8. Introduction
• Microbiology - micros/bios/logos
• History
• Branches
• Application
• Microscopy
• Units of measurements
9. History-self check
(How many do you know?)
• Fracastorius • Lister, J.
• Leeuwenhoek A. • Jenner, E.
• Needham , J • Koch, R.
• Spallanzani,L. • Iwanowski, D.
• Tyndall, J. • Ehrlich, P.
• Flemming, A. • Pasteur, L.
15. Development of microscopy:
• Aristotle (384-322) and others believed that
living organisms could develop from non-
living materials.
• 1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch
lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube
to produce the first compound microscope.
• 1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published
"Micrographia", containing drawings and
detailed observations of biological materials
made with the best compound microscope
and illumination system of the time.
16. • 1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-
1723) was the first person to observe
microorganisms.
• 1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
pioneered developments in microscopy
(such as immersion lenses and
apochromatic lenses which reduce
chromatic aberration) which perist until
the present day.
• 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the first
electron microscope
17. Spontaneous generation controversy
• John Needham – English scientist who theorized
that life comes from non life demonstrated by
maggots developing on a piece of rotting meat
• 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an
Italian physician who refuted the idea of
spontaneous generation by showing that
rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not
spontaneously produce maggots.
18. • 1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
helped develop the cell theory of
living organisms, namely that that all
living organisms are composed of
one or more cells and that the cell is
the basic functional unit of living
organisms.
• 1861: Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895)
famous experiments with swan-
necked flasks finally proved that
microorganisms do not arise by
spontaneous generation.
19. • This eventually led to:
Development of sterilization
Development of aseptic technique
20. Proof that microbes cause disease
• 1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo
Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion" ("De
contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione"),
the the first known discussion of the phenomenon
of contagious infection.
• 1835 Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a
disease affecting silkworms was caused by a
fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized
as a contagious agent of animal disease
21. • 1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865),
a Hungarian physician who decided that
doctors in Vienna hospitals were
spreading childbed fever while
delivering babies. He started forcing
doctors under his supervision to wash
their hands before touching patients.
• 1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the
"germ theory" of disease.
22. • 1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced
antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid
on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings,
he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial
infection considerably
• 1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German
bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax
bacteria outside the body using blood serum at
body temperature. Building on pasteur's "germ
theory", he subsequently published "Koch's
postulates" (1884), the critical test for the
involvement of a microorganism in a disease:
23. – The agent must be present in every case of the
disease.
– The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro.
– The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture
of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host.
– The agent must be recoverable from the
experimentally-infected host
• This eventually led to:
– Development of pure culture techniques
– Stains
– Agar & culture media
– petri dishes
28. • 1890 – Von Berring – Diphtheria antitoxin
• 1890 - Ehrlich – Theory of Immunity
• 1892 – Winogradsky – sulfur Cycle
• 1898 – Shiga – Shigella dysenteriae
• 1910 – Chaga – Trypanosoma cruzi
• 1910 – Ehrlich – Syphilis
Golden age of Microbiology is so named
because numerous discoveries during this
period led to the establishment of microbiology
as a science.
40. Career opportunities
• Research • Supervisor/lab
associate manager
• Food , industrial & • Instructor/
environmental Professor
tech. • Scientist
• Clinical & medical • Research Director
• Medical • Consultant
technologist • Infectious disease
• Veterinary specialist
microbiologist
41. Trivia: What is the origin of the
caduceus?
??? ???
?? ???
Ano daw?!?
42. The caduceus, symbol of the medical
profession, was designed from the procedure
for removing parasitic guinea worm
(Dracunculus medinensis)
43. What’s new?
• WNE – West Nile Encephalitis – 1999
– 3559 cases in 35 states of USA
• BSE – Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
– Mad cow disease – 1996
• CJD – Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease - 2002
– Caused by prion in bovine– UK 138 cases human
• E. coli O157:H7 – 1996
– 2000 cases Japan
44. • IGAS – Invasive Group A streptococcus
– 1995 – flesh eating bacteria
• EHF – Ebola hemorrhagic Fever – 1995
– 315 cases – 75% mortality
– 1996 – monkeys from RP to USA (+)
• HPS– Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome – 1993
• SARS – ( I think you have heard?)
• H1N1, H5N1 – New Bird Flu strains
45. And the latest . . . .
• Influenza AH1N1
• 4 viral strands : 2 bovine, 1 avian, 1 human
• Variant strain of the old influenza virus that killed
25 million in Europe
• Originated from Mexico
• Mortality rate is high if untreated
• There is a cure and highly treatable
48. What’s the latest?
• DIC – Differential Interference Contrast
– Uses differences in refractive indexes to produce
image
– Uses 2 beams of light separated by prisms, the
specimen appears colored as a result of the prism
effect. No staining required.
• Confocal – uses LASER light to illuminate 1
plane of the specimen at a time
49. Scanned probe
• Scanning tunneling
– Uses a thin metal probe to scan a specimen and
produce an image revealing the bumps and
depressions of the atoms on the surface of the
specimen. Resolution is greater than the EM and
no special preparation required.
• Atomic force
– Uses metal & diamond probe gently force down
the surface of the specimen to produce a 3D
image without any special preparation.
