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3. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE/SEPTEMBER
2009 VOLUME 14 / NUMBER 9
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çºâøººðëèéã íü àâàõ øààðäëàãàòàé.
5. About This Issue
Even as a new study, published by the journal Science, indicates that human activity-
generated emissions have reversed an Arctic cooling trend, leading to global warming
unmatched for 2,000 years, world leaders are negotiating an action framework to succeed
the Kyoto Protocol. This international agreement, aimed at stabilizing the greenhouse gas
emissions that accelerate global warming, will expire in 2012.
“We have reached a pivotal moment in the climate challenge, and what we decide to do now
will have a profound and lasting impact on our nation and our planet,” writes U.S. Special
Envoy for Climate Change Todd Stern in his introductory article.
In this eJournalUSA, experts from key nations around the world ponder the conditions
that climate change and global warming present in their regions. They discuss what is being
done within their countries to address climate change mitigation and adaptation and how
they envision mutually beneficial international partnerships. These issues will be considered
in-depth at the December 2009 meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark, of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 15th Conference of Parties (COP15).
The goal is a viable agreement that satisfies the nearly 200 countries concerned.
All of the countries profiled in this publication — Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Russia, and the United States — already feel the impact of
global warming. India is vulnerable to rising sea levels and extreme weather events, writes
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Chairman R. K. Pachauri, who discusses
India’s national action plan. IPCC adviser Jiahua Pan describes the ambitious measures China
ÓÃ ÀÑÓÓÄËÛÍ ÒÓÕÀÉÄ
Õ¿íèé ¿éë àæèëëàãààíààñ ¿¿äñýí ýëäýâ óðøèã Àðêòèêèéí ñýð¿¿ö¿¿ëýõ íºëººã
ñóëðóóëæ, 2000 æèëä áàéãààã¿é äýëõèéí äóëààðëû㠺人æ áàéãààã Science ñýòã¿¿ëä
íèéòëýãäñýí øèíý ñóäàëãàà õàðóóëæ áàéãàà áºãººä äýëõèéí òýðã¿¿ëýõ óäèðäàã÷ íàð
Êèîòîãèéí Ïðîòîêîëûã îðëîõ ¿éë àæèëëàãààíû õ¿ðýýíèé òóõàé õýëýëöýæ áàéíà. Äýëõèéí
äóëààðëûã ò¿ðãýòãýæ áàéãàà õ¿ëýìæèéí õèéí õàÿãäëûã ñààðìàãæóóëàõ çîðèëãî á¿õèé
îëîí óëñûí ýíýõ¿¿ õýëýëöýýðèéí õóãàöàà 2012 îíä äóóñàõ ó÷èðòàé.
Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí àñóóäàë õàðèóöñàí ÀÍÓ-ûí Òóñãàé ýë÷ Òîää Ñòåðí óäèðòãàë
ºã¿¿ëýëäýý: “Áèä óóð àìüñãàëûí ñîðèëòûí íýãýí ìàø ÷óõàë ìº÷èä òóëæ èðýýä áàéãàà
ó÷ðààñ îäîî áèäíèé ýíý òóõàéä þó õèéõ òàëààð ãàðãàõ øèéäâýð íü ìàíàé ¿íäýñòýí õèéãýýä
ìàíàé ãàðèãèéí õóâüä óðò óäààí õóãàöààíä ¿éë÷ëýõ ã¿í ã¿íçãèé íºëººòýé áàéõ áîëíî”
ãýæ áè÷ñýí áàéíà.
Ýíý öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ëä äýëõèéí ãîë ãîë îðíû ìýðãýæèëòí¿¿ä òýäíèé á¿ñ íóòàãò óóð
àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëò, äýëõèé äàõèíû äóëààðëààñ ¿¿äýæ áóé íºõöºë áàéäëûã öýãíýí ¿çýæ
áàéãàà áîëíî. Òýä íàð óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéã ñààðìàãæóóëàõ, ò¿¿íä äàñàí çîõèöîõ
òàëààð óëñ îðîíä íü þó õèéæ áàéãàà, ýíý ÷èãëýëèéí õàðèëöàí àøèãòàé îëîí óëñûí
õàìòûí àæèëëàãààã òýä õýðõýí òºñººëæ áàéãàà òàëààðàà ÿðüæ áàéíà. Ýäãýýð àñóóäëûã
Äàíè óëñûí Êîïåíãàãåí õîòíîî 2009 îíû àðâàí õî¸ðäóãààð ñàðä áîëîõ Óóð àìüñãàëûí
ººð÷ëºëòèéí àñóóäëààðõ îðîëöîã÷ òàëóóäûí 15 äóãààð Áàãà õóðëûí Íýãäñýí ¯íäýñòíèé
Áàéãóóëëàãûí Õ¿ðýý òîãòîîõ ×óóëãàí íàðèéí òîäîðõîé àâ÷ ¿çíý. Òóñ ×óóëãàí õîëáîãäîõ
áàðàã 200-ààä îðíû ñàíààíä íèéöýõ õýðýãæèõ¿éö õýëýëöýýð áîëîâñðóóëàõ çîðèëãîòîé.
Ýíý äóãààðò Áðàçèëü, Êàíàä, Õÿòàä, Ãåðìàí, Ýíýòõýã, Èíäîíåç, ßìàéê, Êåíè,
Îðîñ, Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñûí òóõàé ºã¿¿ëæ áàéãàà áºãººä ýäãýýð íü á¿ãäýýðýý
äýëõèéí äóëààðëûí íºëººã íýãýíò ìýäýð÷ áàéãàà îðíóóä þì. Ýíýòõýãèéí ¿íäýñíèé
¿éë àæèëëàãààíû òºëºâëºãººíèé òàëààð ÿðüæ áàéãàà Ð. Ê. Ïà÷àóðè (Óóð àìüñãàëûí
ººð÷ëºëòèéí àñóóäëààðõ çàñãèéí ãàçàð õîîðîíäûí Ǻâëºëèéí äàðãà) Ýíýòõýãò äàëàéí
7. U.S. Department of State / September 2009 / Volume 14 / Number 9
http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html
Climate Change Perspectives
Overview remedies from the perspective
of the Obama administration.
11 A Pivotal Opportunity
Todd Stern 16 The 21st-Century Challenge
The U.S. State Department’s Michael Specter
special envoy for climate change Climate change will define our
outlines challenges and possible future, and it is critical that effective
ÀÍÓ-ÛÍ ÒªÐÈÉÍ ÄÅÏÀÐÒÀÌÅÍÒ/2009, ÅCįÃÝÝÐ ÑÀÐlÄÝÂÒÝÐ 14/ÄÓÃÀÀÐ 9
http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html
Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí òºëºâ
Òîéì 16 21 ä¿ãýýð çóóíû ñîðèëò
Ìàéêë Ñïåêòåð
11 Ìàø ÷óõàë áîëîìæ
Òîää Ñòåðí Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëò áèäíèé
èðýýä¿éã òîäîðõîéëîõ ó÷ðààñ
ÀÍÓ-ûí Òºðèéí äåïàðòàìåíòèéí ýíýõ¿¿ ººð÷ëºëòººñ ¿¿äýæ áàéãàà
óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí íîöòîé ñîðèëòîä ä¿éñýí ¿ð
àñóóäàë õàðèóöñàí òóñãàé ýë÷ íºëººòýé îëîí óëñûí áîäëîãûã
ñîðèëò äóóäëàãà áîëîí øèéäýõ áàòëàæ ãàðãàõ íü íýí ÷óõàë þì.
àðãûã Îáàìàãèéí çàñàã çàõèðãààíû
¿¿äíýýñ òîéìëîí òîäîðõîéëæ áàéíà.
8. international policies be adopted to 32 The View from an
meet the urgent challenges it presents. Island: Jamaica
Critical Issues: An A. Anthony Chen
International Tour Islands are threatened by increasingly
severe storms, rising sea levels,
21 Overview on a Range of Threats and drought, according to this
Liana Anderson Jamaica-based climate scientist.
Deforestation and the impact of Addressing Climate Change
global warming and climate extremes 39
on public health and agriculture are Through Sustainable
explored by this Brazilian biologist. Development
Jiahua Pan
27 O Canada: How Good Chinese economist Jiahua Pan
It Could Be stresses the urgency of implementing
Zoë Caron sustainable development
A young Canadian environmental programs in China and discusses
activist surveys the climate measures taken to date.
change challenges in her country
and how Canadian provincial 46 Security Through Energy Policy:
governments are acting to reduce Germany at the Crossroads
greenhouse gas emissions. R. Andreas Kraemer
Although Germany is not as
vulnerable to the impact of climate
Íîöòîé àñóóäëóóä: ò¿âøèí, ãàí ãà÷èã çýðýã íü àðëóóäàä
Îëîí óëñûí àÿëàë àþóë çàíàë ó÷ðóóëæ áàéíà.
21 Àþóëûí öàð õ¿ðýýã òîéìëîõ íü 39 Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòºä
Ëèàíà Àíäåðñåí òîãòâîðòîé õºãæëèéã
Îéã¿éæèëò, äýëõèéí äóëààðàë áîëîí ñºðã¿¿ëýí òàâèõ íü
öàã óóðûí íîöòîé ¿çýãäë¿¿äèéí Æèàõóà Ïàí
õ¿í àìûí ýð¿¿ë ìýíä, õºäºº Õÿòàäûí ýäèéí çàñàã÷ Æèàõóà
àæ àõóéä ¿ç¿¿ëæ áóé íºëººã Ïàí Õÿòàäàä òîãòâîðòîé õºãæëèéí
Áðàçèëèéí ýíý áèîëîã÷ ñóäàëæýý. õºòºëáºðèéã õýðýãæ¿¿ëýõ
òóëãàìäñàí øààðäëàãûã îíöëîí
27 Êàíàä ìèíü äýý: Èíãýâýë öîõîæ, ºíºº õ¿ðòýë àâ÷ áàéãàà àðãà
õè÷íýýí ñàéõàí áàéõ ñàí áèëýý õýìæýýíèé òàëààð ºã¿¿ëæ áàéíà.
Çî¸ Êàðîí
Êàíàäûí áàéãàëü îð÷íû çàëóó 46 Ýð÷èì õ¿÷íèé áîäëîãîîð
èäýâõòýí óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòººñ àþóëã¿é áàéäëûã õàíãàõ íü:
òóñ îðîíä í¿¿ðëýæ áóé ñîðèëò áîëîí ÕÁÍÃÓ ñàëàà çàìûí áèë÷èðò
Êàíàäûí ìóæèéí çàñãèéí ãàçàð Ð. Àíäðåàñ Êðàèìåð
õ¿ëýìæèéí õèéí ¿ð äàãàâàðûã Ãåðìàí õýäèéãýýð áóñàä îëîí îðîí
áàãàñãàõ òàëààð õýðõýí àæèëëàæ øèã óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòºä
áàéãààã àâ÷ ¿çýæ áàéíà. àìàðõàí ºðòºìõèé áèø ÷ ãýñýí
ñýðãýýãäýõ ýð÷èì õ¿÷èéã ñóäëàõ,
32 Íýãýí àðëààñ õàðàãäàõ õºãæ¿¿ëýõ áîëîí í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí
áàéäàë: ßìàéê äýãäýõ õàÿãäëûã áàãàñãàõ
À. Àíòîíè ×õåí áîäëîãûã èäýâõòýé ÿâóóëäàã ãýæ
ßìàéêò ñóóðüøñàí ýíý óóð Áåðëèíèé Ýêîëîãèéí õ¿ðýýëýíãèéí
àìüñãàëûí ýðäýìòíèé ¿çëýýð áîë çàõèðàë áè÷èæ áàéíà.
óëàì á¿ð äîãøèð÷ áóé äàëàéí
øóóðãà, äýýøèëæ áóé äàëàéí
9. change as many countries, it poor, as extreme weather upsets
has actively pursued renewable agriculture and drives up food prices.
energy research and development
and carbon emissions reduction, 63 Strategies to Counter
writes the director of the Climate-Related Threats
Ecologic Institute, Berlin. to Kenya’s Economy
Richard Odingo
53 India’s Global Position Kenyan climate science expert and
on Climate Change IPCC Vice Chair Odingo examines
R. K. Pachauri climate-linked environmental
IPCC Chairman R. K. Pachauri conditions in Africa, which range
focuses on his home country, India, from severe drought to flooding.
and the impacts of climate change He says political will is an essential
that are already being felt there step toward effective remedies.
because of rising sea levels and severe
storms, and suggests what may be 68 Good Domestic Efforts,
done to address the situation. Underestimated Threat
Alexey Kokorin
58 Reducing Poverty While Russian climate expert Kokorin
Cutting Carbon Emissions evaluates the climate change impact
Harry Surjadi sustained by Russia, the likely
This Indonesian environmental future, and the steps the government
journalist’s chief concern is the is taking to adapt and mitigate the
impact of climate change on the
53 Óóð àìüñãàëûí 63 Êåíèéí ýäèéí çàñàãò
ººð÷ëºëòèéí àñóóäëààðõ ¿ç¿¿ëæ áóé óóð àìüñãàëûí
Ýíýòõýãèéí áàéð ñóóðü õîëáîãäîë á¿õèé àþóë
Ð. Ê. Ïà÷óðè çàíàëûã áàãàñãàõ ñòðàòåãè
Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí Ðè÷àðä Îäèíãî
àñóóäëààðõ çàñãèéí ãàçàð õîîðîíäûí Êåíèéí óóð àìüñãàëûí øèíæëýõ
Ǻâëºëèéí äàðãà Ð. Ê. Ïà÷óðè óõààíû øèíæýý÷ áºãººä Óóð
ººðèéí ýõ îðîí Ýíýòõýãèéã àâ÷ àìüñãàëûí àñóóäëààðõ çàñãèéí
¿çýõäýý äàëàéí ò¿âøèí äýýøèëæ ãàçàð õîîðîíäûí Ǻâëºëèéí äýä
áóé ¿çýãäýë, äîãøèí øèð¿¿í äàëàéí äàðãà Îäèíãî Àôðèêèéí óóð
øóóðãà çýðãýýð íýãýíò ìýäðýãäýýä àìüñãàëòàé õîëáîãäîë á¿õèé, óëààí
áàéãàà óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí ãàíãààñ èõ ¿åð õ¿ðòýë õýëáýëçäýã
íºëººíä àíõààðëàà òºâëºð¿¿ëýõèéí ýêîëîãèéí íºõöºë áàéäëûã àâ÷
õàìò íºõöºë áàéäëûã ãýòëýí ¿çýæ áàéíà. Òýðýýð ¿ð íºëººòýé
äàâàõûí òóëä þó õèéæ áîëîõ àðãà õýìæýý àâàõ çàìä óëñ òºðèéí
òàëààð ñàíàë äýâø¿¿ëæ áàéíà. õ¿ñýë çîðèã íýí ÷óõàë àëõàì
áàéõ ¸ñòîé ãýæ õýëæ áàéíà.
58 Í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí õèéã
áàãàñãàõûí õàìò ÿäóóðëûã 68 Äîòîîäûí ñàéí õ¿÷èí
áóóðóóëàõ íü ÷àðìàéëò, äóòóó
Õàððè Ñóðæàäè ¿íýëýãäñýí àþóë çàíàë
Áàéãàëü îð÷íû àñóóäëààð áè÷äýã Àëåêñåé Êîêîðèí
Èíäîíåçèéí ýíý ñýòã¿¿ë÷èéí Îðîñûí óóð àìüñãàëûí
ñàíààã çîâîîæ áàéãàà ãîë þì íü ìýðãýæèëòýí Êîêîðèí óóð
äîãøèí øèð¿¿í öàã óóð õºäºº àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòººñ Îðîñò
àæ àõóéã áóñíèóëæ, õ¿íñíèé òóñ÷ áóé íºëºº, ò¿¿íèé èðýýä¿éí
¿íý ºñºõºä õ¿ðãýäýã ó÷ðààñ óóð ìàãàä òºëºâ, ò¿¿í÷ëýí óã íºëººíä
àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëò íü ÿäóó ç¿ä¿¿ äàñàí çîõèöîõ, ñààðìàãæóóëàõ
áàéäàëä ¿ç¿¿ëæ áóé íºëºº àæýý. òàëààð çàñãèéí ãàçðààñ äîòîîääîî
10. effects domestically and in cooperation how it needs to adapt to become
with international partners. an effective instrument for global
climate policy collaboration.
74 International Youth: Fired
Up About Climate Change 84 Additional Resources
Richard Graves
An American entrepreneur and
activist writes that the generations
that will inherit the impacts of
climate change want environmental
leadership, responsible climate
policies, and green jobs.
Multilateral Cooperation
79 Is the United Nations Up
to the Challenge?
Bo Kjellén
An international environmental
policy expert and diplomat considers
the role of the United Nations and
áîëîí îëîí óëñûí ò¿íø¿¿äòýé áîëîõûí òóëä ÿàæ çîõèöîõ õýðýãòýé
õàìòðàí õýðýãæ¿¿ëæ áóé àðãà áàéãàà òàëààð àâ÷ ¿çýæ áàéíà.
õýìæýýã ¿íýëýæ ä¿ãíýæ áàéíà.
84 Íýìýëò ýõ ñóðâàëæóóä
74 Äýëõèéí çàëóó ¿åèéíõýí: Óóð
àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí òàëààð
Ðè÷àðä Ãðåéâñ
Àìåðèêèéí áèçíåñìåí áºãººä
èäýâõòýí óóð àìüñãàëûí
ººð÷ëºëòèéí íºëººã ºâëºæ àâàõ
õîé÷ ¿åèéíõýí áàéãàëü îð÷íû
óäèðäëàãà, óóð àìüñãàëûí
õàðèóöëàãàòàé áîäëîãî, íîãîîíòíû
¿¿ðýãò àæëûã õ¿ñ÷ áàéíà.
Îëîí òàëò õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà
79 Íýãäñýí ¯íäýñòíèé
Áàéãóóëëàãà ñîðèëòîä
õàðèó ºã÷ ÷àäàõ óó?
Áî Êæåëëåí
Îëîí óëñûí ýêîëîãèéí áîäëîãûí
øèíæýý÷ áºãººä äèïëîìàò÷ ͯÁ-ûí
ýíý ÷èãëýëèéí ¿¿ðýã áîëîí äýëõèéí
óóð àìüñãàëûí áîäëîãîîð õàìòðàí
àæèëëàõ ¿ð íºëººòýé õºø¿¿ðýã
11. Overview
A Pivotal Opportunity
Todd Stern
W
T odd Stern, special envoy for climate change e have reached a pivotal moment
at the U.S. State Department, is instrumental in the climate challenge, and what
in developing U.S. international policy on we decide to do now will have a
climate and is the administration’s chief profound and lasting impact on our nation
climate negotiator, representing the United and our planet.
States internationally at the ministerial level The science is clear. Arctic sea ice is
in all bilateral and multilateral negotiations. disappearing faster than expected. The
He has extensive experience in the public and Greenland Ice Sheet is steadily shrinking.
private sectors, in environmental and other The melting of permafrost in the tundra
global issues. raises the risk of a huge methane release.
Here Stern lays out the main challenges Sea levels now threaten to rise much higher
and important remedies relating to climate than previously anticipated. And water
change from the perspective of the Obama supplies are increasingly at risk with the
administration. melting of glaciers in Asia and the Western
Hemisphere.
Òîéì
Ìàø ÷óõàë áîëîìæ
Òîää Ñòåðí
Á
ÀÍÓ-ûí Òºðèéí Äåïàðòàìåíòèéí óóð èä óóð àìüñãàëûí ñîðèëòûí ìàø
àìüñãàëûí àñóóäàë õàðèóöñàí òóñãàé ÷óõàë ìº÷èä òóëæ èðýýä áàéãàà
ýë÷ Òîää Ñòåðí áîë óóð àìüñãàëûí ó÷ðààñ îäîî áèäíèé ýíý òóõàéä þó
àñóóäëààð ÀÍÓ-ûí îëîí óëñûí áîäëîãûã õèéõ òàëààð ãàðãàõ øèéäâýð íü ìàíàé
áîëîâñðóóëàõàä òýðã¿¿ëýõ ¿¿ðýãòýé, óã ¿íäýñòýí õèéãýýä ìàíàé ãàðèãèéí õóâüä
àñóóäëààð ÿðèà õýëýëöýý õèéäýã çàñãèéí óðò óäààí õóãàöààíä ¿éë÷ëýõ ã¿í ã¿íçãèé
ãàçðûí ãîë õ¿í áºãººä õî¸ð áîëîí îëîí íºëººòýé áàéõ áîëíî.
òàëûí ñàéäûí ò¿âøèíãèéí á¿õ ÿðèà Ìýäýæ áàéãàà ç¿éë ìààíü òîäîðõîé
õýëýëöýýíä ÀÍÓ-ûã òºëººëºí îðîëöäîã õ¿í. áàéíà. Õîéä ìºñºí äàëàéí ìºñ ñàíàñíààñ
Òýðýýð òºðèéí áîëîí õóâèéí õýâøëèéí ò¿ðãýí àëãà áîëæ áàéíà. Ãðèéíëàíäûí
ñàëáàðò, ìºí áàéãàëü îð÷èí áîëîí áóñàä ìºñºí õó÷ëàãà õýëáýðýëòã¿é áàãàñ÷ áàéíà.
äýëõèéí ÷àíàðòàé àñóóäëóóäààð ìàø Ò¿íäðèéí ìºíõ öýâäýã õàéëæ áàéãàà íü
áàÿëàã òóðøëàãàòàé. èõýýõýí õýìæýýíèé íàìãèéí õèé ãàðàõ
Ñòåðí ýíä óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí ýðñäëèéã áèé áîëãîæ áàéíà. Äàëàéí
õîëáîãäîëòîé ñîðèëòûí òàëààð, øèéäýõ ò¿âøèí óðüä÷èëàí òààìàãëàæ áàéñíààñ
ãîë àðãà çàìûí òàëààð Îáàìàãèéí çàñàã õàâüã¿é èõ äýýøëýõ àþóëòàé áàéíà. Àçè
çàõèðãààíû áàéð ñóóðèíààñ òàéëáàð õèéæ òèâ áîëîí áºìáºðöãèéí áàðóóí õýñýãò ìºñºí
áàéíà. ãîëóóä õàéëàõûí õèðýýð óñíû õàíãàìæ
óëàì á¿ð ýðñäýëòýé áîëæ áàéíà.
e Journal USA 11 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
13. confident that the United States can and will But action by the United States and other
take the lead in building the 21st-century developed nations is not enough. More than
clean energy economy. 80 percent of the future growth in emissions
In just eight months, the Obama will be from developing nations. There is
administration has dramatically shifted U.S. simply no way to preserve a safe and livable
policy on climate change and is leading by planet unless developing countries play a
example through robust action at home. The key role in the climate negotiations and
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act join us in taking collective action to meet
included more than $80 billion for clean this common challenge. It is not a matter of
energy investment. President Obama set politics or morality or right or wrong, but
a new policy to increase fuel economy and simply the unforgiving math of accumulating
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
pollution for all new cars Addressing climate
and trucks. And there
is a bill making its way Addressing climate change is an economic
opportunity, not a burden.
through Congress, the change is an economic The link between clean,
American Clean Energy sustainable energy and
and Security Act of 2009, opportunity, not a robust economic growth is
that would cut U.S. burden. the hallmark of the 21st-
carbon emissions from century global economy.
2005 levels by 17 percent With the right support,
in 2020 and 83 percent in developing countries can
2050. Óóð àìüñãàëûí leapfrog the dirtier phases
ººð÷ëºëòèéí õàðèóä of development and seize
àâàõ àðãà õýìæýý áîë
äàðàìò áèø õàðèí
ñýðãýýëò, øèíý÷èëñýí ýäèéí çàñãèéí íýãýí àðãà åð人 áàéõã¿é. Ýíý
õºðºí㺠îðóóëàëòûí áîëîìæ þì. áîë óëñ òºðèéí þì óó,
Òºëºâëºãººíä öýâýð ýñâýë ¸ñ ñóðòàõóóíû, ýñâýë
ýð÷èì õ¿÷íèé áóðóó çºâèéí ÷ þì óó
õºðºí㺠îðóóëàëòàä 80 òýðáóì ãàðóé òóõàé àñóóäàë áèø, åð人 ë õóðèìòàëæ
äîëëàð çîðèóëàõààð òóñãàñàí áàéãàà. áàéãàà õèéí õàÿãäëûí òóõàé ºðøººëã¿é
Åðºíõèéëºã÷ Îáàìà á¿õ òºðëèéí øèíý òîî áàðèìò þì.
ñóóäëûí áîëîí à÷ààíû ìàøèíä ò¿ëø Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí õàðèóä
õýìíýëòèéã íýìýãä¿¿ëýõ, õ¿ëýìæèéí àâàõ àðãà õýìæýý áîë äàðàìò áèø õàðèí
õèéãýýð áîõèðäóóëàõûã áàãàñãàõ áîäëîãî ýäèéí çàñãèéí íýãýí áîëîìæ þì. Öýâýð,
ãàðãàñàí áîëíî. Ò¿¿í÷ëýí 2009 îíû òîãòâîðòîé ýð÷èì õ¿÷, ýäèéí çàñãèéí
Àìåðèêèéí Öýâýð ýð÷èì õ¿÷ áà Àþóëã¿éí òóóøòàé ºñºëò õî¸ðûí õîëáîî íü 21 ä¿ãýýð
õóóëü ãýäýã òºñºë Êîíãðåññîîð óðàãøòàé çóóíû äýëõèé äàõèíû ýäèéí çàñãèéí
ÿâæ áàéíà. Ýíý õóóëèéí äàãóó ÀÍÓ-ûí îíöëîõ øèíæ ìºí. Ǻâ äýìæëýãòýé áîë
í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí õèéí õàÿãäëûí 2005 îíû õºãæèæ áàéãàà îðíóóä õºãæëèéíõºº
ò¿âøèí 2020 îíä 17 õóâèàð, 2050 îíä 83 õàìãèéí áîõèð ¿å øàòûã äàâàí ãàð÷ ÷àäàõ
õóâèàð òóñ òóñ áóóðíà. áºãººä øèíý, öýâýð ýð÷èì õ¿÷íèé ýõ
Ãýâ÷ ÀÍÓ áîëîí áóñàä ºíäºð õºãæèëòýé ¿¿ñâýðèéí ÷àäàìæààñ áàðüæ àâ÷ ÷àäíà. Ýíý
îðíóóäûí àâàõ àðãà õýìæýý àñóóäëûã áîë æèíõýíý èðýýä¿é.
øèéäýõýä á¿õýëäýý ÷àìëàãäàíà. Õàÿãäàë Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ îëîí óëñûí
õèéí èðýýä¿éí ºñºëòèéí 80 ãàðóé õóâü íü õàìòûí íèéãýìëýãèéã òàòàí îðîëöóóëàõûí
õºãæèæ áàéãàà îðíóóäàä îíîãäîíî. Óóð òóëä, õºãæèæ áàéãàà îðíóóäûã
àìüñãàëûí àñóóäëààðõ ÿðèà õýëýëöýýíä öààøäûí ¿éë àæèëëàãàà ÿâóóëàõàä íü
õºãæèæ áàéãàà îðíóóä íýí ÷óõàë ¿¿ðýã çîðèãæóóëàõûí òóëä îëîí ÷èãëýëòýé
ã¿éöýòãýýã¿é öàãò, ýíý íèéòýýðýíä ìààíü ñòðàòåãèéã áàðèìòàëæ áàéãàà þì.
í¿¿ðëýýä áàéãàà ñîðèëòîä õàðèó áîëîõ
õàìòûí àæèëëàãààíä òýä áèäýíòýé Íýãä¿ãýýðò, áèä Õ¿ðýý òîãòîîõ ÷óóëãàíû
íýãäýýã¿é áàéãàà öàãò àþóëã¿é, ñàéõàí ÿðèà õýëýëöýýíä á¿õ òàëûí ¿¿ðýãòýé
àìüäðàõ äýëõèé åðòºíöºº õàäãàëæ ¿ëäýõ îðîëöîæ áàéíà. Ìàíàé õýëýëöýýíèé
e Journal USA 13 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
14. the potential of new, clean energy sources. including mitigation, adaptation, technology,
This is the future. and finance, which will be a central focus in
The United States is pursuing a Copenhagen.
multipronged strategy to engage the Third, we are focusing on key bilateral
international community and encourage relationships. The administration has
developing countries to take further action. expanded efforts to strengthen the U.S.-
First, we are fully committed to the China relationship, and climate change is
Framework Convention negotiating process. an essential component of that dialogue.
Our negotiating team recently returned from I joined Secretary Clinton in February
its third trip to Bonn, and we will continue during her first trip to China, where she
to take part in the negotiating sessions elevated the climate change challenge to a
leading up to Copenhagen in December 2009. top priority. Secretary of Energy Steven
Chu and Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke
Second, we have established an invigorated delivered similar messages during subsequent
dialogue among 17 of the largest economies visits. Moreover, the State Department, in
— including China, India, Brazil, Mexico, conjunction with the Treasury Department,
South Korea, South Africa, and Indonesia recently hosted meetings of the Strategic
— through our Major Economies Forum and Economic Dialogue with China, where
on Energy and Climate, which met in July the two countries signed a memorandum of
at the leaders level in Italy immediately understanding on clean energy and climate.
following the G8 meeting. The forum Simply put, no global solution will be
presents a unique opportunity to hold possible if we don’t find a way forward with
candid discussions among the world’s major China. In addition, I traveled with Secretary
economies on a number of complex issues, Clinton to India and later alone to Brazil to
áàã ñàÿõàí Áîííä ãóðàâäàõü óäààãàà óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí àñóóäàë
î÷îîä èðëýý. 2009 îíû àðâàí õî¸ðäóãààð òóñ õî¸ð îðíû õîîðîíä ÿâæ áàéãàà ÿðèà
ñàðä Êîïåíãàãåíä õ¿ðãýõ á¿õèé ë ÿðèà õýëýëöýýíèé íýãýýõýí ÷óõàë ñýäýâ áîëæ
õýëýëöýýíä áèä ¿ðãýëæëýí îðîëöîõ áîëíî. áàéãàà áîëíî. Òºðèéí íàðèéí áè÷ãèéí
Õî¸ðäóãààðò, áèä ìàíàé Ýð÷èì õ¿÷, äàðãà Êëèíòîí Õÿòàäàä õî¸ðäóãààð ñàðä
Óóð àìüñãàëûí àñóóäëààðõ Òîì ýäèéí àíõ óäàà àéë÷ëàõäàà óóð àìüñãàëûí
çàñàãò îðíóóäûí ÷óóëãàíààðàà äàìæóóëàí, ººð÷ëºëòººñ ¿¿äýæ áóé ñîðèëòîä òýðã¿¿ëýõ
òóõàéëáàë Õÿòàä, Ýíýòõýã, Áðàçèëü, çýðãèéí à÷ õîëáîãäîë ºãñºí, ýíý àéë÷ëàëä
Ìåêñèê, ªìíºä Ñîëîíãîñ, ªìíºä Àôðèê, áè áàñ îðîëöñîí þì. Äàðàà íü Õÿòàäàä
Èíäîíåçè çýðýã 17 õàìãèéí òîì ýäèéí àéë÷èëñàí Ýð÷èì õ¿÷íèé íàðèéí áè÷ãèéí
çàñàãòàé îðíóóäûí õîîðîíä óðàì òºðºõººð äàðãà Ñòåâåí ×ó, Õóäàëäààíû íàðèéí
ÿðèà õýëýëöýý ºðí¿¿ëýýä áàéíà. ×óóëãàíû áè÷ãèéí äàðãà Ãàðè Ëîêå íàð ìºí òèéì
àíõíû óóëçàëò äîëäóãààð ñàðä G8-ûí áàéäëààð àñóóäëûã òàâüñàí. Ò¿¿ãýýð ÷
óóëçàëòûí ÿã äàðàà Èòàëèä áîëñîí þì. áàðàõã¿é Òºðèéí äåïàðòàìåíò Ñàíãèéí
Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí óðøãèéí äåïàðòàìåíòòýé õàìòðàí ñàÿõàí Õÿòàäòàé
ñààðìàãæóóëàëò, äàñàí çîõèöîëò, õèéõ Ñòðàòåãèéí áîëîí ýäèéí çàñãèéí
òåõíîëîãè, ñàíõ¿¿ çýðýã àñóóäëûã ÿðèà ñýäâýýð óóëçàëò çîõèîí áàéãóóëñàí.
îðîëöóóëàí íýëýýä òîîíû òºâºãòýé Òýð óóëçàëòûí ¿åýð õî¸ð òàë öýâýð ýð÷èì
àñóóäëààð äýëõèéí õàìãèéí òîì ýäèéí õ¿÷, óóð àìüñãàëûí àñóóäëààð õàðèëöàí
çàñàãòàé îðíóóäûí õîîðîíä èëýí äàëàíã¿é îéëãîõ ìåìîðàíäóìä ãàðûí ¿ñýã çóðñàí.
ÿðèà õýëýëöýý ÿâóóëàõ õîñã¿é ñàéõàí Òîâ÷äîî, áèä Õÿòàäòàé õàìòðàõ àðãà çàìàà
áîëîìæèéã äóðäñàí ÷óóëãàí îëãîæ áàéãàà îëîõã¿é áîë äýëõèéí õýìæýýíèé ÿìàð
þì. Êîïåíãàãåíä ýäãýýð àñóóäàë äýýð ãîë ÷ øèéäýëä õ¿ðýõ áîëîìæã¿é þì. Íýìæ
àíõààðàë òºâëºðíº. õýëýõýä, áè õî¸ð ÷óõàë îðîíòîé çºâëºëäºõ,
ÿðèà õýëýëöýýãýý ã¿íçãèéð¿¿ëýõèéí
Ãóðàâäóãààðò, áèä õî¸ð òàëûí ãîë ãîë òóëä, ò¿¿í÷ëýí Êîïåíãàãåíä ºðíºõ ÿðèà
õàðèëöààíäàà àíõààðëàà òºâëºð¿¿ëæ õýëýëöýýã ñàéí ¿ð ä¿íòýé áîëãîõ ÷èãëýëýýð
áàéíà. Îáàìàãèéí çàñàã çàõèðãàà ÀÍÓ, àõèö äýâøèë ãàðãàõ ¿¿äíýýñ ìàíàé
Õÿòàäûí õàðèëöààã áýõæ¿¿ëýõýä ÷èãëýñýí îðíóóäûí áîëîìæèéã ñóäëàõûí òóëä
õ¿÷ ÷àðìàéëòàà íýìýãä¿¿ëæ áàéãàà áºãººä
e Journal USA 14 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
15. consult and deepen our dialogue with two
important partners and explore opportunities
for our countries to make progress toward
a successful outcome at the UNFCCC
negotiations in Copenhagen.
Rarely are we presented with as clear an
opportunity to shape our future and enhance
our way of life for generations to come. The
United States is clear in its intent to secure
a strong international agreement, and I am
confident that together we can meet the
global climate change challenge.
Òºðèéí íàðèéí áè÷ãèéí äàðãà Êëèíòîíû
õàìò Ýíýòõýãò àéë÷èëñàí, äàðàà íü ººðºº
Áðàçèëüä î÷ñîí áîëíî.
Áèäýíä ìàíàé èðýýä¿éã ä¿ðñëýí
òîìú¸îëîõ, ìàíàé àæ òºðºõ àðãà çàìûã
õîé÷ ¿åèéíõýíäýý çîðèóëàí ñàéæðóóëàõ
àñóóäëûã àâ÷ ¿çýõ òîäîðõîé áîëîìæ îëäîõ
íü õîâîð áàéäàã. Îëîí óëñûí íàðèéí ÷àíä
õýëýëöýýð áàòàëãààòàé áàéãóóëàõ òóõàé
Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñûí ñàíàà çîðèëãî
òîâ òîäîðõîé áàéãàà áºãººä ìèíèé õóâüä
áèä õàìòäàà äýëõèéí óóð àìüñãàëûí
ººð÷ëºëòºä õàðèó ºã÷ ÷àäíà ãýäýãò èòãýëòýé
áàéíà.
e Journal USA 15 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
16. Overview
The 21st-Century Challenge
Michael Specter
Award-winning writer Michael Specter before it is too late, Specter writes in this
has been a staff writer at The New Yorker overview of the issue.
magazine since 1998. His awards include the
Global Health Council’s Annual Excellence
P
in Media Award (2002 and 2004) and the eople who refuse to accept the truth
American Association for the Advancement — that AIDS is caused by a virus, for
of Science 2002 Science Journalism Award. example, or that global warming is
His new book, Denialism: How Irrational genuine and the result of human activity —
Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms will always be with us. But as the profoundly
the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives, will disturbing facts about the pace of warming
be published in October 2009 (The Penguin become increasingly evident, the cries of
Press). climate change denialists seem finally to
have been overcome by the mounting series
The reality of global warming must supersede of grim realities. Those realities are both
debate about it, and urgent steps must be obvious and subtle: Between 1961 and
taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 1997, the world’s glaciers lost nearly 4,000
Òîéì
21 ä¿ãýýð çóóíû ñîðèëò
Ìàéêë Ñïåêòåð
Øàãíàë õ¿ðòñýí çîõèîë÷ Ìàéêë Ñïåêòåð Ñïåêòåð ýíý àñóóäëààðõ òîéì ºã¿¿ëýëäýý
áîë 1998 îíîîñ õîéø The New Yorker áè÷èæ áàéíà.
ñýòã¿¿ëèéí îðîí òîîíû çîõèîë÷ õèéæ
áàéãàà þì. Ò¿¿íèé àâñàí øàãíàëûí
Æ
äîòîð Äýëõèéí ýð¿¿ë ìýíäèéí çºâëºëèéí èøýý íü, ÄÎÕ íýãýí âèðóñýýñ
Ìýäýýëëèéí õýðýãñëèéí æèë á¿ðèéí ãàðàëòàé, ýñâýë äýëõèéí äóëààðàë
ãàðàìãàé á¿òýýëèéí øàãíàë (2002, 2004 áîäèòîé áàéãàà, áàñ õ¿íèé ¿éë
îíû), Øèíæëýõ óõààíû îëîëò àìæèëòûí àæèëëàãààíààñ ¿¿äñýí ç¿éë ãýõ ìýò
òºëºº Àìåðèêèéí íèéãýìëýãèéí 2002 îíû ¿íýíèéã õ¿ëýýæ àâàõààñ òàòãàëçäàã
Øèíæëýõ óõààíû ñýòã¿¿ëç¿éí øàãíàë õ¿ì¿¿ñ áèäíèé äóíä õýçýýä áàéõ áîëíî.
òóñ òóñ áèé. Ò¿¿íèé: Denialism: How Ãýâ÷ äóëààðëûí õóðäöûí òóõàé èõýýõýí
Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific ò¿ãøýýñýí áàðèìòóóä óëàì á¿ð èëýðõèé
Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens áîëæ, óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéã
Our Lives ãýäýã íîì 2009 îíû àðàâäóãààð ¿ã¿éñãýã÷äèéí îðü äóó íü ºñºí íýìýãäñýýð
ñàðä õýâëýãäýíý. (The Penguin Press). áóé óäàà äàðààãèéí òààã¿é áîäèò ÿâäëààð
ýöñèéí á¿ëýãò äàðàãäàæ áàéõ øèã áàéíà.
Äýëõèéí äóëààðëûí áîäèò áàéäàë ýíý Ýäãýýð áîäèò ç¿éëä èëýðõèé ÷ þì áàéíà,
òóõàéí ìýòãýëöýýíèéã çîãñîîõ ¸ñòîé íàðèéí øèðèéí þì ÷ áàéíà: 1961–1997
áºãººä íýãýíò îðîéòîõîîñ íü ºìíº îíû õîîðîíä äýëõèéí ìºñºí ãîëóóä 4
õ¿ëýìæèéí õèéí õàÿãäëûã áàãàñãàõ 000 îð÷èì êóáìåòð ìºñºº àëäñàí áàéíà;
ÿàðàëòàé àðãà õýìæýý àâàõ ¸ñòîé ãýæ Àðêòèêèéí äóëààðàë äýëõèéí äóíäæààñ
e Journal USA 16 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
17. cubic kilometers of ice; since the Arctic is For the first time in memory, mosquitoes,
warming at nearly three times the global carrying viruses as grave as malaria, now
average, Greenland’s ice sheet may already appear on Mt. Kilimanjaro and other African
have passed the point of saving. highlands — places that for centuries had
Greenland is hardly the only place in served as cool reservoirs of safety from some
acute danger of massive forced change. One of the developing world’s most devastating
projection, by no means the most alarmist, diseases.
has estimated that the homes of 13 to 88 Although specific estimates vary, scientists
million people around the world would be and policy officials increasingly agree that
flooded by the sea each year in the 2080s. As allowing emissions to continue at the current
always, poorer countries will suffer the most. rate would induce dramatic changes in the
global climate system. Some scientists liken
climate change to a tidal wave that can no
Photo by Alex Remnick
longer be held at bay. These are not issues
that can be easily solved — but it’s not too
late to prevent the worst effects of warming,
despite what many people say. Still, to
avoid the most catastrophic effects of those
changes, we will have to hold emissions
steady in the next decade, then reduce them
by at least 60 to 80 percent by the middle of
the century.
ªâºðìºö ¿íýëãýýí¿¿ä ÿíç á¿ð áàéãàà
õýäèé ÷, àãààðò äýãäýæ áàéãàà ýëäýâ õîðò
õèéã îäîîãèéí ò¿âøèíä íü áàéëãààä
áàéõ þì áîë äýëõèéí óóð àìüñãàëûí
ñèñòåìä íîöòîé ººð÷ëºëò àâ÷èðíà ãýäýãòýé
ýðäýìòýä, áîäëîãûí àëáàíû õ¿ì¿¿ñ óëàì
á¿ð ñàíàë íèéëýõ áîëæ áàéíà. Çàðèì
Michael Specter
ýðäýìòýä óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéã
Ìàéêë Ñïåêòåð áóëàí òîõîéäîî õýçýý ÷ õ¿ð÷ ÷àäàõã¿é
äàëàéí ò¿ðëýãèéí äàâàëãààòàé àäèëòãàæ
¿çýæ áàéíà. Ýäãýýð íü àìàðõàí øèéä÷èõ
ãóðàâ äàõèí èõ áàéãàà ó÷ðààñ Ãðèéíëàíäûí àñóóäëóóä áèø, ãýõäýý îëîí õ¿í íýãýíò
ìºñºí õó÷ëàãà õàäãàëàãäàæ ¿ëäýõ öýãýý îðîéòñîí ãýæ áàéãàà áîëîâ÷ äóëààðëûí
íýãýíò ºíãºðººä ÿâ÷èõñàí áàéæ ìàãàäã¿é. õàìãèéí ìóó õîð óðøãèéã ñýðýìæëýí
Ãðèéíëàíä í¿ñýð õ¿÷òýé ººð÷ëºëòèéí çàéëóóëàõàä òýãòëýý îðîéòîîã¿é áàéíà.
íîöòîé àþóëä áàéãàà öîðûí ãàíö ãàçàð áèø Ýäãýý𠺺ð÷ëºëòèéí õàìãèéí ñ¿éðýëòýé
ë áîëîâ óó. Õàìãèéí ò¿ãø¿¿ðòýé áóñ íýã ¿ð äàãàâàðààñ çàéëñõèéõèéí òóëä áèä
òºñººë뺺ð 2080-ààä îíä äýëõèé äàõèíä õèéí õàÿãäëûã èðýõ àðâàí æèëä àðãà
æèë á¿ð 13-ààñ 88 ñàÿ õ¿ðòýëõ õ¿íèé ãýð áóþó òîãòâîðòîé áàðüæ áàéãààä ýíý çóóíû
îðîí äàëàéí ¿åðò àâòàíà ãýñýí ¿íýëãýý äóíä ¿å ãýõýä íààä çàõ íü 60 – 80 õóâèàð
áàéíà. ßäóó îðíóóä ¿¿íýýñ áàõü áàéäãààðàà áàãàñãàõ ¸ñòîé.
õàìãèéí èõ çîâëîí àìñàíà. Ò¿¿õýíä àíõ Èíãýõ áîëîìæòîé þó? Á¿ðýí áîëîëöîîòîé.
óäàà õóìõààãèéíõ øèã àþóëòàé âèðóñûã Ãýõäýý ýíý íü çîëèîñíû áîëîí øèíæëýõ
òýýäýã øóìóóë ýä¿ãýý Êèëèìàíæàðî óóë óõààíû óã óðøèãò ä¿éñýí àðãà õýìæýý
áîëîí Àôðèêèéí áóñàä óóëàðõàã íóòãààð àâàõûã øààðäàíà. (Áàñ ÿëãàðäàã õèéã
áèé áîëæýý. Ýäãýýð óóëàðõàã íóòàã íü ªðíºäºä áèä õóðäàí áàãàñãàõ ¸ñòîé øèã
çóó çóóíû òóðøèä çàðèì õºãæèæ áàéãàà òýãæ áàãàñãàõûã àìåðèê÷óóä, åâðîï÷óóä
åðòºíöèéí õàìãèéí ñ¿éòãýëòýé ºâ÷í¿¿äýýñ Õÿòàä, Ýíýòõýã õî¸ðîîñ õ¿ëýýäãýý áîëèõ
àâðàõ ñýð¿¿íèé õàäãàëóóð áîëæ èðñýí
áèëýý.
e Journal USA 17 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
18. Is that possible? Absolutely. But it will same amount of greenhouse gas emissions
require equal measures of sacrifice and as driving a small car more than 112
science. (And the willingness of Americans kilometers.
and Europeans to stop expecting China and The most important way to rein in carbon
India to cut emissions as rapidly as we must emissions is to charge for them, either
in the West and to stop using their limited through taxes or with a cap and trade
progress as an excuse to do nothing.) system. Obviously, when the cost of polluting
Individuals can do a lot. According to one is low there are few incentives to stop it,
2008 study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon and the cost of pollution remains far too
University, for instance, if we all simply low. The Kyoto Protocol was never ratified
skipped meat and dairy just one day each in the United States because the Bush
week, it would administration and
do more to lower the U.S. Congress
our collective
carbon footprint
Some scientists liken climate feared it would
result in large job
than if the entire change to a tidal wave that can losses; however,
population of the no longer be held at bay. These are the Obama
United States ate administration
locally produced not issues that can be easily solved and an increasing
food every day of
the year. In fact, — but it’s not too late to prevent number in Congress
producing just the worst effects of warming. understand that
one kilogram of the real costs of
beef causes the global warming
Çàðèì ýðäýìòýä óóð àìüñãàëûí
ººð÷ëºëòèéã áóëàí òîõîéäîî
õ¿ñýë çîðèã,
õýçýý ÷ õ¿ð÷ ÷àäàõã¿é äàëàéí Í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí
òýäíèé ò¿ðëýãèéí äàâàëãààòàé ÿëãàðàëòûã õóìèõ
õÿçãààðòàé
õºãæèë
àäèëòãàæ ¿çýæ áàéíà. Ýäãýýð õàìãèéí ÷óõàë
àðãà áîë òàòâàð
äýâøëèéã þó ÷ íü àìàðõàí øèéä÷èõ àñóóäëóóä îíîãäóóëàõ áóþó
õèéõã¿é áàéõ òºñºâ áîëîí
øàëòàã áîëãîäãîî áèø, ãýõäýý îëîí õ¿í íýãýíò õóäàëäààíû
áîëèõ õ¿ñýë îðîéòñîí ãýæ áàéãàà áîëîâ÷ ñèñòåìèéã
çîðèã ãàðãàõ õÿçãààðëàõ çàìààð
øààðäëàãàòàé.) äóëààðëûí õàìãèéí ìóó õîð ò¿¿íä òºëáºð
Õóâü õ¿ì¿¿ñ óðøãèéã ñýðýìæëýí çàéëóóëàõàä òàâèõ ÿâäàë þì.
Áîõèðäóóëñíû
èõýýõýí ç¿éë
õèéæ ÷àäíà.
òýãòëýý îðîéòîîã¿é áàéíà. òºëºº òºëºõ
Êàðíåæè ºðòºã äîîãóóð
Ìåëëîíû èõ áàéõàä ò¿¿íèéã
ñóðãóóëèéí ñóäëàà÷äûí 2008 îíä õèéñýí çîãñîîõ óðàì ñîíèðõîë òºäèéëºí
íýã ñóäàëãààãààð áîë, æèøýý íü, õýðýâ òºðºõã¿é, òýãýýä ë áîõèðäîëòûí ºðòºã
áèä ç¿ãýýð ë äîëîî õîíîãò ãàíöõàí ºäºð ìàø äîîãóóð ÷èãýýðýý ¿ëäýõ íü èëýðõèé
ìàõàí áîëîí ñ¿¿í á¿òýýãäýõ¿¿íýýð õèéñýí þì. Áóøèéí çàñàã çàõèðãàà, ÀÍÓ-ûí
õîîë èäýõã¿é ºíæèõ þì áîë ýíý íü áèäíèé Êîíãðåññ Êèîòîãèéí Ïðîòîêîë àæëûí
õàìòûí áàëèàð óë ìºðíèé í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéã áàéð îëîí òîîãîîð öººðºõºä õ¿ðãýíý ãýæ
áóóðóóëàõàä ÀÍÓ-ûí á¿õ õ¿í àì îðîí áîëãîîìæèëñîí ó÷ðààñ óã Ïðîòîêîëûã
íóòàãòàà ¿éëäâýðëýñýí õ¿íñèéã æèëä ºäºð åðººñºº ñî¸ðõîí áàòëààã¿é áèëýý. Õýäèé
áîëãîí èäñýíýýñ èë¿¿ èõ ºãººæòýé áàéõ òèéì ÷ Îáàìàãèéí çàñàã çàõèðãàà äýëõèé
àæýý. ¯íýíäýý ÷, çºâõºí íýã êèëîãðàìì äóëààðàëòûí æèíõýíý ¿íý óã àñóóäëûã
¿õðèéí ìàõ áîëîâñðóóëàõàä ÿëãàðóóëàõ áàéõã¿é ãýæ ç¿òãýõèéí ºðò㺺ñ õàâüã¿é
õ¿ëýìæèéí õèéí õýìæýý íü æèæèã èõ áîëíî, îëîí òîõèîëäîëä íýãýíò òèéì
ìàøèíààð 112 êèëîìåòð ÿâàõàä ãàðàõòàé áàéãàà ãýäãèéã îéëãîæ áàéíà. ¯¿íèéã
èæèë õýìæýýòýé áàéäàã áàéíà. îéëãîæ áàéãàà Êîíãðåññèéí ãèø¿¿äèéí òîî
e Journal USA 18 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
20. difference. Many people are beginning
to understand that — which is why, for
example, conservationists are beginning
to pay poor timber farmers in places like
Indonesia not to allow their rainforests to be
ripped apart by loggers. I can only hope it
doesn’t take a catastrophe to make the rest
of us confront the serious challenges we face
— or embrace the fact that we can and are
capable of facing them successfully.
The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily
reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government.
òýíäõèéí ÿäóó ìîä áýëòãýã÷ íàðò ìºíãº
ºã÷ ýõýëæ áàéíà. Ìèíèé õóâüä áîë áèäíýýñ
¿ëäýõ õýñýã ìààíü áèäýíä í¿¿ðëýýä áàéãàà
íîöòîé ñîðèëòòîé òóëãàðàõààð ñ¿éðýëä
õ¿ðýõã¿é, ýñâýë í¿¿ðëýñýí áýðõøýýëä
àìæèëòòàé õàðèó ºã÷ ÷àäíà, òèéì ÷àäâàð
÷ áàéíà ãýäýã áàðèìòûã õ¿ëýýí çºâøººðºõ
õýðýãòýé ãýæ ë íàéäàõ áîëæ áàéíà.
Ýíý ºã¿¿ëýëä èëýðõèéëñýí ¿çýë áîäîë ÀÍÓ-ûí çàñãèéí
ãàçðûí áàéð ñóóðü áóþó áîäëîãûí òóñãàë áàéõ àëáàã¿é.
e Journal USA 20 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
21. Critical Issues: An International Tour Brazil
Overview on a Range of Threats
Liana Anderson
B
Brazilian biologist Liana Anderson’s razil is a vast country, taking up
primary research has been in the Amazon nearly half of South America and
Basin, where she has seen the effects of claiming much of its eastern coastline.
climate change close up. She is completing Although renewable energy accounts for 47
her doctoral research at the Environmental percent of the energy produced in Brazil,
Change Institute, Oxford University. much higher than the global average. Brazil
Anderson surveys the most critical areas still emits a large share of the total global
of concern, including agriculture, public greenhouse gas emissions. The chief reason
health, and the importance of containing is rapid slash-and-burn deforestation in the
deforestation, which accounts for Brazil’s Amazon Basin. The Amazon, the world’s
largest source of damaging greenhouse gas largest tropical forest, spreads over nine
emissions. countries, but most of it lies within Brazil.
Rainforests are enormous carbon storage
sinks. When they are cleared and burned,
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
are released into the atmosphere. These have
Íîöòîé àñóóäëóóä: Îëîí óëñûí àÿëàë Áðàçèëü
Àþóëûí öàð õ¿ðýýã òîéìëîõ íü
Ëèàíà Àíäåðñåí
Á
Áèîëîã÷ Ëèàíà Àíäåðñåí ãîë ñóäàëãààãàà ðàçèëü áîë ªìíºä Àìåðèêèéí áàðàã
Àìàçîíû øèðýíãýí øóãóéí ñàâ íóòàãò õàãàñûã ýçýëñýí, òóñ òèâèéí ç¿¿í
õèéæ áàéãàà áºãººä òýðýýð óóð àìüñãàëûí ýðãèéí èõýíõèéã áàãòààñàí ºðãºí
ººð÷ëºëòèéí õîð óðøãèéã ÷óõàì ýíä óóäàì íóòàãòàé îðîí þì. Ñýðãýýãäýõ ýð÷èì
äýðãýäýýñ íü îëæ õàðæýý. Ëèàíà Îêñôîðäûí õ¿÷ òóñ óëñàä ¿éëäâýðëýæ áàéãàà ýð÷èì
èõ ñóðãóóëèéí Áàéãàëü îð÷íû ººð÷ëºëòèéí õ¿÷íèé 47 õóâèéã ýçýëäýã áºãººä ýíý íü
õ¿ðýýëýíä äîêòîðûí çýðýã õàìãààëàõ äýëõèéí äóíäæààñ õàâüã¿é ºíäºð òîî
ñóäàëãààãàà äóóñãàæ áàéãàà þì. áèëýý. Áðàçèëü îäîî ÷ äýëõèéí õ¿ëýìæèéí
Àíäåðñåí õºäºº àæ àõóé, íèéòèéí ýð¿¿ë õèéí èõýýõýí õýñãèéã ÿëãàðóóëæ áàéãàà
ìýíä çýðýã õàìãèéí èõ ñàíàà çîâîîæ áîëíî. Ãîë øàëòãààí íü Àìàçîíû øèðýíãýí
áàéãàà ñàëáàðóóä, ò¿¿í÷ëýí Áðàçèëèéí øóãóéí ñàâ íóòàãò îéã ìàø ò¿ðãýí
õ¿ëýìæèéí õèéí õàÿãäëûí õàìãèéí òîì õóðäàöòàé õÿäàæ, áàñ ò¿éìýðò èä¿¿ëæ
ýõ ñóðâàëæ ãýæ ¿çäýã îéã¿éæèëòèéã áàéãàà ÿâäàë. Àìàçîí íü åñºí îðíû íóòàã
òîãòîîí áàðèõûí à÷ õîëáîãäîë çýðãèéã äàìæñàí äýëõèéí õàìãèéí òîì øèðýíãýí
ñóäàëæ áàéíà. øóãóé áºãººä ò¿¿íèé õàìãèéí èõ õýñýã
íü Áðàçèëèéí íóòàãò áàéäàã þì. Õàëóóí
îðíû øèðýíãýí îé áîë í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí
õèéã øèíãýýäýã àâàðãà òîì àãóóëàõ
áèëýý. Òýð îéã õÿäàõ, ò¿éìýðò èäýãäýõýä
í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí äàâõàð èñýë áîëîí áóñàä
õ¿ëýìæèéí õèé àãààð ìàíäàëä äýãäýíý. Ýíý
e Journal USA 21 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
22. been found to contribute to climate change It is estimated that Brazil releases about
and global warming. 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into
According to the United Nations the atmosphere per year; about 75 percent
Framework Convention on Climate Change of this is from deforestation, the Brazilian
(UNFCCC), when emissions from land-use Ministry of Science and Technology reports.
change and forestry estimations (LUCF) are Recent estimates suggest that the Amazon
included, Brazil’s emissions amount to 12.3 Basin has a total biomass of 86 petagrams
percent of the total of the 151 non-Annex I of carbon, equivalent to the last 11 years of
Parties to the UNFCCC, primarily developing CO2 emissions. Deforestation is estimated
countries, that have no emissions reduction to have reduced the Amazon forest by 15
targets according to the Kyoto Protocol. percent in the past three decades, driven
Biologist Liana Anderson surveys a forest burn in the Mato Grosso, southern Brazilian Amazon.
Courtesy of Liana Anderson/Photo by Douglas Morton
Áèîëîã÷ Ëèàíà Àíäåðñåí ªìíºä Áðàçèëèéí Àìàçîíû Ìàòî Ãðîññîä øàòñàí îéã ñóäàëæ áàéíà.
íü óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëò áîëîí äýëõèéí ¿¿íèé 75 îð÷èì õóâü íü îéã¿éæèëòýýñ
äóëààðàëä íºëººëæ áàéãàà þì. ¿¿äýëòýé ãýæ Áðàçèëèéí Øèíæëýõ óõààí,
ͯÁ-ûí Óóð àìüñãàëûí ººð÷ëºëòèéí òåõíîëîãèéí ÿàì ìýäýýëæ áàéíà. Ñ¿¿ëèéí
àñóóäëààðõ õ¿ðýý òîãòîîõ ÷óóëãàíû äàãóó ¿åèéí ¿íýëãýýíýýñ ¿çâýë Àìàçîíû ñàâ
áîë ãàçàð àøèãëàëòûí áîëîí îéí õîëáîãäîë íóòàãò í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí 86 ïåòàãðàìì
á¿õèé õàÿãäàë õèéã îðîëöóóëàí òîîöâîë (1015) áèîìàññ áàéñàí áºãººä ýíý íü
Áðàçèëèéí õàÿãäàë ãîëäóó õºãæèæ áàéãàà ñ¿¿ëèéí 11 æèëä ÿëãàðñàí í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí
îðíóóäààñ á¿ðäñýí, ÷óóëãàíä îðîëöîõ 151 äàâõàð èñýëòýé òýíöýõ òîî þì. Ñ¿¿ëèéí
îðíû íèéò ä¿íãèéí 12.3 õ¿ðòýëõ õóâèéã 30 æèëä òîõèîñîí îéã¿éæèõ ¿éë ÿâöûí
ýçýëæ áàéíà. ä¿íä Àìàçîíû îé 15 õóâü áàãàññàí ãýäýã
òîîöîî áèé. Ýíý íü îéí á¿ñ íóòàãò äýä
Áðàçèëü æèëä 1 òýðáóì òîíí á¿òýö õºãæ¿¿ëñýí, äýëõèé äàõèíä øàð
í¿¿ðñòºðºã÷èéí äàâõàð èñëèéí õèé áóóðöàã, ¿õðèéí ìàõ, ä¿íç ãóàëèí çýðãèéí
àãààð ìàíäàëä õàÿäàã ãýñýí ¿íýëãýý áèé;
e Journal USA 22 Öàõèì ñýòã¿¿ë ÀÍÓ
