This ppt will help students to know about patient educaation,communication with patient,radiation protection and about consent

1. PATIENT EDUCATION
MUNTAZIR ALTAF ZARGAR
BSC RADIOLOGY, AADESH MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

2. Brief Overview
 Patient education can be defined as the process of influencing patient behavior and producing
the changes in knowledge, attitudes and skills necessary to maintain or improve health. The
Latin origin of the word doctor,“docere,” means “to teach,” and the education of patients and
their families, as well as communities, is the responsibility of all physicians. Family physicians
are uniquely suited to take a leadership role in patient education. Family physicians build long-
term, trusting relationships with patients, providing opportunities to encourage and reinforce
changes in health behavior. Patient education is, therefore, an essential component of
residency training for family physicians.
 Patient education is critically important because it is clear that the leading causes of death in
the United States (i.e., heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease and injuries) are closely
associated with unhealthy lifestyles. There is also strong evidence to suggest that counseling
and patient education provide substantial benefits. Providing patients with complete and
current information helps create an atmosphere of trust, enhances the doctor-patient
relationship and empowers patients to participate in their own health care. Effective patient
education also ensures that patients have sufficient information and understanding to make
informed decisions regarding their care.

3. More to it…
 These include ascertaining patients' educational needs, identifying barriers to learning, counseling
concisely, evaluating and utilizing written, audiovisual and computer-based patient education
materials, and incorporating education into routine office visits.

4. Benefits
 Benefits of Patient Education:
 Above are the two main reasons why education tools in healthcare are crucial, but now we will dive into the other benefits patient
education provides. The following are benefits that the provider will see…
• Less prescription abandonment due to understanding why the medication is crucial to recovery.
• More follow through with treatment plans due to understanding of the disease/illness.
• Patient education leads to better patient satisfaction with providers and their overall care.
• Educational plans can reduce provider’s liability.
• An increase is compliance of treatment plans can lead to an overall reduced cost for patients.
 Patient education makes all of the difference. Inevitably, it can mean the difference between a patient participating in their care plan and
letting it go by the way side. Introducing patient education tools into your practice can lead to improved health outcomes. What’s
stopping your practice from taking the leap, or, how does your practice do this now?

5.  Incorporate the multiple determinants of health when providing care.Be culturally
sensitive and be open to a diverse society.
 Use technology appropriately and effectively.Be current in the field and continue
to advance education.There are many areas where patient education can improve
the outcomes of treatment.

6.  or example, in patients with amputations, patient education has been shown to be
effective when approached from all angles by the healthcare team (nurse, primary
care physician, prosthetist, physical therapist, occupational therapist etc.). Support
groups have been shown to be a helpful method for dealing with depression in
this population. Preoperative patient education helped patients with their
decision-making process by informing them of factors related to pain, limb loss,
and functional restriction faced after amputation.

7.  he case of arthritis, patient education was found to be administered through three
methods, including individual face to face meetings with healthcare professionals,
patient groups, online support programs. Category I evidence was found for
individual, face to face counselling. Meeting with rheumatologists, occupational
therapists, physical therapists, nurses, and other healthcare providers was found to
be effective in creating adherence to treatment, medication, and for improving
overall patient health.In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, patient education has
been shown as an effective non-pharmacological treatment. It is recommended
that patient education should be the

8.  start point and underpin all self-management interventions.[14][4]The role of
patient organizations in providing support and structured guidance for people
with arthritis is widely valued by professionals and patients.[16]It is important to
consider patient factors that may help improve outcomes of patient education
patient. These are patient activation, illness perceptions, anxiety, participants’
knowledge about their condition, engagement with routine check-ups and
positive health behaviours. These factors may be also be targets for
patient education.

9. Explanation of examination
Clinical examination comprises three components:
the history
the examination, and
The explanation
t, where the doctor discusses the nature and implications of the clinical findings. A
patient seeks medical help for three main reasons: diagnostic purposes, treatment or
reassurance, or a combination of these factors.
The foundation of the patient–doctor relationship is largely based on establishing a
good rapport during the history-taking and the examination.

10.  The clinical examination is preceded by the taking of the patient's history. History-
taking provides essential information about the possible aetiology of the disease.
It is the most important part of the clinical assessment, during which the following
information is obtained about the patient: age, gender, race, occupation,
handedness, history of the present complaint, past medical history (including past
and/or present drug treatment), family history and social history. For example, the
temporal evolution of the problems that the patient is experiencing provides
important clues as to their nature.

11.  An acute onset is characteristic of trauma or a major vascular accident. A
development over days may suggest an inflammatory component. Neoplasms
develop in general over months or years. Neurological problems resulting from an
immune mechanism, such as multiple sclerosis, also have an evolution over
months and years, with a pattern of relapse and remission. Neurodegenerative
diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, motor neurone disease or Alzheimer's
disease, develop inexorably over years. In some cases, if the patient presents with
an impaired state of consciousness, either transient (seizures) or chronic
(dementia), a complete history of the patient's problems will require involving
others, such as relatives, carers or the general practitioner. Psychiatric histories are
often more detailed, as more detail is needed about the patient's personal life,
family and social background.

12. Physical examination
 Physical examination During a physical examination, a health care provider studies
your body to determine if you do or do not have a physical problem.
 A physical examination usually includes:Inspection (looking at the body
 )Palpation (feeling the body with fingers or hands)
 Auscultation (listening to sounds)
 Percussion (producing sounds, usually by tapping on specific areas of the body)

13. Radiation Protection
 Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful
effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this".[1] Exposure
can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal
irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
 ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant
health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main
categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue"
effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening,
conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome.
For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced
cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening,
conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.

14.  Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using
the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of
exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of
radiation should be maximised, and the source or the target shielded wherever
possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency
exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal
dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay
techniques are applied.

15.  For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Commission
on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units
and Measurements (ICRU) publish recommendations and data which is used to
calculate the biological effects on the human body of certain levels of radiation,
and thereby advise acceptable dose uptake limits.

16.  Communicating with patients
 Patient education allows patients to play a bigger role in their own care. It also aligns
with patient- and family-centered care.To be effective, patient education needs to be
more than instructions and information. Teachers and health care providers need to be
able to assess patient needs and communicate clearly.
 The success of patient education depends largely on how well you assess your patient
 NeedsConcernsReadiness to learnPreferencesSupportBarriers and limitations (such as
physical and mental capacity, and low health literacy or numeracy)Often, the first step is
to find out what the patient already knows. Use these guidelines to do a thorough
assessment before starting patient education:

17. Fundamental Principles of radiological
Protection
 Justification
 Any decision that alters the radiation exposure situation should do more good
than harm”
 Optimisation of Protection
 “Doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account
economic and societal factors”
 Dose Limitation
 “The total dose to any individual … should not exceed the appropriate limits”

18.  The guiding principle of radiation safety is “ALARA”. ALARA stands for “as low as
reasonably achievable”. ALARA means avoiding exposure to radiation that does not have
a direct benefit to you, even if the dose is small.

19. For reducing radiation exposure, there are 3
principals: time, distance, and shielding.
 Time
Radiation exposure can be accumulated over the time of exposure. In C-arm
fluoroscopy guided interventions, the time spent checking the C-arm fluoroscopy is
related to the radiation exposure. The longer the exposure time, the more radiation
exposure to the pain physician. Therefore, it is important to reduce the usage time of
C-arm fluoroscopy [2,3]. For reducing the usage time, the physician has to improve
his skill in intervention and the radiographer has to check the X-ray at the correct
location, and at the right moment without blurred image

20.  Distance
A greater distance from the radiation source can reduce radiation exposure. The
amount of radiation exposure is not inversely proportional to the distance from the
radiation source, but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance [2,4]. This
means that double the distance from the radiation source can reduce the radiation
exposure not to 1/2 but to 1/4. Therefore, maintaining a greater distance from the X-
ray generator is a very effective method for radiation safety. In a previous study of
radiographers, two steps behind the mobile support structure can decrease the
exposure of the radiographer by about 80% [4]. In another study, being only 20 cm
farther from the center of the X-ray field can decrease

21.  Shielding
There are many shielding devices such as caps, lead glasses, thyroid protectors,
aprons, radiation reducing gloves, and so on, for radiation safety during C-arm
fluoroscopy-guided interventions. Even though the protective effect is enough for
radiation safety, no use of the devices cannot protect the physician from radiation. In
Korea, the use rate of the apron and thyroid protector by pain physicians is over 80%
[1,2,6]. However, the use rate of lead glasses was about 40%, and the use rate of
radiation reducing gloves was lower than 35% [1]. The radiation shielding devices are
expensive, and the use of shielding devices can be uncomfortable. However, when a
physician uses these devices, they can be protected from radiation exposure.

22. Why is radiation protection important
 Nowadays, a short walk under the hot sun requires one to carry an
umbrella or wear gloves until elbows to prevent the skin from getting
allergies or burns. Similarly, the radiation from medical devices has to be
contained to protect one from having a long-lasting impact on one’s
body. Ionizing radiation is extensively used in the field of medicine by
healthcare professionals for diagnosing various body ailments. The
exposure to harmful radiations like X-ray, gamma rays, beta rays, or
radiation from certain isotopes is therapeutic and at the same time
cancerous. The radiation has the ability to damage the cells in the body
resulting in the crumbling of tissues and organs

23. Importance of Radiation Protection
Accessories:
 The side effects of radiation can not be limited to acute skin
allergies or redness, radiation burns, or hair loss but also to
damaging the DNA of cells which has the capability to harm
the future generation too. Thereby, the usage of radiation
protection accessories like radiation protection shields,
aprons, gloves, and eye wear comes to the rescue.
accessories like radiation protection shields, aprons,
gloves, and eye wear comes to the rescue.

24. Radiation Protection Aprons:
Any part of a human’s body can get exposed to ionizing radiation while medical
imaging and it is crucial to shield the whole body. A well-fitted radiation
protection apron guards the body of both the patient and the medical
practitioner from the scatter of radioactive elements in the imaging room.
Radiation Protection Gloves:
The hands of the physical examiner have more chances of getting exposed to
radiation while performing X-ray fluoroscopy or working under any other
imaging environment. The usage of lead free gloves restrict the entry of radiation
into the skin.

25. Radiation Protection Eyewear:
The most important part of the body that has to be cherished for a long period of
time is the eyes. The eyes are one of the most vulnerable and sensitive parts that can
become easy predators to radiation beams. Finely designed European glasses can
absorb 99% of the radiation while the molded framed glasses can be worn for long
hours.
Radiation Protection Shields:
Radiation protection shields are best at protecting the sensitive parts of the human
body. Kiran’s range of radiation protection head shields, gonad shields, patient
shields, and the ovarian shields are designed with ergonomic safety features to
safeguard one from scattered radiation.

26. Pregnancy and Radiation Protection :
Pregnant women are usually advised not to go through radiation, since the beam has
the power to harm the fetus inside the womb. If necessary, the beam restricting
radiation protection devices can be used to reduce the impact of radiation on
a pregnant woman.

27. Handling pf radiation protection device
 Vast usage of radiation protection devices like eye wear, disposable gloves, aprons, and skirt
vests requires proper handling and storage for safety and better usage. The mishandling of
radiation protection devices might also increase the risk of the exposure to ionizing
radiation. Awareness on the usage, storage, and the safety of radiation protection devices
saves one from any unforeseen disasters.The radiation protection aprons must not be folded
as it might develop cracks that allow the radiation beams inside the body. It is better to hang
the apron in a hanger for a long shelf life. A small crack or tear on the apron requires an
immediate replacement.The eye glasses require a wash with warm water to remove dirt and
debris from the glasses. The glasses must be cleaned gently with a microfiber cloth to
prevent scratches. The glasses must be stored in their respective cases and must be frequently
checked for damages.Ionizing radiation has helped the medical community provide efficient
healthcare services. At the same time, healthcare professionals are also cautious about the
safety of patients from the radiation beams, knowing the impact it would have on one.
Trivitron’s Kiran has a wide range of radiation protection products and storage systems to
ensure a safe working environment that promotes well-being of the whole community.

28.  What is consent?
 Consent is a voluntary, enthusiastic, and clear agreement between the
participants to engage in specific sexual activity. Period.
 There is no room for different views on what consent is. People incapacitated by
drugs or alcohol cannot consent.
 If clear, voluntary, coherent, and ongoing consent is not given by all participants,
it’s sexual assault. There’s no room for ambiguity or assumptions when it comes
to consent, and there aren’t different rules for people who’ve hooked up before.
 Nonconsensual sex is rape.

29. INFOMED CONSENT
 Informed consent is a process of communication between you and your
health care provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care,
treatment, or services. Every patient has the right to get information and
ask questions before procedures and treatments. If adult patients are
mentally able to make their own decisions, medical care cannot begin
unless they give informed consent. The informed consent process makes
sure that your health care provider has given you information about your
condition along with testing and treatment options before you
decide what to do.

30.  This information can include
 The name of your condition
 The name of the procedure or treatment that the health care provider
recommends
Risks and benefits of the treatment or procedure Risks and benefits of other options,
including not getting the treatment or procedure.

31.  Signing informed consent means You have received all the information about your
treatment options from your health care provider.You understand the information
and you have had a chance to ask questions.You use this information to decide if
you want to receive the recommended treatment option(s) that have been
explained to you. Sometimes, you may choose to receive only part of the
recommended care. Talk to your health care provider about your options.If you
agree to receive all or some of the treatment options, you give your consent
(agree) by signing a consent form. The completed and signed form is a legal
document that lets your doctor go ahead with the treatment plan.

32. Why do I have to sign a consent form
 The main purpose of the informed consent process is to protect the patient. A consent
form is a legal document that ensures an ongoing communication process between
you and your health care provider. It implies that your health care provider has given
you information about your condition and treatment options and that you have used
this information to choose the option that you feel is right for you.The way in which
your treatment options must be given to you (for example, verbally or in writing) may
be listed in your state's laws. Your health care provider works with you to figure out the
best way to give you the information you need. The provider may choose to use
methods other than a verbal discussion or a written document, such as videos,
interactive computer modules, audio files or other methods to help you understand
the information better. Be sure you understand all the information given, even if it
means going over it many times or asking your provider to explain it in different ways.

33. Can I change my mind after I've signed
the consent
 yes you can change your mind at any time, even if you have already started treatment. Let your health
care provider know of your wishes.
 What types of procedures need informed consent?
 The following scenarios require informed consent:
• most surgeries
• blood transfusions
• anesthesia
• radiation
• chemotherapy
• some advanced medical tests, like a biopsy
• most vaccinations
• some blood tests, like HIV testing

34. Can others sign a consent form on
your behalf?
 In some cases, another person can sign a consent form for you. This is appropriate in
the following scenarios:
• You aren’t of legal age. In most states, if you’re younger than 18, a parent or
guardian will need to give consent on your behalf. But some states allow teens who
are emancipated, married, parents, or in the military to provide their own consent.
• You want someone else to make the decisions. If you’d like to let another person
make your future medical decisions, you can fill out a form called an advance
directive. This allows someone else to give consent on your behalf if you’re unable to.
• You can’t give consent. Another person can make your medical decisions if you can’t
provide consent. This may happen if you’re in a coma, or have a condition like
advanced Alzheimer’s disease.

35.  How does informed consent differ from implied consent?
 Implied consent is a type of informed consent. This consent is suggested, or
implied, by the patient’s actions. It isn’t explicitly stated or written down.
 For example, if you have a fever and see a healthcare provider, your visit implies
that you want treatment. Another example is if you break an ankle and visit a
healthcare provider for crutches.
 Compared to informed consent, implied consent is less formal. It doesn’t need to
be legally

36. When is informed consent not required
 Informed consent isn’t always required in emergencies.
 In an emergency, your provider may look for your closest blood relatives for
consent. But if your relatives aren’t available, or if you’re in a life-threatening
situation, a healthcare provider can perform the necessary life-saving procedures
without consent.