2. An ionic bonding is the Attractive Force existing between positive ion
and a negative ion when they are brought into close proximity or
surrounding.
They are formed when atoms of different elements lose or gain
their electrons in order to achieve stabilized outermost electronic
configuration.
Ionic Bonding in NaCl
3.
Ionic solids are rigid, unidirectional and crystalline in nature.
They have high melting and boiling points.
Ionic solids are good insulators of electricity in their solid
state and good conductor of electricity in their molten state.
Ionic solids are soluble in water and slightly soluble in
organic solvents.
4. A covalent bond is formed, when two or more electrons
of an atom, in its outermost energy level, are shared by other
atoms. e.g.-Chlorine molecule.
In this bonding a stable arrangement is achieved by
sharing of electrons rather than transfer of electrons.
Sometimes a covalent bond is also formed when two
atoms of different non-metals share one or more pair of
electrons in their outermost energy level.
e.g.- Water molecule
Bonding between two atoms of same
element
Bonding between two different nonmetals
5.
Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity.
Covalent compounds are having low melting and boiling
points.
Insoluble- in water
Soluble- in organic solvents like Benzene
6. It has been observed that in a metal atoms, the electrons
in their outermost energy levels are loosely held by their
nucleii.
Thus a metal may be considered as a cluster of positive
ions surrounded by a large number of free electrons, forming
electron cloud.
e.g.- all metals
7.
High thermal and electrical conductivity
Low melting and boiling point temperature
Have a bright lustre
Metallic solids are malleable and ductile
8. Covalently bonded atoms often produce an Electric dipole
configuration with hydrogen atom as the positive end of the
dipole. If bonds arise as a result of electrostatic attraction
between atoms, it is known as hydrogen bonding.
9. The hydrogen bonds are directional
Relatively strong bonding
These solids have low melting point
No valence electrons hence good insulators
Soluble in both polar and non-polar solvents
They are transparent to light
e.g. – water molecule, ammonic molecules
10. Weak and temporary bonds between molecules of the same
substance are known as Van der Walls bonding.
Types of Van der walls forces
1) dipole-dipole
2) dipole-induced dipole
3) dispersion
11. Crystal structure is a unique arrangement
of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.
A crystal structure is composed of a pattern, a set of atoms
arranged in a particular way, and a lattice exhibiting longrange order and symmetry. Patterns are located upon the
points of a lattice, which is an array of points repeating
periodically in three dimensions.
The points can be thought of as forming identical tiny
boxes, called unit cells, that fill the space of the lattice.
The lengths of the edges of a unit cell and the angles
between them are called the lattice parameters.
12.
13. Bond strength is the degree to which each atom joined to
another in a chemical bond contributes to the valency of this
other atom.
As the number of bonds between two atoms increases, the bond
grows shorter and stronger.
Types of Bonds
Single bond
Double bond
Triple Bond
Bond Energy – Amount of energy required to break one mole of
bonds.
Bond strength depends upon no. of bonds present in molecule.
for e.g.- C=C is stronger than C-C.
14. Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid becomes liquid.
If heat is applied to a solid, its temperature rises until the
melting point is reached, when heat energy is then absorbed to
form liquid from the solid is then absorbed to form liquid from
the solid. Temperature continues to rise once the melting is
complete
Variation in melting point in Periodic table
