This is the brief description of the boiremediation esp. phytoremediation. May be helpful for the learners.

1. BIOREMEDIATION(PHYTOREMEDIATION)
A SUSTAINABLE TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
Presented By
Preeti Pal
M.Tech 2nd year
School of Environmental and Earth Sciences
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

2. BIOREMEDIATION
PHYTOREMEDIATION
•Phytoremediation is a form of bioremediation which
involves the use of plants for degrading or immobilizing
contaminants in soil and ground water.
•Any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants
and their enzymes to remove or neutralize the pollutants that
have accumulated in the environment.

3. BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION

4. bacterium
corn
starch CO2 + H2O
contaminant
degradation
products
Bioremediation by plants Bioremediation by bacteria

5. Types of bioremediation
Ex situIn situ
•Biosparging
•Bioaugmentation
•Biopiles
•Bioventing
On the basis of removal and transport of contaminants
•Composting
•Land farming
•Bioreactors

6. TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION
 In situ bioremediation:
No need to remove soils or water from the site in order to accomplish
remediation.
 Involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions
through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to
degrade organic contaminants.
 It can be generally used for soil and groundwater treatment.
Ex situ bioremediation:
This process requires excavation of contaminated soil or pumping of
groundwater to facilitate microbial degradation.

7. •Biosparging
Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressur
e below the water table to increase groundwater oxyg
en concentrations and enhance the rate of biological
degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bac
teria.
•Bioaugmentation
Bioremediation frequently involves the addition of
microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the con
taminated sites.
Types of In-situ bioremediation

8. •Bioventing
•Involves supplying amount of oxygen necessary for the
biodegradationand nutrients through wells to contaminat
ed soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria.
•Bioventing employs low air flow rates.
•Soil biopiles
•Biopiles are a hybrid of land farming and composting.
•use for treatment of surface
contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons
•They are a refined version of land farming that tend cont
rol physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and v
olatilization.
•Biopiles provide a favorable environment for indigenou
s aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

9. 1. Composting
• contaminated soil is
combined with nonhazardous organic components
such as manure or agricultural wastes.
• The presence of organic materials supports the
development of
a rich microbial population and elevated temperatur
e characteristic of composting.
2.Land farming
• Contaminated soil is excavated
• Spread over a prepared bed
• Periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded.
Types of Ex-Situ bioremediation

10. 3. Bioreactors
• Containment vessel used to create solid,
liquid and gas phases.
• Mixing condition to increase the bioreme
-diation rate of soil bound and water-
soluble pollutants.

11. TYPES OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
 Phytoaccumulation
 Phytodegradation
 Phytohydraulics
 Phytovolatilization
 Phytostabilization
 Phytosequestration
 Rhizodegradation
 Rhizofiltration
On the basis of mechanism phytoremediation is of
different types:

12. PHYTOACCUMULATION
 Also known as Phytoextraction
 Plants take up or hyperaccumulate
contaminants through their roots and store
them in the tissues of the stem or leaves.
 The contaminants are not necessarily
degraded but are removed from the
environment when the plants are harvested.
 This is particularly useful for removing
metals from soil and, in some cases, the
metals can be recovered for reuse, by
incinerating the plants, in a process
called phytomining.
Phytoextraction mechanisms

13. PHYTODEGRADATION
Contaminants are taken up
into the plant tissues where
they are metabolized, or
biotransformed. Where the
transformation takes place
depends on the type of plant,
and can occur in roots, stem or
leaves.
Phytodegradation mechanisms
A: plant enzymatic activity
B: photosynthetic oxidation

14. PHYTOHYDRAULICS
 Use of deep-rooted plants
(usually trees) to contain,
sequester or degrade
ground water
contaminants that come
into contact with their
roots.

15. PHYTOVOLATILIZATION
 Plants take up volatile
compounds through their
roots, and transpire the
same compounds, or their
metabolites, through the
leaves, thereby releasing
them into the atmosphere.
Phytovolatilization mechanism

16. PHYTOSTABILISATION
Many different processes fall under this category which
can involve
 Absorption by roots
 Adsorption to the surface of roots
 The production of biochemicals by the plant that are
released into the soil or ground water in the immediate
vicinity of the roots, and can sequester, precipitate, or
otherwise immobilize nearby contaminants.

17. Reduce the mobility of the contaminant and prevent
migration to soil, water and air by
• Immobilization of target contaminants in the root zone.
• Transport proteins associated with the exterior root
membrane can irreversibly bind and stabilize contaminants on
the root surfaces, preventing contaminants from entering the
plant.
• Contaminants can be sequestered into the vacuoles of root
cells, preventing further translocation to the xylem.
PHYTOSEQUESTRATION

18. RHIZODEGRADATION
•This takes place in the soil or ground water
immediately surrounding the plant roots.
•Exudates from plants stimulate rhizosphere
bacteria to enhance biodegradation of soil
contaminants.

19. RHIZOFILTRATION
Rhizofiltration can be defined as the use of plant
roots to absorb, concentrate, and/or precipitate
hazardous compounds, particularly heavy metals or
radionuclides, from aqueous solutions.
Plants rapidly remove heavy metals from water and
concentrate them in the roots and shoots.
Example of plant :Brassica juncea

20. Plant-rhizosphere interactions including plant-endophytes relationships in
environmental decontamination
Plant endophyte interactions

21. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
BIOREMEDIATION
 A natural process
 Useful for the complete
destruction of a wide variety of
contaminants.
 Can be carried out on site, without
disrupting normal activities.
 Eliminates the need to transport
the waste off site
 Eliminate the potential threats to
human health.
 Less expansive.
 Limited to only biodegradable
compounds.
 Products of biodegradation may be
more toxic than the parent compound.
 Biological processes are often highly
specific.
 Requires Suitable environmental
growth conditions, and appropriate
levels of nutrients and contaminants.
 Difficult to extrapolate from bench
and pilot scale studies to full scale
field operations.
 Takes longer time than other
treatment options.
Advantages Disadvantages

22. REFERENCES
•Bioremediation, its Applications to Contaminated Sites in
India, Dr. M.N.V. Prasad, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of
Hyderabad, Hyderabad
•Shilpi Sharma,2012,Bioremediation: Features, Strategies and
applications, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science, vol 2
•Kumar.A ,Bisht.B.S, Joshi.V.D , Dhewa.T , 2011,Review on
Bioremediation of Polluted Environment: A Management Tool,Int. J.
Env. Sci., Vol 1, No 6,

23. THANK YOU