By ABNET MENGESHA DUBE AAU AAIT BCE 2nd year

1. Simple and fractional distillation
Objective: the purposeof this experimentis
 To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids(liquids
that mix in all proportions)with differentboiling point
 To comparethe simple distillation versusfractional
distillation for separation of a mixtureof water and
ethanol
 To illustrate how two liquid can be separated by simple
and fractional distillation
 The temperatureas a function of the number of drops
will be recorded along with boiling pointversusthe
number of dropsdistilled
 Analysisof the Data Collected
 Plotting the graph of temperaturevs volume
Theory:
Distillation is a technique often used to purify aliquid, or separate liquid
componentsof a mixture. Essentially, it is the processof convertinga liquid
(called the distilland)to vapor by heating it to the boiling pointand
condensingthe vapor back to a liquid (called the distillate). If applied to a
mixtureof liquids, the vapor (and thus the distillate) will be enriched in the
morevolatile componentin the early part of the distillation. If the
componentsof the mixturehave sufficiently differentboiling points, they can
be separated by distillation.
There are two typesof common distillation
1.simpledistillation
2.fractionaldistillation

2. 1. Simple distillation: is the process used to purify liquidsby bringing them
to their boiling point, and then collecting and condensingback to liquid.
: is carried out usinga distilling flask to which a thermometer is fitted by
meansof a cork or a ground glass joint .simpledistillation is usefulwhen only
a small amountof impurity ispresentor when the liquids to be separated
have widely differentboiling points.
2.Fractional distillation: isthe process of heating up a mixture containing
differentsubstances with differentboiling point.
: is a separation of a liquid mixture into fractionsdifferingin boiling point
(and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically usinga
fractionating column
: Vapors from a boiling solution are passed along a column. The temperature
of the column gradually decreasesalongits length. Componentswith a higher
boiling points condenseon the column and return to the solution; components
with a lower boiling points passthrough the column and are collected.
Material
Simple distillation fractional distillation
1. contaminated 50 ml of ethanol 1. Condenser& measuring cylinder
2.thermometer 2. Water bath
3.collection flask and measuringcylinder 3. thermometer
4.water bath 4.50 ml of water and 50 ml of ethanol
5 condenser 5.pen and note book
6.boiling chips 6.Fractionalcolumn and
7.adapter 7.boilingchips
8.pen and notebook 8.glass bud

3. Procedure
Simpledistillation
1. The water bath was prepared
2 50 mlof contaminated ethanol wasmeasured usingmeasuringcylinder
3. the measured contaminated ethanol was placed in to water bath
4. boiling chips was added to vaporizeonly the component that needs to be
distilled
5.the thermometer was placed to record the temperature
6.the distillate was collected in collection flask and recorded the boiling point
after every 5 ml
Fractional distillation
1. The water bath was prepared
2 50 mlof ethanol and 50 ml of water weremeasured usingmeasuring
cylinder
3. the measured contaminated ethanol was placed in to water bath
4. boiling chips was added to vaporizeonly the component that needs to be
distilled
5.the thermometer was placed to record the temperature
6.the distillate was collected in collection flask and recorded the boiling point
after every 5 ml
data
The distillation for our simple and fractional distillation clearly demonstrate that
simple and fractional distillation separates the two compounds more completely.
The boiling point and volume is shown below

4. volume Simple distillation Fractional distillation
0 ml(initial) 50 ºC 55 ºC
5 ml 72 ºC
10 ml 72 ºC 72 ºC
15 ml 72 ºC
20 ml 72 ºC 72 ºC
25 ml 72 ºC
graph
Result
 From the above graph we have observed that from 0 ml to 5 ml
the temperature wasincreased from 50 ºC -72 ºC. After 5 ml to 25
ml the temperature was constant.

5. Result
 From the above graph we have observed that from 0 ml to10 ml
the temperaturewasincreased from 55 ºC -72 ºC. After 10 ml to
20 ml the temperature was constant.
Conclusion
 Weutilized two methods of distillation (simple and fractional) to
separate a mixture of two volatile compounds. Wefound thatwhile the
simpledistillation separated the majority of the two compoundsnear
the beginningand the end of the distilling process, fractional distillation
produced muchmorepurefractions. In simple distillation the column
was shorter, allowingless room for the two differentcompoundsto fully
separate.

6. Simple distillation
Fractional
distillation
Advantages
 simpler setup than
fractional
 faster distillation
times
 consumes less
energy than fractional
distillation
 much better
separation
between
liquids than
simple
distillation
 can more
readily purify
complex
mixtures than
simple
distillation
Disadvantages
 requires the liquids to
have large boiling
point differences
(>70oC)
 gives poorer
separation than
fractional distillation
 only works well with
relatively pure liquids
 more
complicated
setup than
simple
distillation
 takes longer
for liquids to
distill
 consumes
more energy
than simple
distillation
Best used for:
separating relatively pure
liquids with large boiling
differences or liquids with
solid impurities
separating complex
mixtures of liquids
with smaller boiling
point separations.