Definition, Incidence, Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Types, Rehabilitation, Support

1. SCHIZOPHRENIA

2. DEFINITION
Schizophrenia is a chronic,
severe, debilitating mental
illness

3. DEFINITION
Characterized by:
– Psychotic symptoms
(delusions, hallucinations)
– Disorganization symptoms
– Negative symptoms and,
sometimes,
– Cognitive impairment

4. INCIDENCE
Affects about 1% of the
population over the age of 18
or, in other words, at any one
time as many as 51 million
people worldwide

5. INCIDENCE
• Is one of the only disorders
known to exist in every
culture and society around
the world.
• Affects men and women
equally.

6. TYPES

7. TYPES
The ICD-10 further defines two
additional subtypes:

8. TYPES
• Post-schizophrenic
depression
A depressive episode arising in
the aftermath of a
schizophrenic illness where
some low-level
schizophrenic symptoms
may still be present
• Simple Schizophrenia

9. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Positive, more overtly psychotic symptoms
-Delusions
-Hallucinations
-Disorganized speech
-Disorganized behaviors
-Catatonic behaviors

10. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Negative, potentially less overtly psychotic symptoms
-Inhibition of facial expressions
-Lack of speech
-Lack of motivation

11. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Simple schizophrenia is
classified F20.6 in ICD-10
• An uncommon disorder in
which there is an
insidious and progressive
development of
prominent negative
symptoms with no history
of psychotic episodes

12. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
Delusions and hallucinations
are not evident, and the
disorder is less obviously
psychotic than the
disorganized, paranoid, and
catatonic subtypes of
schizophrenia

13. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
The characteristic “negative”
features of residual
schizophrenia (e.g. blunting of
affect, loss of volition) develop
without being preceded by any
overt psychotic symptoms.

14. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
Slowly progressive
development over a period of
at least one year, of all three of
the following:

15. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
1
(a) Loss of drive and interests, aimlessness, self-absorbed attitude and
social withdrawal that progress.
(b) Gradual appearance and deepening of negative symptoms such as
marked apathy, lack of speech, under activity, blunting of affect,
passivity and lack of initiative, and poor non-verbal
communication.
(c) Marked decline in social, scholastic or occupational performance.

16. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
2
Absence, at any time, of
hallucinations and well
formed delusions of any
kind
3
Absence of evidence of
dementia or any other
organic disorder

17. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
The only primary symptom is the withdrawal of the person from
social and work related situations.

18. ARE ANY TESTS NEEDED?
• Blood and urine tests may
be done to rule out physical
causes of the symptoms or
drug/alcohol use.
• Chronic Cannabis use leads
to Amotivational syndrome.

19. MANAGEMENT
There is no cure for
schizophrenia, but consistent
ongoing compliance with a
multifaceted treatment
program can often effectively
control symptoms and prevent
relapses of acute episodes of
symptoms.

20. MANAGEMENT
TREATMENT INCLUDES:
• Medications
• Psychotherapy
• Rehabilitation

21. ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION
• Antipsychotic drugs tend to
work best to ease positive
symptoms, and tend not to
work so well to ease negative
symptoms
• Due to the lack of positive
symptoms in simple
schizophrenia, the scope of
antipsychotic medications are
limited

22. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
•Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy (CBT)
The patient may be asked to keep
a diary of important events in
their life and the way they feel
about them. The therapist may
challenge their beliefs and ask
them to explain. They may be
asked to try out new ways of
behaving and reacting

23. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
•Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy (CBT)
Studies have found that, on
average, CBT reduces the
chance of being admitted or
readmitted to hospital, can
reduce symptom severity
and can improve social
functioning

24. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
• FAMILY INTERVENTION
This may be offered and
consists of about 10 therapy
sessions for relatives of
patients with schizophrenia

25. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
• FAMILY INTERVENTION
It has been found to reduce
hospital admissions and the
severity of symptoms for up to
two years after treatment

26. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
• Rehabilitation is the tertiary
prevention process of helping the
person who has a serious mental
illness return to the highest
possible level of functioning
• Vocational Rehabilitation would
not be complete without
assistance with job training,
finding and retraining
• Retraining is a significant
component of vocational
rehabilitation. Schizophrenics
sometimes want to go back to
school to retrain for something
new or to finish something they
have already started

27. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
• A point to keep in mind is
to remind families and
friends to value whatever
the individual spends his
or her time at
• The structured routine
that employment offers
provides a welcome
diversion from unpleasant
preoccupations

28. SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY
SUPPORT
• Families, friends and local
support groups are major
sources of help

29. ENCOURAGING PHYSICAL HEALTH
• People with schizophrenia,
along with everyone else in
the population, are
encouraged to adopt a
healthy lifestyle - not to
smoke, to take regular
exercise, to eat healthily,
etc.

30. LIVING WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Many people diagnosed with
schizophrenia are still able to
live normal, happy lives
• For those diagnosed with the
disorder, it is very important
that they continue to take
their medication and abstain
from drugs and drinking