geographical case study its awesome enjoy !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! And please comment if i have missed anything

2. No Name Pg no
01 Introduction 03
02 Explanation 04
03 Bibliography 23

3. Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of
the Australian continent and nearby islands. Recent
findings indicate that Indigenous Australians are
probably descendants of the first modern humans to
migrate out of Africa. They migrated
from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago and
arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago.
The Torres Strait Islanders are indigenous to the
Torres Strait Islands, which are at the northernmost
tip of Queensland near Papua New Guinea.

4. The earliest definite human remains found to date are
those of Mungo Man, which have been dated at
about 40,000 years old (although comparison of the
mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern
Aborigines indicate Mungo Man is unrelated to
Australian Aborigines).

5. Although there were over 250–300 spoken languages
with 600 dialects at the start of European settlement,
fewer than 200 of these remain in use, and all but 20
are considered to be endangered. Aboriginal people
today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases
and words being added to create Australian
Aboriginal English..

6. The population of Indigenous Australians at the time
of permanent European settlement has been
estimated at between 318,000 and 1,000,000 with the
distribution being similar to that of the current
Australian population, with the majority living in the
south-east, centred along the Murray River
.

7. However, the time of arrival of the ancestors of
Indigenous Australians is a matter of debate among
researchers, with estimates dating back as far as
125,000 years ago.
There is great diversity among different Indigenous
communities and societies in Australia, each with its
own unique mixture of cultures, customs and
languages

8. Though Indigenous Australians are seen as being
broadly related as part of what has been called
the Australoid race, there are significant
differences in social, cultural and linguistic
customs between the various Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander groups.
The word aboriginal has been in the English language
since at least the 16th century, to mean, "first or
earliest known, indigenous".

9. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun
and Aboriginal the adjectival form; however the
latter is often also employed to stand as a noun.
Use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to
individuals has acquired negative connotations in
some sectors of the community, and it is
generally regarded as insensitive and even
offensive .

10. The term Indigenous Australians, which also
includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found
increasing acceptance, particularly since the
1980s.
The more acceptable and correct expression
is Aboriginal Australians orAboriginal people.
The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many
regional groups that often identify under names from
local Indigenous languages

11. These larger groups may be further subdivided; for
example, Anangu (meaning a person from Australia's
central desert region) recognises localised
subdivisions such as
Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja a
nd Antikirinya.[ It is estimated that prior to the arrival
of British settlers, the population of Indigenous
Australians was approximately 318,000–750,000
across the continent.

12. Indigenous Australians identify themselves as
having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal
heritage.
The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100
islands which were annexed by Queensland in
1879. Many Indigenous organisations incorporate
the phrase

13. Eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the
Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of
1992 involved.
"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander" to highlight
the distinctiveness and importance of Torres
Strait Islanders in Australia's Indigenous
population.

14. The term "blacks" has been used to
refer to Indigenous Australians since
European settlement.While originally
related to skin colour, the term is used
today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or
culture in general and refers to people
of any skin pigmentation.

15. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such
as Gary Foley proudly embraced the term "black",
and writer Kevin Gilbert's ground-breaking book
from the time was entitled Living Black. The book
included interviews with several members of the
Aboriginal community including Robert
Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary
Aboriginal culture.

16. Most groups of indigenous Australians are now
extinct . Each of these groups had about thirty people
that were further divided into classes and sections.
Each group had elders who laid strict rules of conduct.
A group was identified by its totem (symbol) , which
was usually a plant or an animal. It played an
important role in strengthening social unity.

17. The Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and
cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The
eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related
to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, and speak
a Papuan language. Accordingly, they are not
generally included under the designation "Aboriginal
Australians.

18. " This has been another factor in the promotion of the
more inclusive term "Indigenous Australians". Six
percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves
fully as Torres Strait Islanders. A further 4% of
Indigenous Australians identify themselves as
having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal
heritage.

19. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100
islands which were annexed by Queensland in
1879.
Many Indigenous organisations incorporate the
phrase "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander" to
highlight the distinctiveness and importance of
Torres Strait Islanders in Australia's Indigenous
population.

20. Eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the
Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of
1992 involved.
The term "blacks" has been used to refer to
Indigenous Australians since European
settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the
term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or
culture in general and refers to people of any skin
pigmentation .

21. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary
Foley proudly embraced the term "black", and
writer Kevin Gilbert's ground-breaking book from the
time was entitled Living Black.
The book included interviews with several
members of the Aboriginal community
including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on
contemporary Aboriginal culture.

22. Artwork depicting the first contact that was made
with the Gweagal Aboriginal people and Captain
James Cook and his crew on the shores of
theKurnell Peninsula, New South Wales
Most scholars date the arrival of humans in
Australia at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a
possible range of up to 125,000 years ago.

23. The earliest anatomically modern human remains
found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those
of Mungo Man which have been dated at 42,000
years old. The initial comparison of the mitochondrial
DNA from the skeleton known as Lake Mungo 3 (LM3)
with that of ancient and modern Aborigines indicated
that Mungo Man is not related to Australian
Aborigines.