2. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that is
necessary for normal growth and
development.
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water.
Leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the
body through the urine. That means you need
a continuous supply of such vitamins in your
diet.
water-soluble and fat-soluble.
OH 2
3. Vitamin C is needed for the growth and
repair of tissues in all parts of your body
Vitamin C is one of many
antioxidants
Vitamin C has been a popular
remedy for the common cold.
OH 3
4. Form an important protein used to make
skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels.
Heal wounds and form scar tissue
Repair and maintain cartilage, bones, and
teeth
OH 4
8. •vitamin C supplements
or vitamin C-rich foods
do not reduce the risk of
getting the common
cold.
• slightly shorter colds or
somewhat milder
symptoms.
OH 8
9. The body is not able to make vitamin C on
its own, and it does not store vitamin C. It is
therefore important to include plenty of
vitamin C-containing foods in your daily diet.
OH 9
11. OH 11
Cantaloupe
Citrus fruits and
juices, such as orange
and grapefruit
Kiwi fruit
Mango
Papaya
Pineapple
Strawberries,
raspberries,
blueberries,
cranberries
Watermelon
Broccoli, cauliflower
Green and red
peppers
Cabbage, turnip
greens, and other
leafy greens
Sweet and white
potatoes
Tomatoes and tomato
juice
Winter squash
18. Cooking vitamin C-rich foods or storing them
for a long period of time can reduce the
vitamin C content. Microwaving and steaming
vitamin C-rich foods may reduce cooking
losses. The best food sources of vitamin C
are uncooked or raw fruits and vegetables.
OH 18
19. Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from lack
of vitamin C
Symptoms:
Adults: gingivitis, bleeding tooth; under
periosteal hematoma, petechiae, increased
thickening of the hair follicle. If left untreated
can be fatal due to massive bleeding or
ischemic cardiomyopathy.
OH 19
20. Babies: usually due to artificial diet, bleeding
under the periosteum, especially in the lower
limbs; easy bleeding under the skin; wound
healing
OH 20
22. Vitamin C is a less accrued but if high doses
for a long time, can create oxalate stones
(oxalic acid from dehydroascorbic converted),
or urate stones, sometimes on both stones;
come loose, digestive disorders
OH 22
24. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for
vitamins reflects how much of each vitamin most
people should get each day. The RDA for
vitamins may be used as goals for each person.
How much of each vitamin you need depends on
your age and gender. Other factors, such as
pregnancy and illnesses, are also important.
The best way to get the daily requirement of
essential vitamins, including vitamin C, is to eat a
balanced diet that contains a variety of foods.
OH 24
28. Adults
Men age 19 and older:
90 mg/day
Women age 19 year
and older: 75 mg/day
Pregnant women: 85
mg/day
Breastfeeding women:
120 mg/day
OH 28
29. Prevention and treatment of scurvy, the
bleeding caused by lack of vitamin C,
increases resistance to infections, poisoning,
fatigue, pregnancy, anemia, allergies, drug
addicts alcoholics ...
OH 29
30. Take 0.2 to 0.5 g / day (not to exceed 1 g /
day)
Children dose half this dose, should be
divided into several times a day.
OH 30
31. Relatively large doses of ascorbic acid may
cause indigestion, particularly when taken on
an empty stomach.
When taken in large doses, ascorbic acid
causes diarrhea in healthy subjects
With the higher doses, toxic manifestations
were observed in five adults and four infants.
The signs and symptoms in adults were
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing of the
face, headache, fatigue and disturbed sleep
OH 31
34. Chemical structure
Vitamin B12, vitamin
B12 or vitamin B-12,
also called cobalamin,
is a water-
soluble vitamin with a
key role in the normal
functioning of
the brain and nervous
system, and for the
formation of blood.
OH 34
35. Vitamin B12 plays several important roles in
keeping our cardiovascular system on track
OH 35
36. A second important role for B12 in
cardiovascular support involves prevention of
excessive homocysteine build-up. A long list
of cardiovascular diseases have been
associated with excessive accumulation of
homocysteine in the bloodstream, including
coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular
disease, and stroke. Vitamin B12 helps
normalize levels of homocysteine in the blood
by allowing conversion of homocysteine to
methionine
OH 36
38. Vitamin B12 is a
necessary co-factor for
the production of DNA,
the genetic material
that acts as the
backbone of all life.
This process requires
folate and vitamin B6
as well, and
disruptions of any of
these nutrients can
lead to problems.
The diagnosis of vitamin
B12 deficiency is often
dependent on problems
with DNA production. When
vitamin B12 is low, normally
rapidly dividing blood cells
are not able to effectively
reproduce their DNA,
leading to abnormally big
cells. This phenomenon,
called macrocytosis, is
often the first way doctors
suspect problems with the
vitamin.
OH 38
39. As described earlier in
the Cardiovascular
Support section, one
role that B12 plays is
maintenance of
hemoglobin in red
blood cells to allow
successful transport of
oxygen. This process is
especially important in
brain health.
OH 39
40. One such place is the brain and nervous
system, where movement of methyl groups is
a key process. Some of the nervous system
messengers (neurotransmitters) cannot be
produced without the help of enzymes called
methyl-transferases, and these enzymes in
turn cannot be produced without the
availability of methyl groups. This area of
methyl metabolism is another key way in
which vitamin B12 plays a major role in the
health of our brain and nervous system.
OH 40
42. While mentioned earlier, it's important to
underscore the role of B12 in support of
oxygen-based energy production (called
aerobic energy). At the heart of this process
is a metabolic cycle called the citric acid cycle
and included within this cycle is a molecule
called succinyl-coA. Since vitamin B12 is
important for maintaining proper supplies of
succinyl-coA in the citric acid cycle, it is
important for supporting all aerobic energy
metabolism.
OH 42
43. Still under debate by researchers is the exact role of B12 in
support of bone health. On the one hand, B12 deficiency
appears to be associated with increased risk of
osteoporosis. This connection involves the positive role of
B12 (in several of its cobalamin forms) in supporting the
activity of the osteoblast (bone-forming) cells. At the same
time, B12 also appears to help regulate activity of tumor
necrosis factor (TNF). TNF overactivity can result in too
much bone breakdown and remodeling by a second type
of bone cells called osteoclasts. Too much osteoclast
activity—regardless of the reason for its occurrence—is
also associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.
Despite these logical connections between B12 deficiency
and osteoporosis risk, however, actual research findings
are inconsistent in making the B12 connection to bone
status.
OH 43
45. The best sources of Vitamin B12 include: eggs,
milk, cheese, milk products, meat, fish,
shellfish and poultry. Some soy and rice
beverages as well as soy based meat
substitutes are fortified with vitamin B12.
OH 45
47. Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
for Vitamin B12 [5]
Age Male Female
Pregnanc
y Lactation
0–6
months*
0.4 mcg 0.4 mcg
7–12
months*
0.5 mcg 0.5 mcg
1–3 years 0.9 mcg 0.9 mcg
4–8 years 1.2 mcg 1.2 mcg
9–13
years
1.8 mcg 1.8 mcg
14+
years
2.4 mcg 2.4 mcg 2.6 mcg 2.8 mcg
OH 47
48. Symptoms of Anemia
Anaemia caused by a
lack of vitamin B12 can
result in symptoms
which include:
Extreme tiredness or
fatigue
A lack of energy or
lethargy
Being out of breath
Feeling faint
Headache
Ringing in
the ears ( tinnitus)
Lack of appetite
OH 48
49. Yellowing of the skin
Sore, red tongue
Mouth ulcers
Changes or loss of some
sense of touch
Feeling less pain
Walking problems
Vision problems
Mood changes,
irritability, depression or
psychosis
Symptoms of dementia
OH 49
51. Blood tests and examination of blood cells under the
microscope assess haemoglobin levels, the size of
red blood cells and the level of vitamin B12 in the
blood. The levels of folate are also usually checked
for the related condition folate deficiency anaemia.
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, further tests may be
carried out to try to find out what's causing the
anaemia.
A referral may be made to a specialist, such as a
haematologist for blood conditions, a
gastroenterologist for digestive disorders or a
dietitian for advice on eating food containing more
vitamin B12.
OH 51
