2. What is strenuous activity
 Work or physical activity that requires sustained
higher strength or speed
 Example of strenuous activity include running,
jogging, playing football, climbing mountain and etc.

3. There are changes when a healthy
person doing a strenuous activity
such as climbing mountain.
 Changes in respiratory system
 Changes in circulatory system

4. Changes in respiratory system
 Increase in speed of rib movement and rib
displacement
 Increased volume of the thoracic cavity
 Increased breathing rate

5.  Pulmonary ventilation increases to meet the demands
of strenuous activity through the following method:
 An increase in tidal volume, which refers to the
quantity of air that is inhaled and exhaled with every
breath
 An increase in the respiration or breathing rate which
refers to how many times a person completes an
inhalation and exhalation every minute.

6.  During expiration, the contraction of the internal
intercostals muscles brings the rib cage back to its
normal position and the abdominal muscles contract
to assist the internal intercostals muscles and force the
diaphragm upward

7. Changes in circulatory system
 Heart rate
-Increase as a result of increased sympathetic and
decreased parasympathetic activity to the SA nodes
 Venous return
-Increase as a result of sympathetically induced venous
vasoconstriction and increase activity of the skeletal
muscle and respiratory pump

8.  Cardiac output
-Increase as a result of increases in heart rate
 Blood flow to the brain
-unchanged because sympathetic stimulation has no
effect on brain arterioles, local control mechanism
maintain constant cerebral blood flow whatever the
circumstances

9.  Blood flow to the skin
-Increase because the hypothalamic temperature
control center induces vasolidation of skin arterioles.
Increase skin blood flow brings heat produced by
exercising muscles to the body surface where the heat
can be lost to the environment

10.  Blood flow to the digestive systems, kidneys, and other
organs
-decreases as a result of generalized sympathetically
induced arteriolar vasoconstriction
 Total peripheral resistance
-decreases because resistance in the skeletal
muscles, heart, and skin decreases.

11.  Mean arterial blood pressure
-increases but in modest because cardiac output
increases more than total peripheral resistance

12. When a person reached a highest peak.
What is high altitude?
-Regions on earth surface that are high above than sea
level
-At high altitude atmospheric pressure is lower than that
at the sea level
-Due to this high altitude air is cool

13. Changes in respiratory system
 A drop in partial pressure of oxygen or rise in carbon
dioxide levels in the blood will trigger an increase in
respiration via:
-An increase in tidal volume
-An increase in breathing rate
 Pulmonary blood pressure increases due to increased
blood flow
 Pulmonary circulation change as pulmonary hypertension
appears

14. Change in circulatory system
 Increase in epinephrine level
 Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
 Blood flow to the non-essential body function such as
digestive system decrease as cardiopulmonary increase
 Cardiac output increases as a result of increase in heart
rate

15. Hypoxia
What is hypoxia?
-Hypoxia is low oxygen supply to the body’s tissue or cell
What is the causes of hypoxia?
-High altitude
-Low oxygen carrying capacity
-Impaired ventilation
-Decreased oxygen supply to an area.

16. Symptoms
 Hot and cold flashes
 Muscle and mental fatigue
 Headache
 Air hunger
 Nausea
 Dizziness
 Tingling
 Visual impairment

17. Treatment
 Acclimatization can help restore the partial pressure of
oxygen but it is not sufficient to fully restore it
 The most important method is to administer oxygen.
Oxygen enrichment counteracts the effect of low air
pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen in the
arterial blood is restored to normal

18.  Some of the devices for delivering oxygen via
inhalation is:
-Nasal cannula
-Simple oxygen facemask
-Non-rebreather mask
-Bag valve mask
-Transport ventilator

19. Would it make any difference if
the climber is female?

20. No, the changes still the same in both sexes, but the only
matter is the time of changes to occur. The size of the
heart in female typically smaller than males. The
smaller female heart pumping less blood with each
beat. The lung volume is also difference between males
and females.