
• The net result of this treaty was the end of the colonial empire of Italy and hence
Italy was reduced to a third-grade power.
1) Treaty with Italy

40. 2) Treaty with Rumania
• The Rumania Treaty provided for transfer of the provinces of
Bessarabia, and Bukovina from Rumania to the Soviet Union and
Doubruja to Bulgaria.
• Rumania was to pay reparation to the Soviet Union and limits were
imposed on the strength of its military forces.
• Rumania has furthermore to give most favored nation rights to all United
Nations and to bar preferential trading rights to her neighbors.
• A special clause provides for the protection of the Jews in Rumania.
• The armed forces were limited to 150,000 men, Navy to 5,000 officers and
the sailors and the air force to 150 planes.
• The reparations that Rumania has to pay were fixed at 300 million
dollars.

41. 3) Treaty with Bulgaria
• Bulgaria did not loose any territory. It actually gained the territory of
Doubruja from Rumania.
• But like others, Bulgaria was also asked to pay reparation and its armed
forces were curtailed.
• Bulgaria was forced to pay heavy reparation to Greece and Yugoslavia.
• Russia supported in every respect Bulgaria's position in the
negotiations for the peace treaty. These negotiations were conducted by
the foreign ministers of the Great Powers in Paris and in New York in
the second half of 1946.
• In the foreign ministers' meeting in New York at the end of 1946 it was
provisionally decided to leave the Greco-Bulgarian frontier unchanged.

42. 4) Treaty with Hungary
• The prewar boundaries of Hungary bordering on Austria, Czechoslovakia, and
Yugoslavia will be restored.
• Hungary was made to return to Czechoslovakia some of the villages situated to
the south of River Dandube which it had occupied in 1938.
• A heavy conflict arose with the Czechs who wanted to expel 300,000 Hungarians
from Slovakia. This demand was, however, turned down by the Hungarian
Political and Territorial Commission of the Paris Peace Conference, and a
bilateral agreement was recommended instead to solved the problem.
• The Province of Transylvania was returned by Hungary to Rumania.
• It was also required to pay reparation and was disarmed.
• Hungary has to pay 300 million dollars in reparations. A United States attempt to
reduce the reparations to 200 million dollars did not succeed. The reparations are
to be paid in cash, material and labor even.
• The Soviet Union will get 200 million dollars, Yugoslavia 70 million dollars and
Czechoslovakia 30 million dollars.

43. 5) Treaty with Finland
• Finland was deprived of several small territories which all went to the Soviet Union.
• Like other defeated powers, reparation was imposed upon Finland also.
• Its armed forces were considerably curtailed and limited.
• The frontiers, which Finland possessed before 1941, were recognized. Besides, she
agreed to pay $300,000,000 to Russia as compensation as well as to reduce her
armed forces. Finland wanted to reduce the reparations to $200,000,000.
• In the final debate, in which the treaty was approved, on October 14, the United
States sought unsuccessfully to reduce Finland's reparations on the ground that
such a huge sum from such a small country "would defeat reasonable and
legitimate recovery."
• Following the close of the Council meeting on December 6, the treaty was to be
signed and ratified by Finland, Soviet Russia and England early in February, 1947.

44. These five treaties gave maximum
advantage to the Soviet Union. Another
country, which gained sufficient
territory, power and prestige, was
Yugoslavia who became the most
powerful nation in the Balkans and a
rival of Italy after these treaties.

45. Peace Treaty with Japan:-
• In 1947 the United States placed before the Commission a proposal on
Peace Treaty with Japan.
• The countries of the British Commonwealth supported the proposal.
But, opposing it Russia proposed that it was desirable to conclude a
peace treaty with Japan by four powers i.e., the U.S.A., Britain, Russia
and China in the same way as in western Europe the peace treaties
were concluded with the defeated countries by the ‘Big four’.
• The Chinese proposal that the Far Eastern Advisory Commission
would prepare that draft of the peace treaty with the consent of the Big
Four was also not acceptable either to the U.S.A. or to Russia.
• Hence the signing of a peace treaty with Japan was delayed.

46. Japan Continue....
• But, in the meantime communist aggression in Korea made the United States determined to
restore peace as soon as in the-Far East.
• In the middle of 1950 by sending a note to the states interested in the Far East US proposed that
Japan should recognize the independence of Korea; Riukiu and the Kenin islands should be
placed under the Trusteeship of the UN; the future of Formosa, Pescadores, and South Sakhalin
should be determined by the United States, Britain, Russia and China and the Allied states should
collect their reparation from the Japanese properties left in their own territories.
• These proposals of the United States were criticized by Russia and those states interested in the
Far Eastern policies.
• In July 1951 the draft of the peace treaty with Japan was prepared and it was sent to 51 states. By
way of amendments to this draft India proposed that Riukiu and the Kenin islands should be
preserve by Japan, Formosa should go to China and all foreign troops should be withdrawn from
Japan.
• Though these proposals were not included in the treaty, in the original draft certain amendments
were made.
• In September 1951, 49 states signing at San Francisco on September 8; the Soviet Union,
Czechoslovakia, and Poland denounced the pact. No representative from China, India and Burma
participated. On September 8, 1951, a peace treaty with 27 articles was signed with Japan.

47. Peace Treaty between USA and Japan:
• Following the general Japanese Peace Treaty in September, USA concluded
the last of its Pacific defense arrangements, a security pact with Japan,
signed five hours after the multilateral peace convention, on September 8.
• The action was stated to be necessary because Japan, in the language of
the security pact, "will not have effective means to exercise its
inherent right of self-defense because it has been disarmed" and
"irresponsible militarism" is still out of control.
• Exercising Japan's peace treaty right to make defensive arrangements,
Japan desired the United States to maintain "armed forces of its own in
and about Japan so as to prevent attack upon Japan."

48. USA and Japan continue.....
• Article I of the Treaty provided for U.S. forces in Japan, both for its defense of the Far
East and for the possible suppression of internal disturbances "caused through
instigation or intervention by an outside power or powers."
• Article II gave to the United States exclusive use of the defense privileges.
• Article III provided for supplementary regulation of the U.S. forces "in and about
Japan" by administrative agreements.
• Article IV governed the duration of the agreement, to expire when both governments
believe that alternative U.N., individual, or collective arrangements assure peace in the area.
• An exchange of notes of the same date continued the use of Japanese facilities by the U.N.
forces in Korea
• Thus Japan was reduced to the position of a supporter and a protectorate of the USA.
• In 1960, another new treaty was concluded between Japan and the USA whereby all kinds
of U.S. authority in Japan came to an end and Japan got back her complete sovereignty.
• But the US Army stations in Japan were continued one to another way until now due to the
Korean problems

49. Any Questions?
!! Thank You !!