2. Muhammad Farhan Bashir
Syed Khalid Ahmed
Shahroz Raza
Safeer Farooq
Muhammad Asad Ullah

3. Elliot Aronson

4. Elliot Aronson
He was born on
January 9, 1932.
He is an American
psychologist.
He is listed among
the 100 most eminent Elliot Aronson
psychologists of the
20th Century,
He is known for
research on cognitive
dissonance, high-
impact
experimentation, Jigsa
w Classroom, gain-loss
theory of attraction.

5.  Aronson grew up in extreme poverty in Revere,
 He belief that every life progress is based on actions of
luck, opportunity, talent, and intuition together.
 He earned his Bachelor's degree from Brandeis in
1954.
 He went on to earn a Master's degree from Wesleyan
University in 1956 (where he worked with David
McClelland, and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in
1959 (where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the
experimental social psychologist Leon Feininger.

6.  Aronson with his Labrador Retriever guide dog Desi-Lu in 2011
 Elliot is married to Vera Aronson, whom he met while they were
both undergraduate research assistants under Abraham
Maslow. Together they have had four children; Hal, Neal, Julie
and Joshua, who is himself a social psychologist. In 2000,
Aronson was diagnosed with macular degeneration and, by
2003, had lost all of his central vision. To cope with his blindness,
Aronson decided to work with a guide dog, and applied at Guide
Dogs for the Blind in 2010. Later, beginning in January and
extending through February 2011, he was trained at Guide Dogs
for the Blind in a three week training session, and received a
guide dog, Desilu, nicknamed "Desi." He graduated from the
program on February 12, 2011. He said jokingly "They worked us
14 hours a day, until we were almost as smart as our dogs.

7.  Aronson has taught at Harvard University, the University of
Minnesota, the University of Texas, and the University of California,
Santa Cruz.
 He is the only person in the 120-year history of the American
Psychological Association to have won all three of its major awards: for
writing, for teaching, and for research
 He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and
won the William James Award from the Association for Psychological
Science for his lifetime achievements.
 He also won the Gordon All port Prize for his work on reducing
prejudice. In 1981 he was one of five academics awarded "Professor of
the Year" by the Council for the Advancement and Support of
Education.
 He officially retired in 1994, but has continued to teach and write.

8.  The Social Animal
• He stated Aronson's First Law: "People who do
crazy things are not necessarily crazy" thus
asserting the importance of situational factors
in bizarre behavior.
 Cognitive dissonance
• The unpleasant emotion that results from
believing two contradictory things at the
same time.

9.  The Jigsaw Classroom
 a classroom organized into small ethnically balanced
working group in which each students contributes a
different parts of the lesson.
 Gain-loss theory of attraction
• The Peoples are attracted who will provide
them with the greater gain and not to those
who will provide them with the greater loss.

10.  Definition:
How do we attach meaning to other's behavior,
or our own? This is called attribution theory
 For example:
If someone angry because they are bad-
tempered or because something bad happened?
 Attribution Theory:
Deals with how the social perceiver uses
information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It
examines what information is gathered and how it is
combined to form a causal judgment.
 Attribution theory is concerned with how and why
ordinary people explain events as they do.

11.  Explanatory attribution
People make explanatory
attributions to understand the world around
them and to seek reasons for a particular event.
For example, if Jacob’s car tire is punctured he
may attribute that to a hole in the road; by
making attributions to the poor condition of the
highway, he can make sense of the event
without any discomfiture that it may in reality
have been the result of his bad driving.

12.  Sometimes, when your action or motives for the action
are questioned, you need to explain the reasons for your
action. Interpersonal attributions happen when the causes
of the events involve two or more individuals.
 More specifically, you will always want to present yourself
in the most positive light in interpersonal attributions. For
example, let’s say Jaimie and her boyfriend had a fight.
When Jaimie explains her situation to her friends, she will
say she tried everything to avoid a fight but she will blame
her boyfriend that he nonetheless started a fight. This
way, Jaimie is seen as a peacemaker to her friends
whereas her boyfriend is seen as the one who started it all.

13.  Definition:
 The unpleasant emotion that results from believing
two contradictory things at the same time.
 Cognitive dissonance is the term used in modern
psychology to describe the state of holding two or
more conflicting cognitions (e.g., ideas, beliefs,
values, emotional reactions) simultaneously
 motivational drive,

16.  Examples:
 The Fox and the Grapes….
 An example of this would
be the conflict between
wanting to smoke and knowing
that smoking is unhealthy.
 Explain unexplained feelings:
 Justify behavior that opposed their views


17.  Definition: a classroom organized into small ethnically
balanced working group in which each students contributes
a different parts of the lesson.

25.  History Of Jigsaw
 Steps in implementation
 Use jigsaw in class room
 Benefits

26.  Definition: The Peoples are attracted who
will provide them with the greater gain and
not to those who will provide them with the
greater loss.
 Gain Loss Principle: if a person increases their
positive feelings for you then you are likely to
do the same for them.

27.  Positive behaviors
 Negative behaviors
 Examples

28.  Exchange Theories
 Homan’s Social Exchange Theory
▪ People try to maximize their rewards and minimize their
costs.
 Adams Equity Theory
▪ People are happiest with relationships in which the
rewards and costs are equal between the partners.

29.  Exchange Theories
 Thibaut and Kelley’s Theory of Social
Interdependence
▪ People calculate the rewards and costs of being in a
relationship
▪ Comparison level - standard by which people evaluate
rewards and costs of a given relationship
▪ Comparison level alternative - deals with rewards and
costs of alternative relationships