Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar

1. ENERGY INSTITUTE HRVOJE POŽAR

2. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
From 1994 central scientific institution in planning and
implementation of energy sector reform in Croatia
‘Zagreb Energy School’ heritage – more then 50 years of work
and experience
• Non-profit scientific and research institution
• Project financed institution
• Organization covers different aspects of development of
modern and sustainable energy systems

3. Organization

4. Employees
Educational structure
 90% with academic degree
 17 Doctors of Science
 76 employees (November 2013)
 average age of scientists is less than 40 years
 average working experience is 14.5 years
49%
13%
11%
9%
4% 7%
3% 3% 1% 1%
Electrical Engineering
Administration
Mechanical Engineering
Economy and Finance
Biological engineering
Mining, Geology and
Petrolium Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Law
Chemical engineering
Environmental

5. Finances
-
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
EIHP turnover (in mil. €)
15%
31%
1%
1%
13%
38%
1%
Income balance
EU
Public Bodies
Third Countries' Public
Bodies
United Nations
Other International
Organisation(s)
Private Sector
Other

6. EIHP in Croatia
Kosovo
Romania
Bulgaria
Serbia
Slovenia
Greece
Albania
Macedonia
Ukraine
Moldova
Turkey
Slovakia
Czech R.
Hungary
Poland
Italy
Switzerland
Germany
Austria • National energy strategy
• Energy balance
• Package of energy legislature
• Sub-laws on renewable energy
• INA corporate restructuring
CROATIA
Bosnia
and
Herzegovina
Montenegro

7. Clients in Croatia

8. EIHP in the region
Kosovo
Montenegro
Romania
Bulgaria
SerbiaBosnia
and
Herzegovina
Slovenia
Greece
Albania
Macedonia
CROATIA

9. EIHP in the region
MONTENEGRO
• Privatization of National Power Incumbent
• Energy Development Strategy until 2025 (Government)
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
• Energy Sector Development Study (WORLD BANK)
• Energy Strategy of the Republic of Srpska
• Training on energy efficiency in households in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(UNDP/GEF)
• Power Distribution System Development
• Gas Network Development Study
KOSOVO
• Energy Sector Technical Assistance Project (WORLD BANK)
• Advisory on Privatization of the Electricity Distribution Company
(USAID)
• Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining in Kosovo
ALBANIA
• Analysis on Energy Supply until 2030 (IAEA)
MACEDONIA
• Feasibility Study for a Gas Pipeline System
• Electricity Transmission System Development Plan
SLOVENIA
• Environmental aspects of Nafta Geoterm takeover procedure

10. EIHP in SEE
SOUTH EAST EUROPE
• Projects of Energy Community Interest (Energy Community)
• Regional Gasification Study (World Bank)
• Western Balkans Sustainable Energy Direct Financing Facility
(EBRD)
• Implementation of ACQUIS-a on renewable energy (Energy
Community)
• Regional planning of transmission grid (USAID)
• Development of regional energy market (SEE REMS) (USAID)

11. EIHP around the region: INOGATE countries
Turkey
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
Moldova
Armenia Azerbaijan
Georgia
Belarus
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Support to Statistical Cooperation
• enhance the use of energy statistics
• statistics harmonization with European standards
• develop a National Statistics System in Partner Countries and in
particular National Statistical Institutes

12. Syria
Armenia
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Ukraine
Moldova
Belarus
Algeria
Libya
Marocco
Egypt
Tunisia
Jordan
Israel
Lebanon
Palestine
EIHP around the region: Neighbourhood partnership

13. EIHP around the world
• national strategies
• project feasibility and bankability
• energy balances and statistics
• corporate restructuring
• mergers and acquisitions
• electricity
• oil & gas
• renewables
• energy efficiency
• regulatory

14. EU projects

15. Expertise
MESSAGE: Model for Energy Supply
Strategy Alternatives and their General
Environmental Impacts

16. Partners

17. Clients

18. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Savska cesta 163, Zagreb, Croatia
T: + 385 1 6326 100
F: + 385 1 6040 599
eihp@eihp.hr
www.eihp.hr
Thank you for your
attention
Dr.sc. Branka Jelavić
Renewable Energy Sources and
Energy Efficiency

19. Energy institute Hrvoje Požar
Energy efficency projects

20. 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MWh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mjesec
2001-02 Energija [MWh] 1997-98 Energija [MWh]
235 kWh/m2 ► 81 kWh/m2
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
X XI XII I II III
mjeseci
kWht
1998/99
2004/05
240 kWh/m2 ► 70 kWh/m2278 kWh/m2 ►72 kWh/m2
Pilot projects (early 2000.)

21. EIHP office building – first energy efficiency pilot project executed in Croatia
4 areas of intervention:
Additional thermal insulation of entire external envelope and windows
replacement
Interior adaptation to institute’s requirements
Instalation of state of the art heating, ventilation and air conditioning system
Instalation of building management system, collection of crucial energy use data
EIHP building refurbishment

22. Before refurbishment:
Location: Zagreb, Savska 163
Building use:: office building
Net useful area: 2150 m2
Gross area: 2450 m2
Year of construction: 1975.
Architect: prof. Đuro Mirković, dipl.ing.arh.
Characteristic U-values of external envelope:
External wall U=1,45 W/m2K Umax=0,90
W/m2K (2000.)
Flat roof U=1,94 W/m2K Umax=0,80 W/m2K
(2000.)
Slab on ground U=0,94 W/m2K Umax=0,75 W/m2K
(2000.)
Heating and cooling system
Central radiator heating, district heating,
Window cooling units
EIHP building refurbishment

23. Solar control
Internal shades
EIHP building refurbishment

24. Characteristic detail befor reconstruction
- Monolyth concrete wall 15 cm
- Thermal insulation EPS 5 cm
- Prefabricated reinforced conrete panel
7 cm
U = 1,45 W/m2K Umax = 0,90
W/m2K (2000.)
EIHP building refurbishment

25. U = 1,45 W/m2K Umax = 0,90
W/m2K (2000.)
ψ = 0,87 W/m2K
EIHP building refurbishment
Characteristic detail befor reconstruction
- Monolyth concrete wall 15 cm
- Thermal insulation EPS 5 cm
- Prefabricated reinforced conrete panel
7 cm

26. U = 1,45 W/m2K Umax = 0,90
W/m2K (2000.)
ψ1 = 0,87 W/m2K
ψ2 = 0,11 W/m2K
Uavg = 2,13 W/m2K Umax = 0,45
W/m2K (2010.)
EIHP building refurbishment
Characteristic detail befor reconstruction
- Monolyth concrete wall 15 cm
- Thermal insulation EPS 5 cm
- Prefabricated reinforced conrete panel
7 cm

27. Glazed constructions of external envelope
Characteristic window
Aluminium window without thermal break
Uf=5,68 W/m2K
Double pane glazing 4/16/4 mm Ug=2,90
W/m2K
EIHP building refurbishment

28. EIHP building refurbishment

29. Thermal insulation of the walls and window replacement
New U values after
refurbishment in year 2000.
External wall
U=0,37 W/m2K
Reinforced concrete 15
cm
Mineral wool 10
cm
Air space 4
cm
Painted glass 0,8
cm/
Aluminum
0,25 cm/
Stone 3 cm
Ceiling towards unheated attic
(previously flat roof)
U=0,30 W/m2K
Slab on ground
U=0,64 W/m2K
EIHP building refurbishment

30. Thermal insulation of the walls and window replacement
New U values after refurbishment in
year 2000.
Characteristic window
Aluminum window with thermal break
Schüco Royal 70
Uf=1,95 do 2,57 W/m2K
Low E double pane glazing
Ug=1,1 W/m2K
Uw=1,57 W/m2K Uwmax=1,8
W/m2K
EIHP building refurbishment

31. Interior design
EIHP building refurbishment

32. State of the art HVAC system (2000.)
Energetski podsustavi za proizvodnju nakon rekonstrukcije:
Indirect thermal substation Kompakt, 250 kW, heat
exchanger and DHW boiler, heat measurement
Heat pump with cold storage:
Trigeneration system: gas engine based cogeneration
system, single stage absorption cooling system
EIHP building refurbishment

33. EIHP building refurbishment – - system
schematic

34. o Management of entire HVAC system
o Regulation allows for 15 different
modes :
– Separate operation of east/west fancoils
– Separate operation of AC units
– Heat pump operation – hating/cooling,
cold storage
– Trigeneration system ;
o Fancoils regulated in each room
o Windows with microswitches
interupting operation of fancoils in
EIHP building refurbishment – building
management system

35. Thermal demand reduction by 64%
Specific annual demand (heating and DHW)
Before refurbishment 283 kWh/m2
► after refurbishment 103 kWh/m2
Annual heating demand
Before refurbishment 235 kWh/m2 ► 81 kWh/m2
Installed heating power
Before 128 W/m2, after 97 W/m2 (- 24%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MWh
MWh
Mjesec
2001-02 Energija [MWh] 1997-98 Energija [MWh]
EIHP building refurbishment

36. 36
Inovative energy concepts – architectural competition in Labin

37. 37
Inovative energy concepts – architectural competition in Labin

38. • Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, high efficiency
heat pump (air-water) heating power 79,1 kW i cooling
power 88,4 kW, COP 3, R410A, solar thermal collectors for
DHW 80 m2
• Backup heating system 2 condensing boilers at 90 kW
• Heat storage 4000 l, 100 mm MW insulation with reflexive
outer skin
• Floor heating and cooling
Area(m2) QH,nd,ref (kWh/a) Energy rating
PS Koprivnica 1726 25.750 14,91 - A+
SG Zagreb 382 31.110 81,43 - C
Concept of Passive multiapartment
building in Koprivnica

39. H-Value:
U × A
[W/K]
114,4
20,9
73,1
33,8
0,0
0,0
228,4
17,0
66,9
36,1
58,6
44,8
0,0
Y*l [W/K]
34,5
23,9
0,0
0,0
752,3
Input of
Thermal Bridge
Heat Loss
Coefficient
W/(mK)
Y
W/(mK)
flat roof 0,160
loggia 1st floor -0,052
loggia 1st floor side
walls
0,022
loggia 0,282
loggia side walls 0,025
corner walls -0,044
loggia partition wall 0,292
loggia-flat roof 0,152
staircase wall 0,334
GF columns 0,230
masonry wall-
foundation
0,279
concerte wall-
foundation
0,244
heated basement wall 0,230
unheated bacement
wall
0,240
additional 0,400
H-
Value:
Y × l
[W/K]
16,42
-1,25
0,42
13,93
0,97
-13,49
1,27
6,67
4,06
1,61
6,05
3,03
1,73
9,01
8,00
U, Ψ i HD
Neprozirna vanjska ovojnica / Toplinski mostovi / Tlo / Transmisijski gubici
Building Element Overview
Average U-
Value
[W/(m²K)]
North Windows 0,941
East Windows 1,031
South Windows 0,906
West Windows 0,997
Horizontal Windows
Exterior Door
Exterior Wall - Ambient 0,196
Exterior Wall - Ground 0,202
Roof/Ceiling - Ambient 0,115
Floor Slab 0,134
0,172
wall to unheated 0,418
Floor Slab above outside
Thermal Bridge Overview Y [W/(mK)]
Thermal Bridges Ambient 0,056
Perimeter Thermal Bridges 0,262
Thermal Bridges Floor Slab
Partition Wall to Neighbour
Average Therm. Envelope 0,268
Steady-State
Transmittance
LS 107,29W/K
Exterior Periodic
Transmittance
Lpe 62,68W/K
• Toplinska izolacija
vanjske ovojnice 15-30
cm
• Prozori 3-struko izo-
staklo, lowe, plinovito
punjenje
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

40. Uw, HD, Qsol
Transparentna ovojnica - Trasmisijski gubici
Solarni dobici
Window
Area
Orientation
Global
Radiation
(Cardinal
Points)
Shading Dirt
Non-
Perpendi
cu-
lar
Incident
Radiation
Glazing
Fraction
g-Value
Reduction
Factor for
Solar
Radiation
Window
Area
Window
U-Value
Glazing
Area
Average
Global
Radiation
Transmission
Losses
Heat Gains
Solar
Radiation
maximum: kWh/(m²a) 0,75 0,95 0,85 m2
W/(m2
K) m2
kWh/(m2
a) kWh/a kWh/a
North 190 0,75 0,95 0,85 0,739 0,51 0,45 121,53 0,94 89,9 190 8671 5261
East 305 0,75 0,95 0,85 0,656 0,51 0,40 20,23 1,03 13,3 305 1582 1249
South 463 0,75 0,95 0,85 0,773 0,51 0,47 80,64 0,91 62,3 463 5540 8917
West 305 0,75 0,95 0,85 0,686 0,51 0,42 33,93 1,00 23,3 305 2564 2189
Horizontal 426 0,75 0,95 0,85 0,000 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,0 426 0 0
Total or Average Value for All
Windows.
0,51 0,45 256,33 0,94 188,7 18357 17617
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

41. Hv
Ventilacijski gubici
Ventilation System Design - Standard Operation
Occupancy m²/P 23
Number of Occupants P 75,0
Supply Air per Person m³/(P*h) 30
Supply Air Requirement m³/h 2250
Extract Air Rooms Kitchen Bathroom Shower WC storage
Quantity 28 28 13
Extract Air Requirement per Room m³/h 60 40 20 20
Total Extract Air Requirement m³/h 3060
Design Air Flow Rate (Maximum) m³/h 3060
Average Air Change Rate Calculation
Daily Operation Factors Referenced to Air Flow Rate Air Change Rate
Duration Maximum
Type of Operation h/d m³/h 1/h
Maximum 1,00 3060 0,71
Standard 24,0 0,77 2354 0,55
Basic 0,54 1648 0,38
Minimum 0,40 1224 0,28
Average Air Flow
Rate (m³/h)
Average Air
Change Rate
(1/h)
x Residential Building
Average
value
0,77 2354 0,55
Effective Heat Recovery Efficiency hHR,eff 89,7%
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

42. QH,nd
Godišnja potrebna toplinska energija za grijanje
Ventilation Heat Losses QV 4317 * 0,070 * 0,33 * 75,8 = 7537
Total Heat Losses QL ( 51338 + 7537
)
*
1,0 = 58875 34,1
Annual Heat Demand QH QL - QG= 24627 14,3
Available Solar Heat Gains QS Total 17617 10,2
kWh/(m²a)
Transmission Heat Losses QT Total 51338 29,7
Length Heat.
Period
Spec.
Power qI
ATFA
kh/d d/a W/m² m² kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Internal Heat Gains QI 0,024 * 205 * 2,10 * 1726,7 = 17798 10,3
kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Heat Gains QG hG * QF = 34248 19,8
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

43. QC,nd
Godišnja potrebna toplinska energija za hlađenje
kWh/(m²a)
Transmission Losses QT (Negative: Heat Loads) Total 29466 17,1
QL,ext QL,ground QL,summer
kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Ventilation Heat Losses QV 11739 + 0 + 0 = 11739 6,8
QT QV
kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Total Heat Losses QL 29466 + 11739 = 41204 23,9
kWh/(m²a)
Available Solar Heat Gains QS Total 42239 24,5
Length cooling
Period
Spec.
Power qI
ATFA
kh/d d/a W/m² m² kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Internal Heat Gains QI 0,024 * 183 * 2,1 * 1726,7 = 15925 9,2
kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Sum Heat Loads QF QS + QI = 58164 33,7
Useful Heat Losses QV,n hG * QL = 40192 23,3
kWh/a kWh/(m²a)
Useful Cooling Demand QK QF - QV,n = 17973 10,4
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

44. Qw
PTV + solar Solar Fraction with DHW Demand including Washing and Dish-Washing
Heat Demand DHW qgDHW 50179 kWh/a
Latitude: 50,0
°
Selection of collector from list (see below): 6 Selection: 6 Standard
Flat Plate Collector
Solar Collector Area 80,00 m²
Deviation from North 180 °
Angle of Inclination from the Horizontal 45 °
Height of the Collector Field 1,7 m
Occupancy 75,0 Persons
Specific Collector Area 1,1 m²/Pers
Estimated Solar Fraction of DHW Production 51%
Solar Contribution to Useful Heat 25389 kWh/a 15
Total Heat Losses of the DHW
System
QWL = QZ+QU+QS 10485 kWh/a
Specif. Losses of the DHW
System
qWL = QWL / ATFA kWh/(m²a) 6,1
Utilisation Factor DHW Distrib
and Storage
ha,WL = qDHW / (qDHW + qWV) 79,1% -
Total Heat Demand of DHW
system
QgDHW = QDHW+QWL 50179 kWh/a
Total Spec. Heat Demand of
DHW System
qgDHW = QgDHW / ATFA kWh/(m²a) 29,1
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

45. EL, Eaux
Električna energija za uređaje, rasvjetu i pomoćne uređaje
Application
Used?(1/0)
WithintheThermal
Envelope?(1/0)
NormDemand
UtilizationFactor
Frequency
ReferenceQuantity
UsefulEnergy
(kWh/a)
ElectricFraction
Non-ElectricFraction
Dishwashing 1 1
1,2
0
kWh/Use * 1,00 * 65 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 5850 * 100%
Cold Water
Connection
* 0%
Clothes Washing 1 1
1,1
0
kWh/Use * 1,00 * 57 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 4703 * 100%
Cold Water Connection * 0%
Clothes Drying with: 1 1
3,5
0
kWh/Use
Residual
dampness 0,75 * 57 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 0 0%
Clothesline 0,50 = 0 0%
Energy Consumed by Evaporation 1 1 3,13kWh/Use * 0,50 * 57 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 6690 * 100%
Refrigerating 0 1
0,7
8
kWh/d * 1,00 * 365 d/a * 28 HH = 0 * 100%
Freezing 0 0
0,8
8
kWh/d * 0,90 * 365 d/a * 28 HH = 0 * 100%
or Combined Unit 1 1
1,0
0
kWh/d * 1,00 * 365 d/a * 28 HH = 10220 * 100%
Cooking with: 1 1
0,2
5
kWh/Use * 1,00 * 500 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 9375 * 100%
Electricity
Percentage
CFLs * 0%
Lighting 1 1 13 W 95% * 1,00 * 2,90 kh/(P*a) * 75,0 P = 2925 * 100%
Consumer
Electronics
1 1 80 W * 1,00 * 0,55 kh/(P*a) * 75,0 P = 3300 * 100%
Small Appliances,
etc.
1 1 50 kWh * 1,00 * 1,00 /(P*a) * 75,0 P = 3750 * 100%
Total Aux. Electricity 11311
Total 58124kWh
Primarna energija (kWh/a)
30539
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

46. Eprim
Primarna energija
Total Electricity Demand (without Heat Pump) 29,8 80,4 20,3
Final Energy Primary Energy
Emissions
CO2-Equivalent
kWh/(m2
a) kWh/(m2
a) kg/(m2
a)
Total Electricity Demand Heat Pump 4,3 11,7 2,9
Total Heating Oil/Gas/Wood 10,2 11,3 2,6
Heating, Cooling, DHW, Auxiliary and Household Electricity 44,4 103,4 25,8
Passive multiapartment building in
Koprivnica concept

47. 47
Toni BORKOVIĆ, Željka HRS BORKOVIĆ, d.i.a.
Vedran KRSTULOVIĆ, Marina MALINOVEC PUČEK, d.i.s.
Filip PREBEG, d.i.e.
Walk through audit of Special hospital
for medical rehabilitation Krapinske
Toplice

48. 48
Walk through audit of Special hospital for medical rehabilitation
Krapinske Toplice – current status
Useful area and heating demand shares
A; 14%
A; 2%
A; 12%
A; 7%
A; 26%
Qh; 2%
Qh; 5%
Qh; 8%
Qh; 32%
Qh; 40%
A; 33%
Qh; 10%
zgrada stare bolnice
zgrada hidroterapije
zgrada dječjeg odjela
zgrada osnovne škole
zgrada NBO
zgrada NNBO
upravna zgrada
kaptaža
crpna stanica
kotlovnica
praonica rublja i radione
upravna zgrada "Katin dvor"
zgrada diesel agregata i
trafo stanica

49. 49
Walk through audit of Special hospital for medical rehabilitation
Krapinske Toplice
- Energy use mdellingRASPODJELA POTROŠNJE TOPLINSKE ENERGIJE PREMA KORIŠTENJU
Modelirana potrošnja toplinske energije
MWh

50. 50
Detailed energy study of Ministry of
Health and Energy efficiency and
environment protection Fund building

51. 51
Detailed energy study of Ministry of
Health and Energy efficiency and
environment protection Fund building
Ak 26%
Ak 6%
Ak 15%
Ak 6%
Ak 8%
Ak 9%
Ak 29%
Qh 33%
Qh 11%
Qh 8%
Qh 5%
Qh 12%
Qh 9%
Qh 20%
Ak 1%
Ak 0%
Qh 1%
Qh 1%
ZONA 1
ZONA 3
ZONA 5
ZONA 8
ZONA 2
ZONA 4
ZONA 6
ZONA 7
ZONA 9

52. Definition of reference buildings and
cost optimal requirements for new and
refurbishment of existing buildings
o I. phase Determination of minimum requirements on energy property for single family buildings for
continental and coastal Croatia for time bins before 1970., between 1970. and 1987., and after 1987.
based on cost optimal analysis, including definition of nearly zero energy buildings and plans for increase
in number of nearly zero energy buildings
o II. phase Determination of minimum requirements on energy property for multiapartment, office buildings,
building for education, retail buildings, hotels and restaurants, hospitals and sports halls (seven
categories) for continental and coastal Croatia for time bins before 1970., between 1970. and 2006., and
after 2006. based on cost optimal analysis, including definition of nearly zero energy buildings and plans
for increase in number of nearly zero energy buildings
– Definition of reference building for each building use, time bin and climate region based on own
databases, energy certificates databases, ISGE database and statistical information
– Approximately 500 preliminary architectural designs of building, 500 quantity takeofs and cost
estimates, 600 useful heating energy demand calculations, 2000 building technical systems
designs, quantity takeofs and cost estimates, 400 lighting desings and energy calculations, PV
systems sizing and cost estimates, 2000 final energy calculations and more than 6500 cost optimal
analysis
– EIHP project leader, Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Civil engineering, line up of design teams
feeding cost information and necessary technical expertize

53. Definition of reference buildings and
cost optimal requirements for new and
refurbishment of existing buildings
o Results used for:
– Technical regulation on rational energy use and thermal protection of the buildings – requirements
for new and refurbished buildings
– Regulation on energy certification of the buildings – new energy ratings scale based on final energy
demand
– Plans for increase of number of nearly zero energy buildings
– Further analysis of cost efective and cost optimal energy refurbishment solutions
Results need to be updated regularly to reflect market changes – both in energy demand of reference
building and in changes to reference buildings

54. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Savska cesta 163, Zagreb, Croatia
T: + 385 1 6326 100
F: + 385 1 6040 599
eihp@eihp.hr
www.eihp.hr
Thank you for your
attention
Toni Borković
Renewable Energy Sources and
Energy Efficiency