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Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

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Natural Polymer Based Nanomaterials

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A botany file is similar to a chemistry practical file but specifically focuses on experiments and observations related to plants. It typically includes detailed descriptions of plant-related experiments, such as germination studies, growth experiments, tissue culture techniques, plant anatomy investigations, and ecological surveys. The file may contain records of plant specimens collected, their classification, characteristics, and ecological significance. Additionally, it may include diagrams, photographs, drawings, tables, and data analysis related to plant research. Like a chemistry practical file, a botany file serves as a documentation of practical work conducted in the field of botany and is often used for assessment and educational purposes.

Botany 4th semester file By Sumit Kumar yadav.pdf

Sumit Kumar yadav

👉 𝑾𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑽𝑰𝑫𝑬 𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑺𝑬𝑿𝒀 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬𝑳𝑺 𝑾𝑯𝑶 𝑾𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑫𝑨𝑵𝑪𝑬 & 𝑫𝑹𝑰𝑵𝑲 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑨𝑳𝑺𝑶 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑽𝑰𝑫𝑬 𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑺𝑬𝑿𝑼𝑨𝑳 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝒀 𝑻𝑶 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝒀 𝑴𝑨𝑺𝑺𝑨𝑮𝑬 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑺𝑬𝑿. 👉𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑴𝑨𝒀 𝑻𝑨𝑲𝑬 𝑻𝑯𝑬𝑴 𝑶𝑼𝑻 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑨 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝒀 𝑶𝑹 𝑨𝑳𝑺𝑶 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑨𝑵𝒀 𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑽𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑰𝑬𝑺. 👉𝑻𝑯𝑬𝑺𝑬 𝑮𝑰𝑹𝑳𝑺 𝑨𝑹𝑬 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑫 𝑰𝑵 𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑺𝑶𝑴𝑬 𝑭𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑾𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑼𝑹𝑬 𝑻𝑯𝑨𝑻 𝒀𝑶𝑼 𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑬 𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑷𝑳𝑬𝑻𝑬 𝑭𝑼𝑵. 28/April/2024 {{🎗️SCH🎗️}} 8923113531 How to book call girls The Booking process is particularly time-saving and more comfortable for us. Below mentioned are the steps you need to follow to hire our call girl: Step 1 - Visit our Call Girls Service website Step 2 - check for the portfolios of our sexy and hot call girls Step 3 - check on the services provided by the specific call girls Step 4 - Once you have selected the call girls and respective services, go to the contact us page. Step 5 - on the contact page, you will get our phone number, WhatsApp number, and email address. You can choose any one of them to connect with us. Call Us – 8923113531 ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬 𝑾𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑺 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑩𝑨𝑹𝑮𝑨𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑺 𝑨𝑹𝑬 𝑷𝑳𝑬𝑨𝑺𝑬 𝑬𝑿𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑬, 𝑾𝑬 𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑪𝑻 𝒀𝑶𝑼𝑹 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑻𝒀 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑽𝑨𝑪𝒀 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑬𝑿𝑷𝑬𝑪𝑻 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑺𝑨𝑴𝑬 𝑭𝑹𝑶𝑴 𝒀𝑶𝑼.✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ Duration Normal Girls Housewives High-Profile Models (Celebrities) 1 Shot ₹ 8,000 ₹ 10,000 ₹ 15,000 2 Shots ₹ 15,000 ₹ 15,000 ₹ 25,000 Full Day ₹ 35,000 ₹ 35,000 ₹ 40,000 Full Night ₹ 40,000 ₹ 40,000 ₹ 50,000 Weekend ₹ 45,000 ₹ 45,000 ₹ 50,000 Party Nights ₹ 50,000 ₹ 50,000 ₹ 60,000

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Botany is the branch of biology that deals with the scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, and classification. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the molecular biology of plant cells to the ecological relationships between plants and their environments. Botany is essential for understanding plant diversity, ecology, evolution, and the roles plants play in ecosystems and human societies.

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Spermiogenesis or Spermateleosis or metamorphosis of spermatid

Sarthak Sekhar Mondal

The primary distinction between a test cross and a backcross is that a test cross is used to determine the genotype of a phenotypically dominant individual, whereas a backcross is used to recover a dominant genotype from a parent who has an extreme genotype. The hybrids that are backcrossed are known as 'BC' hybrids. For example, a BC1 hybrid is an F1 hybrid that was crossed with one of its parents or a genetically similar species. The BC2 hybrid is defined as a BC1 hybrid that has been crossed with the same parent or genetically similar species. Other instances include backcrossing in animals. A system of breeding in which repeated backcrosses are made to transfer a specific character to a well-adapted variety for which the variety is deficient is referred to as backcross breeding This approach is infrequently utilized in vegetatively propagated crops such as sugarcane and potatoes, and only with slight alterations. A test cross is a genetic technique for determining an unknown genotype in a dominant person. It is a breeding procedure in which a (known genotype) homozygous recessive individual is paired with an individual of the opposite mating type who has an unknown dominant genotype. The phenotypic characteristics of the resulting children are investigated, and the genotype of the examined individual is determined appropriately. If all of the progeny from the test cross are dominant, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown person is homozygous dominant. If 50% of kids exhibit dominant traits and the remaining 50% exhibit recessive traits, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown individual is heterozygous dominant. #genetics #backcross #testcross #mendel #crosses #monohybridtestcross #backcrossandtestcross #typesofcross #dihybridtestcross #limitationsofcross #applicationsofcross #mscbotany #botany

DIFFERENCE IN BACK CROSS AND TEST CROSS

LeenakshiTyagi

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes. It's often divided into various sub-disciplines such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry. Chemistry plays a crucial role in understanding the world around us and has applications in various fields such as medicine, materials science, environmental science, and industry.

Chemistry 4th semester series (krishna).pdf

Sumit Kumar yadav

Jupiter’s moon Io hosts extensive volcanism, driven by tidal heating. The isotopic composition of Io's inventory of volatile chemical elements, including sulfur and chlorine, reflects its outgassing and mass loss history, and thus records information about its evolution. We used millimeter observations of Io’s atmosphere to measure sulfur isotopes in gaseous SO2 and SO, and chlorine isotopes in gaseous NaCl and KCl. We find 34S/32S = 0.0595 ± 0.0038 (equivalent to δ34S = +347 ± 86‰), which is highly enriched compared to average Solar System values and indicates that Io has lost 94 to 99% of its available sulfur. Our measurement of 37Cl/35Cl = 0.403 ± 0.028 (δ37Cl = +263 ± 88‰) shows that chlorine is similarly enriched. These results indicate that Io has been volcanically active for most (or all) of its history, with potentially higher outgassing and mass-loss rates at earlier times.

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Sérgio Sacani

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Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

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