Aq7275 Hướng dẫn sử dụng máy đo sợi cáp quang Yokogawa otdr

1
Communication
Products Training
30 October 2009
Jonathan Setiawan
Jonathan Setiawan
COPYRIGHT BY YEA April 2008AQ7275 OTDR
Product Training
QUALITY • INNOVATION • FORESIGHT

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Agenda
Introduction to OTDRIntroduction to OTDR
AQ7275 IntroductionAQ7275 Introduction
AQ7275 FeaturesAQ7275 Features
AQ7275 Operation GuideAQ7275 Operation Guide
AQ7275 Advance OperationAQ7275 Advance Operation
Questions and AnswerQuestions and Answer

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Introduction to OTDR
An instrument to measure optical fiber lengths and losses and
identifies failure locations from one end only.
Measurement items
Distance : Fiber Length, connection (reflective & non-reflective),
fiber break
Loss : Transmission loss, connection loss
Return loss 　 : Connectors, end of fibers
Optical Time Domain ReflectometerOptical Time Domain Reflectometer

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Pulse
Clad
Core
Ferrule
reflection
Transparen
t light
Measurement PrincipleMeasurement Principle 　
Measure the length of fiber
Backscattered light
Level  Loss Time 
Distance
Laser
Diode
Beam splitter
ＬＤ
Photo Detector
Amplifier
Average
Display
Pulse
Generator

5
Fusion splice
Optical fiber Optical fiber
AQ7275 OTDR
AQ7275 OTDR
Measurement PointsMeasurement Points

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Measurement ExampleMeasurement Example

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 Mechanical splice
　　 Physically connecting the fibers using “V-groove” device
 Connector
　　 Physically connecting the fibers using adapter
 Fusion splice
　　 Fusing the tips of fibers to connect one another 　
Connection MethodConnection Method 　　

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 Connector point
Caused by a small gap between ferrules joined by a connector.
Refractive index varies at this gap which makes a reflection.
※ Normal connector loss is less than 0.5dB
Cause of Reflective LossesCause of Reflective Losses 　
 Connector point
　 Caused by stains on the tips of ferrules which disturbs the alignment
of the cores of fibers. Stains increase losses and reflections
　　 ※ Normal connector loss is less than 0.5dB
Stain
 Open End
A Fresnel reflection occurs at breakage point or
edge of optical fiber where refractive index changes.
There is approximate 3% (-14.7dB) of reflection
when optical fiber is cut in perpendicular to the fiber.
Ga
p
Connector
Optical
fiber
Optical
fiber
Glass
Air
Input light (100%)
Output
Light
(97%)
Reflected light (3%)

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 Fusion Splice point
Caused by misalignment of cores when fused each other. 　
　　 ※ Normal fusion splice loss is less than 0.1dB
Cause of Non-Reflective LossesCause of Non-Reflective Losses 　
 Macro bend
Caused by transmitting light leaks from optical fiber when the fiber is bended sharply.

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Agenda

15
AQ7275 Introduction
Configuration of Peripheral DevicesConfiguration of Peripheral Devices

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Agenda

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Short Dead Zone (< 80cm)Short Dead Zone (< 80cm)
-- Killer spec. for FTTH testing
Accompanying the rapid proliferation of FTTH is a growing need for detection of
reflective events arising from short distance mechanical connections.
The AQ7275’s short event dead zone enables detection of closely spaced events in
cables installed in offices and customer premises.
1m
AQ7275 Features
Advanced !
Advanced !

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High dynamic range (up to 45dB)High dynamic range (up to 45dB)
The high dynamic range model (735034) can achieve the dynamic range of 45 dB.
This high dynamic range is effective in measuring a transmission line consisting of
long fiber cables and a splitter with a large loss.
AQ7275 Features
Advanced !
Advanced !

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Powers-up quickly (in 10 seconds or less)Powers-up quickly (in 10 seconds or less)
Now measurements can be started quickly upon arrival at the site.
10 seconds to power-up from completely OFF to fully ON!
With such a fast power-up time, battery life can be extended by turning the power
off while not in use at the job site without any concern about the power-up time
when the next job is ready.
It’s ready when you’re ready!
AQ7275 Features
Advanced !
Advanced !

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Plug Check FunctionPlug Check Function
You can detect poor connections and dirty plugs.
The plug check function monitors the condition of the
optical connectors and displays an alarm if the connection
is not properly made.
This function is useful for checking for damage, dirt, or
other problems with optical plugs at the OTDR or on the
fiber under test. It is also useful for helping technicians to
remember to connect the fiber under test.
AQ7275 Features
Active Line AlarmActive Line Alarm
There may be concern that technicians inputting the OTDR
measurement signal into the communication line could
cause communication errors.
The active line alarm monitors the fiber’s optical power
level and displays an alarm message if it detects optical
power at or higher than a specified threshold level in order
to warn the technician not to mistakenly feed the signal into
the communication line.

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Multi Fiber Measurement FunctionMulti Fiber Measurement Function
Automatically performs measurements and data-filling according to a pre-established file
name table.
The OTDR Project File Editor included in AQ7932 Emulation Software greatly saves time
to create file name table
Advanced !
Advanced !
AQ7275 Features
NEW

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External Large Capacity Battery
The operation time will triple that of a standard built-in battery.
AQ7275 Features
Angled-PC Connector (SC only)
You can connect an optical fiber with an angled-PC connector directly to the OTDR.
The angled PC is often used for CATV networks to reduce the influence of reflection.

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Agenda

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• Measure the distance
• Measure the splice loss and return loss
• Analyze multiple waveforms
AQ7275 Operation Guide
Measurement Preparation
• Connect the power supply and turn it ON
• Connect the optical fiber cables
• Load the printer paper
Measurement Condition Setup
Trace Acquisition
• Real time measurement
• Averaging measurement
Trace Analysis
Trace Printing and Storage
• Print the display image
• Save various types of data
• Full-auto Mode
• Wizard Mode
• Detail Mode
• Multi wavelength Mode

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MENU key
Returns to the Top Menu, where user can
selects OTDR, optical power monitor, light
source, Visible Light Source or One Button
(Macro) function.
F1 to F5 key
Executes functions that are assigned to
the soft keys displayed at the right edge of
the LCD.
ESC key
Cancels an operation or returns to the
previous display.
FILE key
Operate files and print waveforms. Some
also used as soft keys.
POWER key
Turns the instrument ON/OFF.
AQ7275 Operation Guide – Front Keys
FunctionsMeasurement Preparation Measurement Condition Setup Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and Storage

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Rotary knob
Moves cursors and markers, sets values,
etc. PUSH for Coarse or Fine mode.
Scale key
Expands, reduces, and moves
waveforms.
Arrow key
Moves, expands, and reduces waveforms,
moves cursors, etc.
Enter key
Confirms the operation.
Setting key
Sets measurement conditions and system
configuration.
Also used to change the event detection
conditions for event analysis.
Average key
Starts or stop the averaging measurement.
Realtime key
Starts or stop the real time measurement.
AQ7275 Operation Guide – Front Keys
FunctionsMeasurement Preparation Measurement Condition Setup Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and Storage

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Power Lamp
Green: Running
Red: Low battery Level
Charge Lamp
Green: Charging
Green (blinking): Charging not started / preliminary charging
• The battery pack is not loaded correctly in the AQ7275
• The temperature of the battery pack is outside the chargeable
temperature range
• The battery pack is in the preliminary charging condition
because the battery level is extremely low
Check that the battery pack is loaded correctly.
If the green lamp does not illuminate even after 2 or 3 hours passes with the
AC adapter connected, the battery pack may be broken or reduced life.
Turning On the OTDRTurning On the OTDR
Measurement Preparation Measurement Condition Setup Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and Storage

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Cleaning Fiber OpticCleaning Fiber Optic
CableCable
Correct method Wrong method
X
Connecting Fiber Optic CableConnecting Fiber Optic Cable

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Good connection
Bad connection
Good vs. Bad Connector EndGood vs. Bad Connector End
FaceFace
Near end performance
Overall Trace performance

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 OTDR automatically determines the measurement conditions, performs a
measurement and analysis, and also saves measurement data.
 Wavelength setting is required prior to the execution.
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 To modify certain parameter on Analysis Setup menu, change the setup mode from
Full Auto to Detail mode, then set the parameter to modify on Analysis Setup menu.
Full Auto ModeFull Auto Mode

 Detailed condition setting for Experts
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More measurement conditions to set
effectively and speedy
Detail ModeDetail Mode

 With the step-by-step guideline and pop-up instructions, user can easily configure
the measurement and other setup.
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Pop up instructions for detailed
parameter description
Step-by-step
guideline
Manual is not needed!
Measurement Wizard ModeMeasurement Wizard Mode

 Multiple wavelengths measurement can be executed and saved by one button
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Measurement
Change wavelength
Save trace
1st
wavelength
End
Up to 3 wavelengths
Same conditions
Multi Wavelength ModeMulti Wavelength Mode

 One-Button Measurement (Macro) is to pre-program multiple testing procedures to be
executed by only one button.
 Three Macros are available to run.
 One Macro contains 5 jobs which have individually sets of predefined
measurement/analysis/file output setup. These 5 jobs are performed sequentially.
 Measurement conditions need to be defined prior to the execution.
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One-Button Measurement (Macro)One-Button Measurement (Macro)

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Reference
Dynamic range
(SNR = 1)
2.6dB
Noise peak
Dynamic range refers to the range of optical power levels that can be measured.
The larger the dynamic range, the greater the distance that optical pulses can be
measured over.
Dynamic RangeDynamic Range
Dynamic Range Dead Zone
Measurement Preparation Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and Storage
Note:
• Dynamic range is dependent to pulse width and increases as the pulse width widens
• OTDR Distance Measurement Capability =
(dB/km)LossnAttenuatio
(dB)RangeDynamic
Measurement Condition Setup

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Note: Event dead zone is dependent to pulse width and increases as the pulse width widens
Why occurs? Photodiode Detector effect (Camera Flash Example)
1) Event Dead Zone
The minimum distance after a Fresnel reflection where an OTDR can detect another event.
In other words, it is the minimum length of fiber needed between two reflective events.
Dead ZoneDead Zone
Measurement Preparation Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and StorageMeasurement Condition Setup

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2) Attenuation Dead Zone
The minimum distance after a Fresnel reflection where an OTDR can accurately
measure the loss of a consecutive event.
Dead ZoneDead Zone
Measurement Preparation Trace Acquisition Trace Analysis Trace Printing and StorageMeasurement Condition Setup

Transmission & Connector Loss
1310nm: 0.3dB/km (typical)
1550nm: 0.2dB/km (typical)
Longer wavelength has smaller transmission &
connector loss
Bending loss
Longer wavelength gives higher bending loss
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Select the measurement wavelength based on the wavelength(s) used
for the designated fiber.
WavelengthsWavelengths
Fault by bending
1550nm
1310nm
splice connectorconnector
1550nm
1310nm
Wavelengths Pulse WidthDistance Range Sampling Interval Averaging Method
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Distance range
Fiber length
If the length of the fiber under test is known, set the distance range longer but closest
to the distance.
Example: Optical fiber under test : 15km
　　　 Distance range should be ・・・、 10km 、 20km 、 40km 、・・・
If the length of optical fiber is unknown, use Auto range.
Distance RangeDistance Range
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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In order to reduce the reflection, index-matching gel
can be used at the reflection point. In addition, the
injected power can be reduced by selecting a shorter
pulsewidth, selecting a reduced power setting
on the OTDR (some OTDRs provide this option), or
adding attenuation in the fiber before the reflection.
To avoid the appearance of the ghost reflection due to
incorrect range setting, set the distance range in more
than double of the optical fiber.
Example:
Fiber under test : 4km 　
→ Distance range should be:
5km, 10km, 20km 、・・・
False Fresnel reflections, termed ghosts, on the trace waveform may be observed from
time to time.
Ghosts can be the result of a strong reflective event on the fiber, causing a large amount
of reflected light to be sent back to the OTDR, or an incorrect range setting during
acquisition.
Distance Range – Avoiding Ghost ReflectionDistance Range – Avoiding Ghost Reflection
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Pulse width duration controls the amount of light that will be injected into the fiber.
The longer the pulse width means the more the light energy injected.
The pulse width has the following characteristics.
Short pulse width:
Allows events (reflection point and loss) that are close together to be
distinguish/measured separately.
However, long distance may not be measured.
 Long pulse width:
Long distance can be measured.
However, multiple events that are close together may appear as a single event.
Optimal pulse width is acquired by using pulse width Auto function.
Pulse WidthPulse Width
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Pulse width 10ns
OTDR
40m 20m15m
Pulse width 50ns
Pulse width 100ns
Pulse Width -Pulse Width - Example of close event locationsExample of close event locations
Measurement results by pulse width of 10ns, 50ns and 100ns on the same
Fiber under test.
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Pulse width 4us
Pulse width 100ns
PulsePulse Width -- Example of long fiber measurementExample of long fiber measurement
Measurement results of approximately 40km fiber by pulse width of 4us and 100ns.
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Relationship among Pulse Width, Dynamic Range and DeadRelationship among Pulse Width, Dynamic Range and Dead
ZoneZone
(Typical value)(Typical value)
Pulse Width Dynamic Range
　 1.31/1.55μ ｍ
Dead Zone
Attenuation ／ Event
３ ns ９／８ dB ７／０．８ m
１０ｎｓ１２／１１ｄ B １０／１．５ｍ
２０ｎｓ１４／１３ｄ B １２／３ｍ
１００ｎｓ１８／１７ｄ B ３２／１２ｍ
１ μ ｓ２３／２２ｄ B １２０／１００ｍ
２０ μ ｓ４０／３８ｄ B ２０００／２５０ｍ
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Resolution vs. fault-finding efficiency:
(a) 5-meter resolution (higher resolution); (b) 15-meter resolution (lower resolution)
High Resolution:
The shortest possible measurement sampling interval is set for the fiber under test.
Normal:
The optimal measurement sampling interval is set automatically for the fiber under test.
Sampling Interval/ResolutionSampling Interval/Resolution
Minimum distance between two consecutive sampling points acquired.
This parameter is crucial, as it defines the ultimate distance accuracy and fault-finding
capability of the OTDR.
MEASUREMENT SETUP

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Setting Averaging (High-Speed, High-Reflection)
Averaging MethodAveraging Method
MEASUREMENT SETUP

Refractive index Fiber length (m)
1.480 10,000.00
1.470 10,068.27
1.465 10.102.38
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Refractive index has to be set to measure the distance of the fiber under test
ACCURATELY.
A typical SMF group refraction index N value is around 1.46.
Index of Reflection (IOR)Index of Reflection (IOR)
Index of Reflection Backscatter Level Event Search ConditionApproximation Method
Example of measuring a 10km fiber with different refractive indexes.
ANALYSIS SETUP

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Backscatter level has to be set to measure the return loss of the connector CORRECTLY.
A typical Backscatter level value is as follow
Backscatter LevelBackscatter Level
Wavelengths
(nm)
Backscatter(dB)
@ 1us Pulse width
850 - 32
1300 - 41
1310 - 50
1490 - 52
1550 - 52
1625 - 53
1650 - 53
Note:
Backscatter level @ 1us = Backscatter level @ 1ns + 30dB
For example, -50dB Backscatter level @ 1us is equal to -80dB Backscatter level @ 1ns
ANALYSIS SETUP

56
Approximation
Method
Least Square Approximation
(LSA)
Calculate the loss between two
points with the least square
method
Two Point Approximation (TPA)
Calculate the loss between two
points by taking the difference of
two points loss values
4 points event loss ○ ×
Loss between 2 points × ○
①
②
①
②
①
②
①
②
Approximation MethodApproximation Method
ANALYSIS SETUP

57
Event Search ConditionEvent Search Condition
ANALYSIS SETUP

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Real Time Averaging

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Real Time Averaging

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Zooming In/Out & Moving TraceMeasuring the Distance and Loss between Two Points Measuring the Splice LossMeasuring the Return Loss

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62

63

64

65
AQ7932 OTDR emulation software helps to
analyze data and create reports.
Trace analysis
Total table
Trace report
AQ7275 Operation Guide – Waveform Analysis & Reporting

66
Agenda

67
AQ7275 Advance Operation
2 Ways Trace Analysis - For Accurate Splice Loss Measurement
by Bi-directional Testing
Merges the two traces measured from both
directions and finds the correct splice loss.
Connection loss in lines where optical fibers of
differing backscatter coefficients are connected
can differ depending on the direction.
In such cases, you can accurately determine the
loss by measuring in both directions and taking
an average
Multi Trace Analysis - For Evaluation of Multi core Fiber/Bending
Loss
Up to four traces can be overlaid on the
display for analysis and comparison.
This is useful for evaluating connection
point locations and loss after installing
multicore fiber.
Advance Analysis Multi fiber Measurement Function AQ7275 Tips Measurement Examples

68
Differential Trace Analysis - For Evaluation of Aged Deterioration/Bending
Loss
Displays the difference between two specified
traces.
Makes it simple to check aged deterioration of
fibers or connection points, or fluctuation in loss
between fibers, and other phenomena.
Section Analysis - For Evaluation of Total Return Loss
Finds the total return loss in specific
portions of the fiber.
This type of evaluation is often requested
because the multiple reflections from
optical fiber networks can affect signal
light from transmitters (cable TV etc.).

69
Procedure
1. Press the Next 1/2 soft key.
2. Press the Advanced Analysis soft key. A soft key menu for
the waveform analysis appears.
3. Press the selected Advance Analysis soft key.

70
Automatically performs measurements and data-filling according to
a pre-established file name table.

71
Project Setup Procedure
1. On Top Menu, press the Multicore Fiber Meas soft key.
2. Create new project by pressing New Project soft key.
3. Setup Project name and destination folder for saving measurement results.
4. Enter the Fiber information, select Wavelength, and setup file name type.

72
Project Setup Procedure
4. Setup Measurement Settings and Analysis Settings
5. Setup Project name and destination folder for saving measurement results.
6. Final check the project setup and select complete.

73

74
Setting Up Dummy Fiber as ReferenceSetting Up Dummy Fiber as Reference
PointPointProcedure
1. After Trace acquisition, run EVENT ANALYSIS
2. Move CURSOR to EVENT that identify the connection between dummy fiber
and Fiber Under Test.
3. Select Distance Ref Setup soft key.
Note: Distance Ref Setup will reset once the distance range setting is
changed

75
Differentiating Index of Reflection of Each SectionDifferentiating Index of Reflection of Each Section
Procedure
1. After Trace acquisition, run EVENT ANALYSIS
2. Select Screen soft key to LIST.
3. Setup the section IOR accordingly
4. Distance information will change accordingly

76
Analyzing Trace Measurement with/out Dummy Fiber (1 of 2)Analyzing Trace Measurement with/out Dummy Fiber (1 of 2)

77
ＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲ
１００ｍ
４０ｍ
２００ｍ
５５０ｍ
８５０ｍ
１ｋｍ
２ｋｍ
終端
終端
８分岐スプリッタ
40m
2Km
1Km
850m
550m
200m
100m
Terminate
Terminate
1 x 8 Splitter
Home
PW:100ns
OTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – CO to PremiseOTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – CO to Premise

78
Pulse width ＝
100ns
・
・
・・
ONU
OLT
2nd
Splitter
1st
Splitter
OTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – Premise toOTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – Premise to
COCO

79
ＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲＡＱ７２５０ｍｉｎｉ－ＯＴＤＲ
１００ｍ
４０ｍ
２００ｍ
５５０ｍ
８５０ｍ
１ｋｍ
２ｋｍ
終端
終端
８分岐スプリッタ
40m
2Km
1Km
850m
550m
200m
100m
Terminate
Terminate
1 x 8 Splitter
Home
PW:100ns
OTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – CO to PremiseOTDR measurement over the splitter (PON) – CO to Premise

80
1.625um, Pw: 1us, In-service light: -19dBm
Can not measure
AQ7275 without Cut-off Filter
1.625um, Pw: 1us, In-service light: -19dBm
Can measure
AQ7275 with Built-in Cut-off Filter
Active line measurement with/out Built-in Cut-off FilterActive line measurement with/out Built-in Cut-off Filter

81
Agenda

82
End of Presentation
Thank You !

Aq7275 Hướng dẫn sử dụng máy đo sợi cáp quang Yokogawa otdr

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