7. Activity ( Valvarcel et al. (1985) and Edelhoff (1981) ) Instructional Sequencing and Motivation Input Control Focus/ Working Transfer/ Application
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9. Historical Overview of Error Correction Fig. Adapted from TESOL Link @ http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kurazumi/peon/error.html View of Learning Error Error treatment Behaviorist Undesirable Overt & immediate correction Giving correct answers Cognitive Inevitable Evidence of language development Informational hypothesis-testing Intentionally ignored No treatment Interactional Error-making and its repairing are parts of interaction Negotiation of meaning Self-repair Other-repair (teacher, peer) NNS-NNS peer correction is also beneficial
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13. Characteristics of Instructional Settings Characteristics Natural Acquisition Structure-Based Instruction Communicative Instruction T-S T-S S-S Learning 1 thing at a time Errors Frequent feedback on errors Genuine Questions Display Questions Negotiation of Meaning Metalinguistic Comments Ample time for learning Variety of discourse types Pressure to Speak Access to Modified Input
