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Railroads and land booms and busts final
- 2. Eras in History For purposes of the American History EOC, we will examine key economic events in Florida related to the following eras in American History: • Industrial Revolution • World Affairs Through World War I • Roaring Twenties and Great Depression
- 3. USH Test Item Specifications • DOE follows this chart in the creation of test bank questions • Bulk of questions will live in the moderate complexity levels • Complexity levels are about how much student thinking is involved in order to answer the question • Don’t reinvent the wheel, beef your questions up to meet the requirements of moderate and high complexity levels
- 5. Stay within the benchmark clarifications. If it is not listed here, it will not be assessed.
- 6. Industrial Revolution Analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in response to the Industrial Revolution. SS.912.A.3.13 Examine key events and peoples in Florida history as they relate to United States history. Items assessing key events and peoples in Florida history are limited to the impact of Henry Flagler and the completion of the Florida East Coast Railroad in the development of the Florida Gold Coast.
- 14. Flagler’s Decisions • What were the costs and benefits of Flagler’s decision to build the East Coast Railroad in Florida?
- 15. World Affairs through WWI Demonstrate an understanding of the changing role of the United States in world affairs through the end of World War I. SS.912.A.4.11 Examine key events and peoples in Florida history as they relate to United States history. Items assessing key events and peoples in Florida history are limited to the role of Florida in the Spanish- American War.
- 29. McKinley’s Decision • What were the consequences (positive and negative) of the United States’ entry into the Spanish-American War on Florida?
- 30. World Affairs Through WWI Demonstrate an understanding of the changing role of the United States in world affairs through the end of World War I. SS.912.A.4.11 Examine key events and peoples in Florida history as they relate to United States history.
- 32. Florida’s Service in WWI • Army – Enlisted African-American troops – Women served as nurses • Navy – Women served as Yeoman Class (secretaries) and as nurses • Coast Guard • Marines – Women served as reservist clerks
- 33. Naval Air Station Pensacola http://uwf.edu/phprojects/nas_pcola/index_files/Page706.htm
- 35. Naval Air Station Key West http://centennial-cgaviation.org/index.php/2015/11/16/coast-guard-aviation-ww1/
- 36. Dinner Key Base, Miami https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/547
- 40. Military Decisions • What were the cost and benefits of establishing military bases in Florida?
- 41. Roaring Twenties/Great Depression Analyze the effects of the changing social, political, and economic conditions of the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. SS.912.A.5.12 Examine key events and people in Florida history as they relate to United States history.
- 42. Tourism and the Land Boom in Florida
- 43. Contributing Factors to Economic Growth in Florida Post WWI Favorable climate for visiting or living in Florida • Accessibility to the populous cities of the Northeast by car and rail • Portability of people with automobiles • The desire to live in a country club environment The belief that Florida land offered the best chance to get rich quick • Aura of confidence pervading the population during the 1920s. • The motivation to emulate the success of selling Southern California.
- 56. The Great Florida Land Bust In 1925, the inevitable began to occur in the real estate industry. Land prices had reached such a zenith that new customers failed to arrive and old customers began to sell their land. Suddenly, the only market for Florida land was for selling land. Many properties has been sold and resold on the binder system, many of which had been defaulted. Adding taxes and assessments, land owners found that they could only sell the land at a great loss or default on it.
- 62. Floridian’s Decisions • How did changes in the U. S. economy influence people’s individual choices after WWI? • What incentives brought people to Florida after WWI? • What were the consequences of Floridian’s decisions during the Roaring 20s?
- 70. Migrant’s Decisions • Why did migrants come to Florida during the Great Depression? • What were the costs and benefits of their decisions to migrate? • What were the consequences (positive and negative) to Florida?
- 71. What next? • Do you want to know what happened in Florida during the Great Depression? • Are you interested in more resources regarding Florida during The New Deal, World War II, the Civil Rights movement, and the growth of Florida in the global economy? Well…
- 72. New Deal and World War and Space, Oh My! Key Economic Events in Florida History Part Deux!!
Editor's Notes
- The growth of Florida’s railway systems, specifically those established by Henry Flagler, is the focus of Florida History for this era. There are many resources available to extend textbook information using other texts and primary sources. This text can be found at the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, and it provides an overview of the growth of Florida’s Railroad.
- Also available at FCIT is this biography of Henry Flagler. This text is written at a 4th grade reading level.
- If you are looking for healthier texts on Flagler. The Henry Morrison Flagler Museum in Palm Beach, Florida, offers many interesting resources through their website. This slide shows a snapshot of Flagler’s biography.
- There is also a narrated video that provides a tour through Henry Flagler’s personal railcar, Railcar 91, which has been restored and is now located at the Flagler Museum
- Lessons using primary sources can be found at Florida Memory. An overview of the birth of Florida Railroads can be found there along with many photographs and documents.
- Within this unit on Florida Railroads are many resources associated with Henry Flagler. This is a letter written by Flagler. Let’s take a few minutes to analyze this document.
- Flagler’s railway system built the Florida Gold Coast from uninhabited land to a mult-million dollar empire.
- This text was used to develop a timeline of Florida’s involvement in Spanish American War. This text was written by Dr. Gary Mormino, the co-founder of the Florida studies program at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg and the Frank E. Duckwall Florida professor of history emeritus.
- Tampa’s modern history dates to 1824 with the founding of Ft. Brooke. It emerged as a military hub during the Second Seminole War.
- Along with a military presence that began economic development in Tampa, Cuba played a large part in the building of Tampa with a highly profitable cattle trade. Florida cowboys rounded up cattle and drove them to ports in Tampa and Punta Rassa where the cattle was shipped to Cuba.
- Following a yellow fever epidemic that decimated Tampa’s population, the area flourished with the development of Henry Plant’s railway system. Plant invested heavily in Tampa, building Port Tampa and steamboat routes to Cuba. He also built lavish hotels to support travel on his railway system.
- In 1886, Spanish born Vincente Ybor chose Tampa as the site of his cigar manufacturing center. From this enterprise, Ybor City was born bringing thousands of Cuban and Spanish immigrants to the area. This population was politically involved in the fight for Cuban independence from Spain.
- The sinking of the Maine in 1898 set the stage for the United States to enter the war. The War for Independence became the Spanish American War. Tampa would serve as the port of embarkation for the invading troops. This piece of art is a chromolithograph: Print shows the U.S.S. Maine blowing up in the harbor at Havana, Cuba; a small portrait of Captain C. D. Sigsbee decorates the lower left margin.
- The term Yellow Journalism originated in the competition over the New York City newspaper market between major newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Hearst and Pulitzer devoted more and more attention to the Cuban struggle for independence, at times accentuating the harshness of Spanish rule or the nobility of the revolutionaries, and occasionally printing rousing stories that proved to be false.
- The people of Tampa and Ybor City found themselves in the middle of not only an upcoming invasion of Cuba but a current invasion of journalists. While those who could afford to stay at hotels like the Tampa Bay Hotel (later the University of Tampa) were appreciative of the accommodations, Tampa was generally displayed in the press as a ‘Southern wasteland.” However, journalists enjoyed Ybor City’s cigars and cafes but not so much the immigrants themselves.
- Troops began to arrive in Tampa and built tent streets as their new accommodations.
- And of course, Teddy Roosevelt, shown here with other high-ranking officials of the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, came to Tampa as the leader of the Rough Riders who were admired for their rugged individualism and pursuit of a strenuous life. The Rough Riders evoked havoc in Tampa, but they were admired by the press as boys sowing their wild oats.
- The Rough Riders in Tampa before embarking for Cuba.
- Roosevelt’s Rough Riders embarking for Santiago. This film was made by William Daley Paley, employed by Thomas Edison, Inc. Video Analysis
- Buffalo Soldiers were stationed in both Tampa and Lakeland. In both cities, these soldiers endured local residents refusing to allow them access to public places afforded to white soldiers. This mistreatment was relayed in letters from soldiers to African American newspapers. The Tampa Riot occurred on the eve of embarkation to Cuba as the result of while Ohio soldiers taking a black child and using him for target practice. Scores of white and black soldiers were hospitalized. Copies of the letters are available at Florida Memory.
- With the United State’s entry into WWI, Florida’s military presence at home continued to grow. Many bases is Florida became training sites for soldiers who would take to the air and seas. This photograph shows embarkation of Florida troups heading to France in 1918.
- First constructed in 1826 as a U.S. Navy Yard five miles south of Pensacola, this site was virtually destroyed when abandoned by the Confederacy during the Civil War. Despite reactivation after the war and activity during the Spanish-American War, the Pensacola Navy Yard closed in 1911. With the need for aviation training becoming more apparent, the Navy’s first Aeronautic Center opened in 1914 on the site of the abandoned navy yard. As the naval aviation training facility during World War I, NAS Pensacola on Armistice Day in 1918 carried a complement of 438 officers and 5,538 enlisted men. By war’s end, 1,000 seaplane and hydroplane aviators had been trained at this site. NAS Pensacola pioneered many field of naval aviation, including catapult launching. Research and development quickly advanced and improved catapulting planes as well as landing and taking off at sea.
- Carlstrom Field is a former military airfield, located 6.4 miles southeast of Arcadia, Florida. The airfield was one of thirty-two U. S. Army Air Service training camps established in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I, and used as a World War I pilot training facility.
- US Coast Guard and Navy pilots stationed at NAS Key West flew blimps and seaplanes around the Florida Keys in search of German submarines. More than 500 pilots trained at NAS Key West during the years of WWI, making it the premier training facility for Navy pilots. Its mission during World War I was to supply oil to the U.S. fleet and to block German ships from reaching Mexican oil supplies.
- In 1917, Lt. Patrick Bellinger (Naval Aviator #8) chose the site at Dinner Key to become the first continental Naval Air Station in the country. The base was commissioned the following year,and conducted flight training with 12 seaplanes & a single dirigible.
- Unidentified soldier from Florida WWI service flag John Brown of Alachua Army Nurses, Fort Buckingham Army Airfield, Lehigh Acres, FL Coast Guard Cutter, the USS Tampa went down with all other hands on September 26, 1918. It was presumed to have been torpedoed. It was the second largest loss of life in the Naval service, at sea, in WWI. Algy and Arthur Bevins, went down with the Tampa Train gun at Pensacola
- World War I served to stimulate Florida's economic growth further. Not only did the state continue to produce for the nation, but its climate offered excellent year-round opportunities for training in all branches of the armed services. Florida's ports hosted naval bases, as well as army, air, and marine facilities. As these facilities grew Florida's production increasingly fed not only the nation but itself. Networks of cities and roads supporting the war effort would later support both continued economic expansion and a following land boom.
- Florida’s growth continued after World War I due to a variety of reasons.
- There are many early tourist attractions from the early 1900s that can be explored at Florida Memory.
- Florida tourism had forever changed, and few groups had a greater influence on this fact than "the tin can tourists." They were tourist who arrived by automobile and truck, loaded with tents and food supplies. s the automobile grew in popularity, these "T.C.T.s" became more important to local tourist economies. Towns began to build tourist camps with recreational facilities. Owners along the major highways built small cabins for these tourists. Soon, the development of the mobile home industry would replace most of the tents.
- The desire for country-club living also grew out of the land boom in California. Here are a series of photos of early country club resorts. This one is in Miami, 1920
- The Everglades Club, Palm Beach, 1920. The Everglades club, designed by Addison Mizner and built by Paris Singer, was begun in 1918 as a hospital for convalesing World War I veterans. The war ended before the hospital could be completed and Singer, with millions to spend, suggested that Mizner redesign it as a club. Over the years it has undergone considerable change.
- Francis Beach, Lakeland This resort area was developed by J. L. Francis. Located on the south shore of Lakeland's Lake Hollingsworth, somewhat east of the later Lakeland Yacht and Country Club. From 1915 into the 1920s, Frances Beach was a popular swimming and boating spot. Weekly dances in the pavilion during the summers, and had what now would be called a snack bar.
- Northern newsmen glamorized the early Land Boom in Florida with stories how land investors had doubled their profits within months. Real estate firms soon realized that it was more profitable to sell land by auction than to set a listed price. As land prices rose, the desire for profit rose. By the height of the land boom of the 1920s, a single piece of land was changing hands as many as six times a day. Land auction sale on the dance floor of Rainbow Gardens - Miami, Florida
- The strangest element of the Florida real estate industry was the use of binder boys to start land transactions and to relieve realtors of the task of standing around hot, vacant land waiting for investors. A binder was a down payment on land, usually around 10% Binder boys did not get paid a commission until the binder check cleared the bank, a process than sometimes took several weeks. However, South Florida lived real estate during this time and binders discovered the mere presentation of their binder receipts gave them instant credit in hotels, restaurants, and nightspots. In Miami, many lived at the Ponce de Leon Hotel
- Land developers didn't just design developments; some created entire cities. These architects and engineers did more than build houses; they created a way of life that became known throughout the world as "the Florida lifestyle.” The most spectacular developments were in Southeast Florida where Henry Flagler's railroad caused direct access to New York City.
- Hotel Country Club of Miami Springs taken during the 1920s before it became Fair Havens
- In 1925, the inevitable began to occur in the real estate industry. Land prices had reached such a zenith that new customers failed to arrive and old customers began to sell their land. Suddenly, the only market for Florida land was for selling land. Many properties has been sold and resold on the binder system, many of which had been defaulted. Adding taxes and assessments, land owners found that they could only sell the land at a great loss or default on it.
- Citrus arrived with European explorers in the 16th century and quickly took root in Florida, but it was not until the 1830s that Florida developed a monopoly over cultivating citrus fruits. A devastating freeze in 1835 destroyed citrus growing efforts in the Carolinas and Georgia, beginning a permanent southward migration of the industry into Florida.
- Dreams of easy money in the citrus industry came to an end for many during the great freeze of 1894 and 1895. Earlier freeze events, such as one in 1886, signaled a warning of things to come. In December 1894 and then again in February 1895, temperatures plummeted throughout the state. Many growers saw their investments crumble as frozen limbs snapped and fruit fell to the ground.
- The citrus industry again moved southward after the 1894-95 freezes. Groves that survived the great freeze gained widespread notoriety. This period of recovery gave way to a second citrus boom, lasting until the 1970s. The town of Keystone City was renamed Frostproof after its trees weathered the freeze.
- In 1929 the Mediterranean fruit fly invaded the state, and the citrus industry suffered. A quarantine was established, and troops set up roadblocks and checkpoints to search vehicles for any contraband citrus fruit. Florida's citrus production was cut by about sixty percent.
- At the beginning of the 1930s, twenty-six percent of Florida's population was dependent on some form of public relief. The Great Depression brought with it skyrocketing unemployment and the dislocation of millions of workers from all walks of life. Migrant workers—often entire families—went in search of jobs wherever they could be found, adding their numbers to the thousands of seasonal workers recruited by large agricultural companies in South Florida each year during harvest time. Migrants took whatever little possessions they could carry and traveled, often with their entire families, to the warmth and agricultural abundance of Florida in search of sustenance, shelter, and some measure of economic security.
- The movement of migrant laborers was done first and foremost to provide for families. For some families, the mother and children stayed at the shelters together while fathers worked picking crops or in canning facilities, if shifts were available. For other families, mothers also went off to work while the children watched after themselves and depended on the makeshift communities in worker camps for assistance. Older children also worked if necessary in order to provide enough for themselves and to aid the needs of the entire family.
- Juke joints,& roughly constructed bars offering music from a jukebox, dancing, sodas and alcohol, were a central aspect of night life in worker camps, catering to single men and women anxious to shake off the weariness of the day's labor. Although housing was usually segregated by race according the social restrictions of the era, businesses in migrant worker communities such as diners sometimes transcended the constraints of segregation in order to provide services and amenities to as many of the agricultural workers as possible.
- Families made homes wherever they could and out of whatever materials were available. Hastily constructed, makeshift shelters were common, although migrants usually had to pay weekly rents even for small patches of dirt or underbrush where they could park a car or lay down a pallet. Even in structures made of burlap sacks, tin, and old boxes—or blankets slung over ropes spanning between palm trees—the new arrivals worked to make the accommodations as comfortable as possible. Clean water for drinking and bathing was often hard to find, and in many instances the companies and land owners providing space for worker camps would only make water available a few hours a day.
- Like other states that drew displaced workers during the Great Depression, Florida sometimes used police and armed guards on the state's borders to limit what state and local officials feared could have become an overwhelming number of indigent poor. Migrant workers and their families would wait for the chance to enter the border legally or find other ways to secretly enter the state and make their way south to where the jobs were.