ICONIC 2016 Proceeding

1International Conference of Integrated Intellectual Community (ICONIC)
2016
ISSN 2548-6217
ISSN 2548-6217
ISSN 2548-6217

2016
ISSN 2548-6217
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INTEGRATED
INTELLECTUAL COMMUNITY
(ICONIC)
PROCEEDING
Vol. 2
Germany, December 2016
Reviewers and Editors
Trismono Candra Krisna, Editor in Chief, University of Leipzig
Novi Andriany Teguh, Secretary, University of Stuttgart
Abdul Basit, Member, Universität Hamburg
Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah, Member, Universität Hamburg
Arif Luqman, Member, University of Tübingen
Galih Senja Titah Aji Bangga, Member, University of Stuttgart
Herlan Darmawan, Member, University of Potsdam
Noorlaila Hayati Isya, Member, Technische Universität Braunschweig
Ruri Agung Wahyuono, Member, University of Jena
Tutut Arinda, Member, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Umilaela Arifin, Member, Universität Hamburg

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COMMITTEE OF ICONIC 2016
Board of Advisor
 Dr.-Ing. Fauzi Bowo
Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia for the Federal Republic of Germany
 Sylvia Arifin
Consul General of the Republic of Indonesia for the Federal Republic of Germany in Hamburg
 Dr. rer. nat. Ahmad Saufi
Educational Attaché of the Indonesian Embassy in Berlin, Germany
 Yanti Mirdayanti, M.A.
Lecturer of Bahasa Indonesia in University of Hamburg. Germany
 Immanuel Hakiki
President of Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia Jerman
Board of Steering Committee
Galih Senja Titah Aji Bangga Iva W Tjoeng
Coordinator Member
Trismono Candra Krisna Immanuel Hakiki
Editor in Chief Member
Organizing Committee (OC)
Akhmad Hafidz Irfandi : Chairman
Vigenda Herald : Vice Chairman
Dhevi Aristi Hermanda : Secretary
Afifa Maysarah : Deputy Secretary
Hafidah Rachmadani : Treasurer
Avina A. Purwanto : Deputy Treasurer
Rininta Safira : Head of Project Division
Alvin Rindra Fazrie : Head of Marketing Strategy and Media Division
Yuni Syalfina Syam : Head of Venue and Technical Support Division
Ryan A. Z. Soripada : Head of Services and Operations Division
Ismail Fata Robbani : Head of Commercial Division
Andi Faidil Akbar : Head of General Affairs

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EDITORIAL
First of all we thank to God, Allah SWT, for His blessing to the International Conference of
Integrated Intellectual Community–ICONIC 2016 which had been held smoothly and this conference
proceeding had been finished/completed on time.
ICONIC 2016 was held on 29–30 October 2016 at the TU Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg,
Germany bringing the theme of “Industrial Revival: Optimizing Strategy on Bussiness, Government,
and Education” and inaugurated by Indonesian ambassador for Federal Republic of Germany, Dr. -
Ing. Fauzi Bowo. The scientific scope of ICONIC 2016 was broad and categorized into 10 fields: [1]
Education and Government Policy, [2] Business and Economy, [3] Energy, Technology, and Industry,
[4] Medicine, [5] Infrastructure Development, [6] Agriculture, Food Industry, and Maritime, [7]
Natural Science, [8] Tourism, [9] Social and Culture, and [10] Environment. Overall, we accepted 60
extended abstracts from total of 254 abstracts submission for all fields. Eventually, only 42 papers
were accepted to be presented during the meeting. Furthermore, we had successfully invited Prof. Dr.
–Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (3rd Indonesian President – Aviation/airplane Expert), Dr. Ir.
Bambang Setiadi (Director of National Research Council), Faisal Basri, M.A, (Economy and Politic
expert), Dr. rer. nat. Ahmad Saufi (Education and Culture Attache, Indonesian Embassy Berlin), Ir.
Hasbi Assidiq Syamsuddin (General Secretary of Industry Ministry ILMATE) as keynote speakers for
ICONIC 2016.
The output of ICONIC 2016 is expected to contribute factually as well as to give real solutions,
and can be implemented to address our national challenges especially in the industrial field at many
aspects. Last but not least, we thank to all of the stakeholders for the genuine support to the meeting
of ICONIC 2016 and to publish the conference proceeding..
”TOGETHER WE CREATE THE FULL PICTURE”
Leipzig, 30 December 2016
on behalf of ICONIC 2016
Trismono Candra Krisna
Editor in Chief

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Committee of ICONIC 2016 3
Editorial 4
Keynote Speeches 9
Contributed Papers
CP01 Sharethesis.com: Marketplace Thesis as a Medium of Empowerment and
sustainability
14
CP02 Study in Optimizing Nickel Production in Sulawesi-Indonesia through The
Independence of Technology and The Triple Helix Approach
18
CP03 Study Area Housing Decentralization Water Supply Service Branch
Central City Semarang
28
CP04 Spatial and Ecological Analysis of Tourism Tagline "Enjoy Jakarta" 34
Abstracts of Presentations
A: Education and Governmental Policy
A001 The Well-implemented Local Governance in Indonesia: An Experience of
Yogyakarta Municipality
43
A002 The Effort for Industrial Revival in Indonesia Through Education Reform:
The Evaluation of Education Curriculum in Indonesia with Gontor
Curriculum as Alternative Solutions
43
A003 Developing Research Competencies of Pre-Service English Teacher (A
Case Study on Material Development in English Department, Islamic
University of Indonesia
44
B. Business and Economy
B001 Halal Products of Indonesia : Brand Prospect & Competitiveness 45
C. Energy, Technology and Industry
C001 Strategic Map of Crowdfunding to Support Documentary Film Industry in
Indonesia
46
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C002 Transportation Based Application through Information Technology
System in the 21st Centuries
46
C003 CFD Analysis of Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearing (A Case
Study: The Potential Use of Water Lubricant)
47
C004 Optimization and Reduction Possibility of Cylinder Oil Feed Rate
Consumption in Low Risk (A case study: At one ship operated by shipping
company in Indonesia)
47
C005 Implementation of Wave Energy Conversion Using Oscillating Water
Column to Advance Fisherman's Electric Vessel in Parepare City
48
C006 The fundamentally of Green Mine Optimization Strategy into Protection
Acid Mine Drainage toward Sustainable Water Flow
48
C007 LCGC Road Slope Based AFR Varying Control Using Hybrid PI-Fuzzy 49
C008 Adaptive Pitch and Transmission of Small Wind Turbine to Meet Energy
Demand for Industrial Revival
50
C009 Adsorption of Remazol Yellow from Aqueous Solution by Chitosan from
Snail Shell as an Adsorben: Isoterm Studies
50
C010 Algae Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) as An Alternative of Renewable Energy
to Support Indonesia Energy Independency 2025 Program
51
C011 Application of Combined System As Sea Water Purification Method for
Coastal People
51
C012 Decolorization of vat violet 1 dye from industrial textile waste water using
biofilm of fungal and bacterial consortium
52
C013 Design for Sensor Systems of the Arm Robot to Pick Up Plastic Parts in
Injection Molding Machine in the Manufacturing Industry
52
C014 Value Mapping Analysis of Developing Offshore Wind Turbine in
Southwest Maluku Indonesia
53
D. Medical Science
D001 The Role of Organisational Justice as Mediation between Organisational
Ambidexterity and Irritation among Foreign Physicians in Germany
54
D002 A Literature Study: Utilization of Antioxidant Compounds in Rice Bran
(Oryza sativa) for Ischemic Stroke Disease Prevention and Adjuvant
Therapy
54
D003 Mosquito Lamp Solar Power Integration: Innovation Repellant Aedes
Aegypti to Reduce the Incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
55

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E. Infrastructure Development
E001 Speed Bump and Pavement Floor as Ground Electric Generator to Sustain
Tourism Spot Activity
56
F. Agriculture, Food Industry and Maritime
F001 Flowers and Ecological Engineering: a New Direction for Increasing Rice
Yield
57
G. Natural Science
G001 Isolation and Antimicrobial Activities of Ironwood Extracts (Euxiderxylon
zwageri) for Mouthwash Formulation
58
G002 Glucosamine Preparation from Acid Hydrolysis of Chitin under
Microwave Irradiation
58
G003 Utilization of Avocado Seed Starch for Biodegradable Medical Pads 59
H. Tourism
H001 Indonesia Ageless Island: Optimizing the Gili-Iyang as Conservation Area
with Highly O2 for Tourist Resort
60
H002 Indonesian Tourism Industry Revival through Halal Tourism 60
H003 Exploring Tulungagung Tourism Potential by Using Place, Art Culture,
and Food in Coro Beach
61
H004 Getting to Know The Attractive Backpackers 62
H005 Wedi Ombo Coral Reef System as a Role Model of Smart Educational
Tourism and Integrated Zoning
62
I. Social and Culture
I001 A Model of Utilization of May Day Celebration through "NOJTP" (A Case
in Indonesia)
64
J. Environment
J001 Optimization E-Waste Management by Empowering Local Communities at
MRF
65

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J002 Sorting Waste as an Alternative Way to Reduce Waste from Fast Food
Restaurant in Depok
65
J003 Risk Management for Water Sustainability on Transit Oriented Development
(TOD) Walini
66
J004 Mathematical Model Approach and Optimization of Fish Wastes Treatment
for Biogas
66
J005 Underground Geological Storage Application Methods to Reduce Emissions
of Carbon Dioxide in the Process of Palm Oil Production in East
67
J006 Planning of Community Based Wastewater Treatment Provision 68
Barcode ISSN 69

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PLENARY SPEECHES
From Harmony with Diversity to Nurturing Relay Culture for Indonesia
Speaker: Prof. Dr. Ing. H. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Former President of the Republic of Indonesia
Moderator: Agus Pramono
Compiled by: Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah, Universität Hamburg
Summary. During the event of ICONIC 2016, former president of the Republic of Indonesia Prof. B.J. Habibie
shared his knowledge, experience as well as advices for Indonesian scholars and intellectuals. He highlighted
three important issues for Indonesia: the importance of living harmony in diversity, the needs of
industry/employment and develop a relay-race culture. Indonesia as a country with high diversity in terms of
background, culture and religion should harness these factors and create a positive synergy. The positive synergy
between culture and religion will generate faith and taqwa. Meanwhile, the positive synergy between education,
knowledge and technology will create a high productivity. However, even extraordinary productivity will not
be valuable without employment. Company or industry is an important vehicle to enhance expertise. Experts
and specialist are important. In addition, it is crucial to establish policy based on the country’s necessity and
available experts.
According to Habibie, Indonesia is currently defeated by its neighboring countries due to the lack of
“relay-race” culture. Building and developing a country cannot be done only by a single person, single party or
single generation. It requires a step by step construction. The current “baton runner” should prepare both the
receiver and the baton. The receiver should be a better and faster runner. The next generation as the baton
receiver also needs to prepare themselves. In order to receive the baton, they should understand and be a better
runner. Therefore, all of the work does not have to be conducted from the beginning, instead, improving the
better and revising the unsuitable ones. The process of baton transfer also should be cautiously conducted
because the process is not always smooth.
Finally, Habibie conveyed his advice to ICONIC 2016 participants in particular and Indonesian in general
that we should develop the “relay-race” culture. He also emphasized that “If not you who build Indonesia, who
else will? However, you cannot build your country by yourself. You have to encourage other fellow Indonesians
wherever and from wherever they are”.
[OFFICIAL] ICONIC 2016 - Prof. Dr. -Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWYLjPfJ2Vw

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Outlook Industry Development in Indonesia 2016
Speaker: Ir. Hasbi Assidiq Syamsuddin, Directorate General of Metal, Machinery, Transportation and
Electronic Industry -Ministry of Industry, the Republic of Indonesia
Moderator: Prio A. Setiawan
Compiled by: Umilaela Arifin, Universität Hamburg
Summary. Current vision of Indonesia in industrial area is to leverage Indonesia’s position to become world’s
developed country by 2030 and world’s biggest economy by 2050 through sustainable and inclusive high
economic growth. To achieve these goals, government has set up three main industrial policies: (1) development
of industrial zone outside Java; (2) population growth of 9000 medium and large industrial unit; and (3)
improvement of competitiveness & productivity. These policies are transformed into action by structuring the
future national industry (until the year 2025) into regional based core competence industries, manufacture
industry based, and future leading industry. The key point of those three industries is innovation based on
research and development. Furthermore, until the year of 2025, industrial development is focusing on
strengthening industrial structure, promoting more investment of sector metal, machinery, transportation, and
electronic as well as increasing national capacity. Metal industry development is targeted to increase the number
of metal consumption up to 70.000 kg/capita. Machinery and agricultural equipment industry focusing on
improving three main sectors (energy and electrical equipment, machine tools and medical device). Moreover,
maritime industry also planned to build various type of vessels up to 150,000 DWT; have facilities for ship
repair up to 300,000 DWT; NaSDEC become center of excellent in ship design and engineering; ship component
industries are capable to fulfill at least 70 percent of the national demand. In electronic and ICT sector, Indonesia
can be an alternative for IT Outsourcing/Off-shoring and develop national policy for local content of electronics
and ICT Product.

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Towards Indonesia with High Competitiveness and Enhancement of Research and Technology
Speaker: Dr. Ir. Bambang Setiadi, IPU, Chairman of National Research Council of Indonesia
Moderator: Dr. Arif Darmawan
Compiled by: Trismono Candra Krisna, University of Leipzig
Summary. DRN aims to support the minister to formulate direction, priority, and framework of government
policy in field of research, development, and application of science. The government established National
Research Council (DRN) which has members from people community and research institution. Indonesian
development based on natural resources (SDA) has been going to be vanish e.g. oil, forest, fish, which correlate
to the increasing of environment degradation. The pledge of Indonesia in the future is the renewable human
resources (SDM), product of natural resources, natural resources and energy, renewable and nonrenewable
natural resources, product of diversification and quality enhancement of natural resources and energy. We have
to protect out natural resources not to be enjoyed by foreign country which is possible as long as we do not
develop our human resources. Country which establish vision and competitiveness e.g. Norway is expert to find
oil in the deep ocean, Finland moves from forest to gadget, USA to hydrogen economy, Chinese with the pole
of growth. During 2002, we did deep ocean research in the trough of Java’s sea and find out that there is
hydrocarbon trap in the Hindia’s ocean suspected that 40% of production of offshore oil in the whole of the
earth source in this area. While Chinese focuses on the development of solar cell when they were accused to be
the biggest source of pollution, even in the 2019 they claimed that they will have the biggest solar cell farm
with 2 GW. On the 2015 has already started the development of Sahara’s Desertec based on the solar energy
from Saharan region to Europe which will contribute 30% of electricity demand in the Europe in the 2050. From
the description above can be concluded that innovation and competitiveness are very important. Innovation
altogether with research in the industry sector is the key of competitiveness in the global production network
and global innovation network.

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Industrial Acceleration to Avoid Middle Income Trap
Speaker: Faisal Basri, MA, Indonesian Economic Expert
Moderator: Deniey A. Purwanto
Compiled by: Galih Bangga, University of Stuttgart
Summary. During the new order era, the economic strength of Indonesia was steadily increased reaching
its peak in 1987. Afterwards, it was decreasing until collapsed due to the well-known Indonesian crisis in
1998, marked by the fall of the Soeharto’s era. This particular event eliminated the public, national and
international trust toward the government and brought up a huge impact on the Indonesian economy. As a
consequence, most of the strategic industries failed to secure their funding and lapsed. In fact, the general
index of several parameters which defines Indonesian economy is decreasing. For instance, the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) decreased by 0.36 during 6 years post-crisis from 2010 to 2016, remarkably
below the neighboring countries like Singapore or Malaysia.
The condition of economy for a particular country has a direct influence on prosperity of its citizen
in which an individual living in a country with weak economic power tends to have smaller income than
the stronger one. Indonesia is categorized as a country with middle income, and less likely to avoid this
condition if usual business strategy is adopted. The probability to avoid the middle income condition is
only 9% for 10 years, 12% for 20 years and 18% for 30 years, implying that the chance is meager.
Eichengreen et al. (2013) explained that the economy in the middle income countries will face two threats:
the trap of per capita income between 10,000-11,000 dollars and between 15,000-16,000 dollars.
Indonesia’s export structure still fails to exhibit improvement in increasing the role of high technology-
based exports, as indicated by its low and ever decreasing export contribution value (Basri and Putra, 2016).
Meanwhile, the performance of the manufacturing sector is also poor. In terms of quality, human capital
in Indonesia is extremely poor. The cognitive ability of Indonesian students should be immediately
accelerated so that economic transformation can go smoothly from low wage labor-based industries
towards skilled labor-based production. The school enrollment ratio for secondary and tertiary education
must also be increased (Basri and Putra, 2016).
It was described by Eichengreen et al. (2013) that the key escape of the trap is that a large share of
high-tech exports is negatively associated with the likelihood of a slowdown points to the same conclusion.
Intuitively, the inherited stock of human capital shapes a country’s ability to move up the technology ladder
and its capacity export products embodying advanced technology. As they reach middle income status,
emerging markets typically import advanced technology from more developed countries. Taking the next
step, which involves adapting imported technology to local conditions and embodying it in exports with
high local content, it requires a pool of highly skilled workers (Basri and Putra, 2016). Basri and Putra
(2016) concluded that the only means to escape from the low and middle income trap is through
strengthening the industrial sector. Thus the role of national leadership, in this case of the President is vital
and crucial. Nawacita must be utilized for formulating effective industrial policies. To date, Indonesia is
yet to possess a fundamental economy which secures the country’s escape from the middle income trap.
The country is weak in human capital in terms of health and education, and also in its lack of a firm vision
on industrial policy. The condition is worsened by a large and widening wealth gap, whereas human capital
and social harmonization are vital prerequisites for a successful industrial policy.

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The role of Indonesian Students in Germany to Strengthen Strategic Partnership among
Academician, Industry, and Government
Speaker: Dr. rer.nat. Ahmad Saufi, Attache of Education and Culture, Embassy of the Republic Indonesia
for Germany
Moderator: Abrian Harahap
Compiled by: Ruri Agung Wahyuono, University of Jena
Summary. Indonesia current economic situation engages the society to rebuild industries which are based on
the local patents and product developments. The proposed increasing industries are expected to create more jobs
and, hence, alleviate the increasing poverty number. Therefore, strategic partnership among academicians,
government and industries is in dire need for industrial revival. Integrating research outcomes, which is feasible
to mass productions, in the respective industries is a key challenge for initial partnership. In this regard
governments should play role to mediate scientists, researchers and industries by ruling the paradigm and
perception and building consortia of national researches involving industries and academicians. In summary,
several steps toward strategic partnership are the following: (i) to improve the collaboration between research
centers and business communities/industries, (ii) to improve the collaboration among industries, (iii) to engage
the industries to do R&D for improving product quality, (iv) to improve government researches which are
relevant to the state owned enterprises, (v) to accelerate the conversion of research outcome into products, (vi)
to improve the competencies and services of research center, and (vi) to transfer knowledge to the business
communities, particularly small and medium enterprise. Among several steps mentioned above, how could
students in Germany contribute to strengthen strategic partnership? Students as part of either academician or
scientist have in general a role as the agent of change. In fact Indonesian students pursuing bachelor, master or
PhD in Germany are about 4000 (Winter Semester 2014/2015), the majority of which are taking engineering,
sciences, and also law and economics. In the view of building strategic partnership these students are considered
as important assets for transferring knowledge and technologies they have learned in Germany to other
academicians and scientists, governments, local or even state owned industries in Indonesia. As the agent of
change who will bring new chapter of knowledge into Indonesia, students in Germany are expected to learn
working ethics and culture, to master their competencies, to broaden their networks by extracurricular
organizations, to complete their study with distinction and to dedicate themselves to the nations.

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CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
CP01.
Sharethesis.com: Marketplace Thesis as a Medium of Empowerment and Sustainability
Benefits of Research
1
A. Fahmi Baharuddin, Hasto Khoirru Rachman, Desti Triyana
Brawijaya University
1
Corresponding author: a.fahmibaharuddin@gmail.com
Abstract. Number of population below 16 years and between 16–30 years reaching 120 million (BPS, 2013).
This is one of the reasons that Indonesia will be having a demographic bonus in 2020. These numbers of
population is spreading all over Indonesia, in rural and urban area, with the ration, aging below 16 years to
30:30 million. At the same time, there is another fact relating to this population. There are currently 5 million
people having higher education in Indonesia. Comparing to population below 16 years, there is 1:12 people who
have higher education. Reminding that Indonesia is currently facing globalization and ASEAN Economic
Community, especially in free labors market. Moreover, having demographic bonus means that (1) quantity of
productive population should be directly proportional to their quality or expertise (2) development in many
sectors in the country will implicates the need of specialized expertise in specific field. If the two points cannot
be anticipated as soon as possible, probably many of the youth will only remain as workers in our own country.
There is also another fact that thesis has been done by the higher students are mostly kept well in the university
library after being graduated. Most of these thesis are not being implemented in the society or being followed
by further studies. However, such theses are actually a deep study product that can easily be implemented by
society or educated for the society. One more fact in 2015, there are approximately 55 million internet users in
the country and the number is still growing. Therefore, due to the facts mentioned above, one of the possible
implemented solutions for the youth in higher education aspect is through internet. It is so termed, thesis social
media library. A market place for students to share their thesis so that it will useful for others to learn. It is
expected that the youth that do not have access to higher education still can learn what thesis are and its
implication in a specified study. Practically, the filters can be in the form of its thesis title or certain name of the
area that the thesis has been conducted. Furthermore, the proposed idea can solve the current problem to bridge
the youth all over the world, especially in developing growing internet user country.
Keywords: Marketplace, Population, Research, Thesis
Introduction
Number of population below 16 years and between
16 – 30 years reaching 120 million (BPS, 2013). This is
one of the reasons that Indonesia will be having a
demographic bonus in 2020: number of productive
population is more than dependent population. These
numbers of population is spreading all over Indonesia, in
rural and urban area, with the ration, aging below 16 years
to 30:30 million. At the same time, there is another fact
relating to this population. There are currently 5 million
people having higher education in Indonesia. In which,
comparing to population below 16 years, there is 1:12
people who has higher education. Reminding that
Indonesia is currently facing globalization and
ASEAN Economic Community, especially in free labors
market, such higher education really an essential tools for
the youth to survive in such condition. Moreover, having

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demographic bonus means that (1) quantity of productive
population should be directly proportional to their quality
or expertise (2) development in many sectors in the
country will implicates the need of specialized expertise
in specific field. If the two points above cannot be
anticipated as soon as possible, probably many of the
youth will only remain as workers in our own country.
Hence, in an instant moment, there should be a solution to
bridge the gap between productive population having
higher education and those who do not have.
There is also another fact to be considered. Thesis
that has been done by the higher students is mostly kept
well in the university library after being graduated. Most
of these thesis are not being implemented in the society or
being followed by further studies. However, such theses
are actually a deep study product that can easily be
implemented by society or educated for the society. One
more fact at present is that there is still a growing internet
user in Indonesia. In 2015, there are approximately 55
million internet users in the country and the number is still
growing. Therefore, due to the facts mentioned above, one
of the possible implemented solutions for the youth in
higher education aspect is through internet.
It is so termed, thesis social media library. A
market place for students to share their thesis so that it will
not only remain as requirement for graduation and kept in
the library but also useful for others to learn. It is expected
that the youth that do not have access to higher education
still can learn what thesis are and its implication in a
specified study. So that, the needs of specialized expertise
can be fulfil the market place. Practically, the filters can
be in the form of its thesis title or certain name of the area
that the thesis has been conducted. Furthermore, the
proposed idea can solve the current problem to bridge the
youth all over the world, especially in developing growing
internet user country.
Literature Reviews
Sharethesis.com is digital commercial library that
allows users to publish and distributing scientific research
easily time and anywhere. Of business process
sharethesis.com consisting of the process of the core
business site and server, maintenance site, searching
database, the process of upload journal, the download
journal, advocates of business process of security, backup
database, digital promotion library, payment (the payment
system) and processes business development of the design
site and architecture database. Users must log in before
access to documents on sharethesis.com. The site contains
list of folders with several categories field of study that
can be access. Users can then be upload or download
documents. The document used in sharethesis.com only a
PDF.
Figure 1 Table a groove business process of sharethesis.com
Theoretical Basis
E-commerce can be in define as application of
technology telecommunication network to perform a
business transaction, the exchange of information and
maintaining relations with consumers before, during and
after the purchase process (Costa 2001; Haag, Cummings
& Dawkins 1998; Post & Anderson 2000; Zwass 1998).
Based on Robert (2000; 30) there are five types of
mechanisms can be adopted:
B2C (business to customer). The enterprise services the
needs of the retail customer.
B2B (business to business). An enterprise services the
needs of other business. This is accomplished through
either a vertical portal or a horizontal portal. Vertical
portal offer a service or product to a single industry type,
while horizontal portals offer a service across multiple
industries.
B2G (business to government). An enterprise services the
needs of a government or its agencies.
G2B (government to business). Governments interact
with businesses (or citizens) through government portals.
The expected globally entrenching media research for
young researchers Indonesian to publish his work so it can

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be exploited benefits widely whether it is by the industry,
small to medium-sized enterprises (SMES), or the
community in general. Through sharthesis.com, people
can share ideas by do upload and download the idea,
tracing what they need effectively and efficient.
Sharthesis.com designed to meet a public need in
education. Many ideas the idea that need either industry
or the community in innovate, learning and research. In
conclusion, the concept of educational model
sharethesis.com beneficial for the as solution various
problems in Indonesia.
The e-consortium. A new vehicle through which multiple
businesses come together to provide a leveraged service
to either business or retail customers; i.e., leveraging the
strength of individual organization and focusing them as
a collective powerful force into the online.
B2C (business to costumer)
Characteristic of business to costumer that is a
serve that is used general by mechanism can be used by
multitude. Example: because of the system web already
known and uses a base web services. Approach client/
server often used where taken the assumption client
(consumer) use the minimal web- based and processed
(business procedure) laid on server side. The greatest
benefit of e-commerce namely can increase earnings
sales, this as in the results research (Maryama, 2013) the
percentage of 31 % of the variable. Benefits next been
increased the number of customers with the percentage of
24 %. Study which states that benefits the use of e-
commerce in business gain customers new put forward by
Hamill and Gregory (1997), Swatman (1999), and
Hofman and Novak (2000). Used e-commerce allow the
company gain customers whether it is derived from
domestic market and overseas markets.
According to Ramirez et al. (1998) claimed that
there was a reciprocal relation (two-way relationship)
between human capital and economic growth. As the
capital base of the development, the targeted
development and also culprit. Hence, the success of a
development depends on its inhabitants, moreover if
supported by large number of resident and quality.
One of the lack of the number of scientific
publication international be indicators the low quality of
research in Indonesia is limited access researchers us up
to international journals. Subscriptions a journal of the
year is enough money to a researcher civil servants. Let
alone that optimal, then a researcher to subscribe to more
than 1 the journal because it in one area certain
disciplines, usually some scientific journal recognized as
a reference international.
The low of the government research and
development expenditure which has lasted for very long
resulted in cessation the development of science and
technology in Indonesia. So that the government research
and development institutions in Indonesia incapable of
developing itself research and development into leading
institution in the area of regional though. It can be seen to
the low output of research and development institutions in
Indonesia in international publication. Next picture shows
that in the period of the last 10 years the publication of
Indonesia in the international arena is much lower than for
other ASEAN countries like Singapore, Thailand and
Malaysia. Malaysia in every year, average producing
international journal of fourfold Indonesia, Singapore
even close eight times Indonesia.
This was caused by one of the reasons these
institutions do not have access the newest information of
the development of research and development of science
and technology from a source of international, due to
limited funds allocated by the government. As a result, the
researchers not have the opportunity to gain access latest
the development of science and technology, through
journal-journal international on their field. By itself this
has resulted in the quality of research conducted by
researchers at the research institutions cannot be increased
or even to deteriorate and in a consequence they are not

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ISSN 2548-6217
able to make a publication worthy to be published in the
international journal. Empirical experience indicating the
level of international significant publication progress
experienced by Malaysia and Philippines since it provides
access to the international journal for the researcher.
The Implementation
The expected globally entrenching media
research for young researchers Indonesian to
publish his work so it can be exploited benefits
widely whether it is by the industry, small to
medium-sized enterprises (smes), or the community
in general. In the region of ASEAN itself, Indonesia
still live in bottom. Meanwhile, as quoted from
scimago institutions rankings (scimagojr.com) that
from year 1996-2014, there are about 34.963.102
publication of documents from around the world to
remember the need for results of research as the
development of science and technology. Hopefully
with a sharethesis.com is expected to build culture
and interest research let alone supported by access
communication between users around the world, it
means research can also come from various the state
in accordance origin the researcher’s countries.
Conclusion
Through sharthesis.com, people can share
ideas by do upload and download the idea, tracing
what they need effectively and efficient.
Sharthesis.com designed to meet a public need in
education. Many ideas the idea that need either
industry or the community in innovate, learning and
research. Historically Indonesians has been affected
by education. In conclusion, the concept of
educational model sharethesis.com beneficial for the
as solution various problems in Indonesia.
References
[1] Haag, S., Cummings, M., & Dawkins, J. 1998,
‘Management Information Systems for the Information
Age’, McGraw-Hill, USA.
[2] Hamill,J, and Gregory, K,1997, Internet Marketing in
the Internationalization of UK SMEs, Journal of
Marketing Management, Vol 13. pp. 9-28
[3] Hofman, D.L and Novak, 1995, How to acquire
Customers on the Web, Harvard Business Review, May –
June, pp.179 – 188
[4] http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-
country/
[5] http://www.scimagojr.com/
[6] Plant, Robert.2000. “Ecommerce: formulating of
strategy”. USA: Prestice-Hall, Inc.
[7] Ramirez, HM; Kang, K; Seth, R et al. 2002. Cellulart
aspects of Atopic Dermatitis: Overniew. In Bieber and
Leung (eds) Atopic Dermatitis, Mercell Dekker, Inc. New
York-Besel. pp 217-230.
[8] TosiyasuL. Kunii,“Practicing Global Openness in
Education: From Elementary Schools to Graduate
Schools”, dali 2001(Digitaland Academic Liberty of
Information), March 26-29, 2001, Aizu- Wakamatsu,
Japan.
[9] Zwass, V 2003, ‘Electronic Commerce and
organizational innovative: aspects and opportunities’,
International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol.7(3),
pp. 7-37.

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CP02.
Study in Enhancing Nickel Production in Sulawesi-Indonesia through the Independence of
Technology and the Triple Helix Approach
1
Ilmi Mayuni Bumi, 1
Maulana Malik Sadiqun, 1
Sungging Pintowantoro
1
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
1
Corresponding author: ilmibumi@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper presents a study on how to optimize nickel production in Sulawesi-Indonesia through the use
of ITS Smelter and recommends an idea on how to implement it with the triple helix approach. In 2008, Indonesia
fulfilled 19% of the world’s nickel ore needs with a value of $524,259,508. Hence, it was the largest producer of
mined nickel ore in 2013 with 440.000 tons nickel mined production. Indonesia has not reach this optimum point of
increasing nickel value, as it can still be optimized up to 80%, noting that the typical value distribution ration of
nickel ore compared to refined nickel is 20:80. The concept of triple helix that synergy the three elements between
university, industry, and government is the core point of any national implementation activities. Neither the university
nor industry sector, both is strong enough to become the organizer of regional innovation. On the other hand, the
ownership relations among university, industry, and government mandate that only government can become the
organizer. Thus, government pulls the other two spheres to achieve regional innovation through UU Minerba No.4
year 2009. Challenges emerge as the amount of smelters in the country is low and the cost in building is expensive.
This down streaming-agenda can be started by finding an advance, economical, and suitable technology of smelter
independently, cooperating with nickel industry holder, supported by the government by its policies and/or its
platform through the state-owned enterprises. Minerals and Materials Processing Laboratory Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh Nopember had studied and designed an advance, efficient, economic Mini Blast Furnace technology named
ITS Smelter. The ITS Smelter replaces the function of conventional Blast furnace, expensive to produce.
Implementing the ITS Smelter technology and integrating each stakeholders would be an effective approach in
addition to forming a team of stakeholders to execute this plan through a national project that can be organized
centered by the government or universities.
Keywords: Triple Helix, Nickel, Smelter, Mining, Independence Technology, Nickel Production
Introduction
As one of primary metals, nickel has an
important role in industry. By its applications, nickel
commonly added as alloying element to increase the
mechanical properties of metals, also widely used for
stainless steel making up to 65% of the usage.[2]
Nickel has Ni as its chemical symbol with 28 as its
atomic number. Physically, nickel is a silvery-white
lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge, hard, and
ductile. A pure native nickel is commonly found in
ultramafic rocks and some are in earth's crust but only
in tiny amounts.[3][4]
The global production of nickel is presently
used as follows: 46% in nickel steel; 34% nonferrous
alloys and superalloys; 14%electroplating, and 6%
other uses.[5][6] It is used in many specific consumer
products and recognizable industrial, including
rechargeable batteries, stainless steel, coinage, electric
guitar strings, alnico magnets, microphone capsules,
plating on plumbing fixtures,[7] and special alloys. As
an alloy metal, nickel’s chief use is in nickel steels and
nickel cast irons, of which there are many varieties.
Nickel is widely used in many other alloys, including

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nickel brasses alloys with copper, lead, cobalt,
chromium, silver, aluminium, and gold.[8]
Seeing the needs of nickel uses, supported
with the condition of nickel resources in Indonesia,
nickel could be a promising commodity in Indonesia.
Distribution of nickel potential in Indonesia
predominantly located in the area of Sulawesi,
particularly in the Southeast Sulawesi. Data shows
that Southeast Sulawesi areas have a high nickel
resources amounting to 97 billion tons with its wide
distribution as big as 480 thousands hectares.
Research about the grade of nickel in
Southeast Sulawesi areas with region of pick-test in
two districts, Konawe and Kolaka, shows that its
geochemical soil content in 21.710 ppm = 2.17% Ni
up to minimum 665 ppm = 0.067% Ni, while the
direction of the vertical depth of the discovery of the
mineral garnierite that rich of Ni ranges in 4.2-7 m
grading 1.4% to 5.5%.[9]. The concept of the
university–industry–government relationships (Triple
Helix) is used as a method to help this optimization
agenda realized. This thesis is a potential for any
innovation developments in a knowledge society.[10]
A significant body of Triple Helix provides a general
framework to explore complex innovation dynamics
and to inform regional, national, and international
innovation & development policy-making.[11].
Triple Helix systems are defined as a set of
these three; 1) Components, consists the institutional
sectors of government, university, and industry. 2)
Relationships between components, such as
collaborations, collaborative leadership, substitution,
technology transfer, conflict moderation, and
networking. 3) Functions, the main function of a
Triple Helix system is to accommodate both
individual and institutional roles in innovation and
explain variations in innovative performance related
to the articulation between the innovation itself,
knowledge, and consensus spaces. [12]
Regarding mining commodities, Indonesian
government has stated since 2009 that it is compulsory
for any parties who are about to export minerals and
coals, to increase the value-added of the minerals and
coals mentioned through the minerals processing and
refining inside the country, until it reaches certain
purities (UU Minerba No.4 year 2009). Nickel is
included as one of the mining commodities mentioned
there.[13] Up on its first realization in 2014 which is
five years after officially stated and till today, this rule
has not been fully implemented yet since the amount
of minerals refining tools (smelter) inside the country
have not reach enough number to support this
hilirisasi-agenda. In effect, many owners of the mining
business license (IUP) has to stop their mining
activities because they cannot export their mined
minerals since it hasn’t reach its minimum limit of
purities to get permission from the government to
export them. [14]
Nickel Potential in Sulawesi
The data showed nickel potential in Southeast
Sulawesi have been exploited since 1934 by Oost
Borneo Maatschappij (OBM) and Bone Tolo
Maatschappij. Many rocks that are included in
Mandala Geology Sulawesi Eastern Part, were
dominated by ultramafic rocks. The Southeast
Sulawesi Province has the potential mineral deposits
of metal which is closely associated with this rocks,
the mineral base metals, such as nickel, iron, and
chromite.
Southeast Sulawesi has a large nickel
resources, the number reached 97 billion tons with its
wide distribution as big as 480 thousands hectares.
The status of nickel region in Southeast Sulawesi
Tenggara are 283.561,84 hectares (59%) in the area of
other land uses (APL), 170.300 hectares (35%) in the
area of protected forest (Hl), and 26.170, 28 hectares
(5%) in the area of conservation forest.
The nickel potential here spread in 7 districts,
encompass North Konawe, North Kolaka, Konawe,
Kolaka, Bombana, South Konawe, and Buton. Where
the most distribution is in the region of North Konawe
which is 46 billion tons, followed by Bombana with
28,2 billion tons, then Kolaka with 12,82 billion
tonnes, the rest are South Konawe and other three
districts. From this seven districts, four of them are
chosen to be the alternative of the mining industry
development area which are North Konawe, South
Konawe, North Kolaka and Kolaka. The green areas

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showed in Fig. 1 is the areas of nickel resources
distribution.[9]
Based on this conditions, this paper serves a
study to optimize the nickel production in Sulawesi-
Indonesia so the amount of exported processed or
refined nickel metal as one of a primary metals can be
increased. The optimization mentioned is studied in
two aspects, the technological aspect and its
implementation that involved the elements of triple
helix. This paper study expected to be the idea of
collaboration to achieve national independence and
contribute to the progress of the country.
The large nickel potential in this area has
prompting many mining activities in Southeast
Sulawesi. The amount of mining business license
(IUP) issued by each districts in Southeast Sulawesi
reached 528 IUPs, where 350 IUPs (66% of the total)
are IUP for nickel. This shows that mining activities
in this province is dominated by nickel business
activities.
Total nickel IUP that still active on mining
production per October 2013 are 61 IUPs (17%),
where in the operations production status are 166 IUPs
(47%), and exploration amounting 184 IUPs (52%).
There are 6 regions with a large amount of nickel IUP,
there are North Konawe amounting 157 IUPs with an
active production operations as big as 14 IUPs, North
Kolaka with 50 IUPs which are 10 of them are doing
the production operations actively, Konawe 46 IUPs
which 3 of them are active, Kolaka 31 IUPs which 15
of them are actively do operations, South Konawe
issued 29 IUPs with 3 active IUPs, and Bombana
issued 19 IUPs with 4 IUPs active. [14]
Based on data, the total area of active nickel
IUP that still proucing reached 118.186 hectares,
which means only 0,3% of the total land area of
Southeast Sulawesi. The most extensive region used
for mining activities is North Konawe (42.441
hectares) and Kolaka (8.864 hectares). [15]
The pattern of nickel ore fulfillment for
smelter in Southeast Sulawesi is based on the smelter
building plan, the needs of ores, the amount of IUPs
that produce ores, and the amount of ore reserves. The
amount of companies that have built and have planned
nickel smelter is 20 companies and the amount of
active IUPs in production before the regulation from
the government about exporting ores applied is
distributed in South Konawe with 5 smelters 8 IUPs,
North Konawe with 8 smelters 14 IUPs, North Kolaka
3 smelters 10 IUPs, Bombana 2 smelters 4 IUPs,
Kolaka 1 smelter 16 IUPs, and Konawe 1 smelter for
3 IUPs. The amount of absorbed nickel ores the
smelter plan is as big as 16.821.000 tons per year with
the Ni grade around 1,1-1,9%. On the other hand, the
average amount of nickel production per year in
Southeast Sulawesi is about 21.576.875 tons, therefore
total amount of unabsorbed nickel ores per year
reached 8.805.409 tons.
If it is specified corresponding to the smelter
building plan, the uptake ores for smelter in each
districts will be 4.671.000 tons in South Konawe,
3.840.000 tons in North Konawe, 1.900.000 tons in
North Kolaka, 2.060.000 tons in Bombana, 3.500.000
tons in Kolaka, and 850.000 tons in Konawe. When it
is linked with the amount of IUPs that actively do the
productions activities (60 IUPs), and the level of
nickel ore consumptions on smelter in each districts, it
shows that there is a potential of oversupply as big as
8.805.409 tons per year. This oversupply only based
on the amount of IUPs that actively do the productions
activities and has not included the potential of nickel
ores supply from IUPs with inactive production that
reached 164 IUPs. The oversupply of nickel ores
indicates that there are some IUPs that actively do the
production activities but dont do mining activities
since smelter companies are commonly in corporate
with the big IUPs (group) and has not reach the small
IUPs.
Based on questionnaire and interview with the
owners of nickel IUPs in Southeast Sulawesi, the
information obtained is that most of the small IUPs
will not build smelter and they are expecting to
investors to build smelter that its nickel ores will
fulfilled by them. The problems faced by those small
IUPs holders is the limited financial capabilities to
build smelter, nickel ores, and technology.[14]

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Figure 1. Nickel resources distribution map.
Table 1.Productions and consumptions of nickel ores in order to build smelter.
District
Inactive
productio
n of IUP
Active
productio
n of IUP
Productios
(tonnes)
Capacity
(tonnes)
Oversupply
(tonnes)
North Konawe 71 14 7.431.866 3.840.000 3.591.866
Buton 5 5 1.047.364 0 1.047.364
North Kolaka 26 10 3.641.593 1.900.000 1.741.593
Bombana 11 14 828.475 2.060.000 1.231.525
South Konawe 12 8 5.067.549 4.671.000 396.549
Konawe 12 3 56.758 850.000 793.242
Kolaka 27 16 3.503.270 3.500.00 3.270
TOTAL 164 60 21.576.875 16.821.000 8.805.409

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Table 2. ITS Smelter general specification.
No Components Specification
1 Furnace Set D:3.5 m, H:7.5 m, 50 m3
, Double wall with water jacket system, SiC brick for bosh,
paint coated 600C , skit car with hopper, with 3 thermocouple set
2 Operator Set Full boundary, Bucket Conveyor, reservoir system for input material, control unit set
with full inverter system, vertical stair
3 Piping Coated 600C, troweling alumina wall
4 Sintering L: 50 m , W: 3.5 m, SK34 wall, 3 thermocouple K type, rail way system, IDF blower
type with inverter VSD control
5 Water scrubber Stainless steel with cyclone system, water circulation batch system
6 Chimney H:20 m, D:1 m, coated with standard paint
7 Raw material
crusher
3x2m hopper with screen, Double roller crusher with adjustable width. Two drum at
upper side and two drum at below. With belt conveyor for feeding briquetting plant
8 Coal crusher Roller crusher with adjustable width, 3x2 m hopper with screen, with belt conveyor
for feeding coal bin.
9 Dolomite crusher Roller crusher with adjustable width, 3x2 m hopper with screen, with belt conveyor
for feeding dolomite bin.
10 Briquetting plant Single roller briquette, with belt conveyor for feeding raw material stock
11 Bin bin for raw material, coal, dolomite, end product
12 Magnetic separator 3 Net conveyor, 2 impact crusher, 2 rod mill, 2 magnetic separator, and bin for end
product
13 Electrical Wiring set, 2 set 150kva genset, with control room
14 Cooling tower WF construction support, PEX Piping, water pond integrated
15 Workshop spare
part and safety
Welding, cut, drill, etc. 2month spare part. Shoes, gloves, helm, mask, face shield,
fireproof shirt.

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Figure 2. General Layout of ITS Smelter.
Table 3. Comparison ITS Smelter vs Standard Blast Furnace
Aspects ITS Smelter Standard Blast Furnace
Added
materials
Using Coal as a reductant and fuel, resulting in lower
the production cost
Using coke, so the cost of production
is much higher
Drying process Drying process, or sintering process using tunnel kiln
with fuel derived from methane gas coming from
waste gas
Drying process using rotary dryer, or
tunnel kiln with independent fuel in
the form of gas, oil, or pulverized coal
NPI result The result of NPI production with much higher Ni
percentage (15%-25%), in a single process
The result of NPI production with
lower Ni percentage (4%-8%), in a
single process
Air flow rate Using high air flow rate, so with same furnace size,
higher production speed.
Using low air flow rate
By using coal, the slag becomes more By using coke, the slag becomes less
Design Simple design, shorter time period for installation and
fabrication
Longer time period needed for
installation and fabrication
Power needs Low power requirement. Only using generator set
instead of power plant,
High power requirement. Using
power plant

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Fig. 3. Balanced Triple Helix Configuration
Table 4.Energy and mineral resources minister regulation No. 8 year 2015 concerning minimum percentage of nickel purity to
be exported.
No Ore comodity
Mineral
comodity
Minimum
limitation product
Minimum limitation quality
1 Nickel and/or
Cobalt (smelting
process)
a. saprolit
b. limonit
Pentlandit
Garnerit
Serpentinit
Karolit
Nickel mate, alloy
metals, and nickel
metal
a. Ni Mate ≥ 70% Ni;
b. FeNi ≥ 10% Ni;
c. Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) ≥ 4% Ni;
d. Logam Ni ≥ 93%; and/or,
e. NiO ≥ 70% Ni.
2 Nickel and/or
Cobalt (leaching
process) Limonit
Pentlandit
Garnerit
Serpentinit
Karolit
Oxide metals,
sulphide metals,
mix
hydroxide/sulfide
precipitate, and
hydroxide nickel
carbonat
a. Logam Ni ≥ 93%;
b. Mix Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) ≥ 25% Ni;
c. Mix Sulfide Precipitate (MSP) ≥ 45% Ni;
d. Hydroxide Nickel Carbonite (HNC) ≥ 40%
Ni;
e. NiS ≥ 40% Ni;
f. Logam Co ≥ 93%;
g. CoS ≥ 40% Co;
h. Logam Cr ≥ 99%; and/or
i. Cr2O3 ≥ 40%.
3 Nickel and/or
Cobalt (reduction
process)
a. saprolit
b. limonit
Pentlandit
Garnerit
Serpentinit
Karolit
Alloy metals a. FeNi spon (sponge FeNi) ≥ 4% Ni;
b. Luppen FeNi ≥ 4% Ni; and/or
c. Nugget FeNi ≥ 4% Ni.

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The Use of Independence Technology
It is believed that independency is one of the
highest values of a country. Using technology made by
its own country can be a sustainable way in the future
regarding the same areas of the technology needs. When
the idea comes from inside the country, empowering its
own engineers, building it with its own materials
resources, economically it can be counted as cheaper
without import or international shipping costs.
Furthermore, the independence of technology can
support the sustainability of the technology itself.
Technology also become one of the core points in the
mining areas and mineral processing. In the mineral
process of nickel mining commodity, it requires minerals
refining tools known as smelter.
ITS Smelter as the technology used
There must be many variables that need to be
considered before deciding which technology will be
used in an industrial based operations. This section
presents the working principle of ITS Smelter, its general
specification, the economic analysis, and the comparison
with standard blast furnace (not Indonesian made).
The working principle of ITS Smelter as blast
furnace for production of Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) is almost
similar to the working principle of standard blast furnace
for production of Pig Iron. The difference is in the tuyeres
design, type of fuel used, and composition of the input
materials, air flow rate, and the tapping technique. This
differences causing loss of a lot iron, so that the finished
product of NPI will obtained a high Ni content (25%-
30%) in single process. If the expected Ni content to be
produced is above 30%, this can be done by secondary
process in another refining specialized design of blast
furnace or another kind of furnace. With coal as fuel
used, have many advantages. The heat source, the
reductant, maintain Fe content, and with gasification
process inside blast furnace, will produce methane gas as
fuel for tunnel kiln. [16]
The Triple Helix Approach
Each elements of triple helix in Indonesia have
responded to the nickel production activity. The
government of Indonesia has set an agenda called
hilirisasi. In this hilirisasi-agenda, the government want
to increase the added value of minerals in order to have
more income than only exporting raw materials. While
the technology needed to support this hilirisasi-agenda
has been studied in university and the industry have a
willingness to follow the rule from the government.
a. Government
Indonesian government set the affairs of mineral
resources in UU No.4 year 2009, where all the IUP and
IUPK (specific mining license) holders are compulsory
to increase the added value of mined minerals resources
and/or coal in its mining operations, minerals refining
process, and its utilization.[17][18] where the refining
process should be processed domestically. [19] And be
executed at least five years after the regulation
promulgated. [20] In executing this hilirisasi-agenda, the
IUP and IUPK operations production holders can just do
it directly or through collaboration with certain parties
such as mineral processing companies and/or others IUP
holders. [21] The government has also considered the
certain minimum purities of nickel allowed to be
exported (Table 4) through the Energy and Mineral
Resources Minister Regulation No.8 year 2015.
b. University
University have responsibility on the
development of knowledge and technology. It has been
right as a sample that Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember (ITS) invented an appropriate technology for
mineral processing. In order to support the mining
activities in the long-term way, universities are also
responsible in preparing the human resources and for the
knowledge to accommodate any science and
technological issues in industry
There are so many roles of university in a triple
helix relationship due to certain specific types of triple
helix relationship. One of the types is a balanced
configuration of triple helix. It is specific to the transition
to a knowledge society where university and other
knowledge institutions act in partnership with
government and industry, even can take the lead in joint
initiatives. This balanced configuration offers the most
important insights for innovation. It is because the most
favorable environments for innovation are created at the
intersections of the spheres where creative synergies
emerge and set in motion a innovation-in-innovation
process. As the effect, this will create new venues for
interaction and new organizational formats, as individual
and organizational actors not only perform their own

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role, but also take the role of the other when the other is
weak or under-performing. [22]
Discussion
It has been more than five years after the year for
the launch of UU No.4 year 2009. Until now, the
hilirisasi-agenda still has not been fully implemented as
the amount of smelters in the country has not enough to
cover the ores demand. Statistically in nickel commodity,
there is an oversupply of mined nickel ore as 8.805.409
tons per year, this amount still need to be processed
domestically. The lack of nickel smelters in Southeast
Sulawesi addressed as the root cause, where most of the
small IUPs will not build smelter due to the limited
financial capabilities.
This study ends to an idea on how to increase the
amount of nickel smelters in Southeast Sulawesi with the
independence of technology and an aptly method with
the triple helix method.
In the technological aspects, ITS Smelter can be a
good option for the technology used in fulfilling the
needs of nickel ore processing in Southeast Sulawesi
(Table 3). ITS Smelter designed as mini blast furnace,
with a smaller capacity of ore production of 500 tons per
day which is around six times smaller than standard blast
furnace. Therefore economically, it is more affordable
and suitable for small IUPs since their mined nickel ore
production are also quite small. With a set of ITS
Smelter, a 180.000 tons can be processed in a year. In the
legal aspects, ITS Smelter has meet the requirements of
minimum percentage of nickel purity to be exported as
stipulated in the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry
Regulation No. 8 year 2015.
Conclusion
The recommended method to be used here in executing
the project is triple helix method with balanced
configuration type. Where in balanced configuration type
of triple helix method, university can act in partnership
with industry and government; even take the lead in joint
initiatives. Within this condition in Southeast Sulawesi,
a recommended advice is that university can hold joint
initiatives on nickel smelter building project. In this
project of smelter building, government can be the
moderator between industry or IUPs holders and
university so both parties can be more integrated. As the
government accommodate the reports from nickel
industries in Southeast Sulawesi, based on that,
university can start approaching certain IUPs holders to
process their mined nickel ores in a certain spots of
smelter and plan for a nickel smelter building. The
financial source could be that the university proposes a
proposal to the government to allocate funds this project
from the state budget and make this project as a state-
owned enterprise thereafter. Since this project also can
contribute to the country income, it would be good if the
government take an initiative to provide incentives for
the nickel smelter running project.
References
[1] U.S Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity
Summaries, February 2014
[2] USGS Fact Sheet 2012, March 2012, U.S.
Department of the interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
M.A. Boland, “Nickel-Makes Stainless Steel Strong”
[3] “Nickel-Handbook of Mineralogy” (PDF).
Handbookofmineralogy.org. Retrieved 2016-03-02
[4] “Nickel: Nickel mineral information and data –
Mindat.org”. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2016-03-2
[5] Kuck, Peter H. “Mineral Commodity Summaries
2012: Nickel” (PDF). United States Geological
Survey. Retrieved November 19, 2008
[6] Kuck, Peter H. “Mineral Yearbook 2006: Nickel”
(PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved
November 19. 2008
[7] Engineer, Engineering Record, Building Record, and
Sanitary (1896-01-01). American Plumbing
Practice: From the Engineering Record (Prior to
1887 the Sanitary Engineer). A Selcted Reprint of
Articles Describing Notable Plumbing Installations
in the United States, and Questions and Answers on
Problems Arising in Plumbing and House Draining.
With Five Hundred and Thirty-six Illustrations.
Engineering record. P. 119
[8] Davis, Joseph R (2000). “Uses of Nickel”. ASM
Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their
Alloys. Asm International. pp. 7-13. ISBN 978-0-
87170-685-0
[9] Department of Energy and Mineral Resources. North
Sulawesi Province year 2013
[10] Schumpeter, J.A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism, and
Democracy, George Allen and Unwin, New York

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[11] Etzkowitz, H. (2008), The Triple Helix: University-
Industry-Government Innovation in Action,
Routledge, London
[12] Etzkowitz, H. (2012), ‘Triple Helix Cluster:
boundary permeability at university-industry-
government interfaces as a regional innovation
strategy’, Environment and Planning C: Government
and Policy, Vol 30, No 5, pp 766-779
[13] Act No.4. year 2009 concerning Minerals and Coal
[14] Data and Information Technology Center of Energy
and Mineral Resources. Department of Energy and
Mineral Resources, Dampak Pembangunan Smelter
di Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Provinsi Sulawesi
Tenggara. 2015
[15] Department of Energy and Mineral Resources. North
Sulawesi Province year 2013
[16] Pintowantoro, Sungging. The Opportunities of
Charcoal as Reductant in Indonesia’s Limonitic
Nickel Ore Processing using Mini Blast Furnace
(MBF). 2015.
[17] Act of The Republic of Indonesia No.4 year 2009
concerning Minerals and Coal. Article 95 C
concerning Minerals and Coal. Article 102
concerning Minerals and Coal. Article 103 paragraph
1
concerning Minerals and Coal. Article 170
[21] Government Regulation No.23 year 2010 concerning
The Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining
Business. Article 93 paragraph 1.
[22] Etzkowitz, H., Mello, J.M.C., and Almeida, M.
(2005). ‘Towards “meta-innovation” in Brazil: the
evolution of the incubator and the emergence of a
Triple Helix’, Research Policy, Vol 34, No 4, pp
411-424
.

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CP03.
Study Area Housing Decentralization Water Suply Service Branch Central City Semarang
Muhammad Irsyad Rabbani
Department of Environmental Engineering, Facultyof Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof Sudharto, Kampus
Undip Tembalang, Semarang Selatan, Indonesia 50275
Corresponding author: irsyadrabb@hotmail.com
Abstract. Housing of Puri Sartika, Bukit Sukorejo, and Trangkil Sejahtera are part of the service of PDAM Tirta Moedal
Semarang Central Branch is administratively located in the Village District of Gunungpati Sukorejo which is an area of
study that will be planned with a decentralized system. The decentralized system is the provision of drinking water
distribution system which managed by the community and the provision of water supplied by public water utilities. This
study is made as for non-revenue- water control and optimizes the distribution network PDAM Tirta Moedal Semarang
Central Branch. Most pipe bursts occur not because of the high pressure but rather due to continuous pressure
fluctuations that make pipes always expands and contracts, will cause a cracks caused by stress on the pipe. Of these
conditions will be built reservoir in the study area as a method for reservoir pressure setting is used for the flow
uniformity and have a function serves to balance between demand and supply of water. The study area will be compared
with a control region comparising Housing of Kandri Asri, Housing of Kuasen Rejo, and Housing of Manyaran Hill
District of West Semarang who have been served by PDAM. Selection of a control area based on similarity topography
with the study area.
Keywords: decentralization, distribution, loss, non-revenue water, reservoir, water,
INTRODUCTION
Until now there are many PDAM that have
not been able to provide services to customers in an
amount sufficient for 24 hours a day as it should be
(Benny Chatib, 2003). One contributing factor is the
presence of high water loss in the distribution system
which includes technical and non-technical loss.
Financially, the water loss caused substantial revenue
loss for the company. According to official data the
Ministry of Public Works, the average loss of water
PDAM in Indonesia reached about 37 percent, with
37 percent of water losses, lost revenue opportunities
reached 1.139 trillion IDR per year. Thus the
necessary water loss prevention solutions with
decentralization of water supply with the
construction of reservoir in the area of study.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the
technical aspects, social, and cost in system planning
decentralization in Semarang Central Housing Puri
Sartika, Bukit Sukorejo, and Trangkil Prosperous
Semarang and Plan of decentralization on the water
supply system in the area of Semarang Central
Housing Puri Sartika, Sukorejo hill, and Trangkil
Prosperous Semarang. Stages of this research
consisted of several phases: preparation which in this
phase, administrative processes and permitting the
relevant agencies to carry out primary and secondary
data collection on a control area and study area. Phase
survey and data collection, where the survey was
conducted on the direct observation to the service
area to obtain primary data and all relevant agencies
to obtain secondary data while the control area just
collecting secondary data from relevant agencies.
Phase data processing: This phase contains data
analysis of primary and secondary obtained and
calculation of data is necessary. Do a comparison
between the conditions of a control area and a study
covering the technical aspects, social, and cost. The
planning stage of a decentralized system; This stage
describes the planning system of decentralization of
water supply service area Dewi Sartika, Kalialang,

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and Deliksari Semarang adjusted data have been
obtained and analyzed. Technical aspects include
energy efficiency in the distribution system that
is suppression water loss, the technical aspects
that the investment cost for the construction of a
reservoir in the study area, and the social aspect
is people's willingness to reservoir development.
According to (Dharmasetiawan, 2004)
water loss can be defined as the difference
between the carrying amounts of water enter the
system and the amount of water that the
carrying out of the system. In a water supply
system is not entirely produced water plant to
the consumer. Usually there are leaks here and
there are called water loss.
Water losses from the water supply
system, water meter errors, the connections that
are not valid and loss of water of unknown
cause were classified as loss and wastage (loss
and waste). (Ray and Joseph, 1985). Losses
caused by water leakage are as follows:
1. Decrease the quantity of water that can be
distributed to customers;
2. Decrease water pressure in the distribution area.
3. Decrease in income received by PDAM Tirta
Moedal / Based on research from Semarang City
PDAM, water leakage caused by:
1. Technical Leakagelike:
a. Age pipe that waslong;
Long pipe that has been built since the Dutch
time course berimba on condition of pipe that
was not good anymore who might have been a
lot of corrosion and can lead to dead ends when
there are nearby trees whose roots go into the
pipeline. The existing pipeline is still
functioning, but some are difficult to detect its
existence.
b. Connectionerror
It often happens that their plumbing third
parties pay little attention to the connection, so
if there is any material errors or installation will
cause water droplets, can even reduce the
pressure so the water reach out to customers
with very small pressure.
2. LeaksNon-Technical
a. Error LoggingMeters
Filter error occurs not because the officers
were negligent possibility of poor quality water
meters so opaque frosted glass and cannot be
read. Or the customer is gone and conditions
registrar meter fence was locked so only
estimate the value of the figure.
b. Water theft
Cheating customers using group housing but is
meant for business. Or deliberately lowering
the water pipes of the secondary connection
that does not pass through the water meter so
that detected how many were used.
Based on the Manager's Non-Revenue Water
Handbook: A Guide to Understanding Water Losses,
pipe bursts occur mostly due to continuous pressure
fluctuations that make pipes always expands and
contracts, causing cracks due to stress. So based on
these circumstances, will be planned with a
decentralized system in the study area. Before
entering in the discussion of the planning system is
decentralized, will do an analysis of centralized and
decentralized system that has been running in the
ministry to PDAM Tirta Moedal Semarang.
Sharma et al. defines centralized water
supply system is a centralized water supply using a
single reservoir distribution. In a distribution
reservoir will be used to provide water to some areas.
Service area that will be studied with a centralized
system located in housing Kuasen Rejo, Subdistrict
Gunung Pati, Semarang. As a decentralized system
for drinking water supply systems in small-scale
grouping / cluster that uses a distribution reservoir for
the region. Service area with a decentralized system.
Situated on Beringin Housing, District of West
Semarang, Semarang. The planning area is the area
of the planned supply of drinking water with a
decentralized system. Planning area will be
divided into three regions, namely: Housing
Bukit Sukorejo, Trangkil Sejahtera, and Puri
Sartika located on Sukorejo village, Gunung
Pati, Semarang.
According to (Venhuizen, 2001) in a
centralized system of drainage discharge were great
just concentrated on one pipe. As for the

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decentralized system or a small scale, the flowspread
through the small pipe so that water loss and
discharge that are too large can be reduced.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
1. Control Region
Prior to the decentralized system of planning
in the planning area, there will be a study in control
areas. The control area as a comparison. A control
area are analyzed Greenwood Housing which is in the
west and residential districts Semarang Beringin in
the district Ngaliyan. The control area consists of the
area that has been underserved by PDAM with a
centralized system that Housing Greenwood and
decentralization, namelyHousing Beringin
2. Analysis of Centralized ControlRegion
Distribution pipeline system used in this
centralized system is a system of branching (dead-
end distribution system) are derived from Reservoir
Gunungpati. Gunungpati Reservoir water to some
areas that Kuasen Rejo Housing, Housing Kandri
Asri, Sadeng Zone, Housing Greenwood, Kalialang,
Zona Penataran temple, Pasadena Housing and
Kalipancur Zone.
Figure 1. PDAM Tirta Moedal centralized system scheme
Table 1. Pump data and E and W wells PDAM Tirta
Moedal
Reservoir water source comes from artesian
well Gunungpati totaling 30 wells East 1 - East 16
and West 1 - West 14. Sources of water coming from
the wells is then pumped into Gunungpati Reservoir.
Here is the data pump wells to Gunungpati Reservoir.
a. Analysis Hydraulics Centralized Distribution
System
Hydraulics analysis serves to ensure the
elevation EGL and HGL on any existing pipelines is
higher than the static elevation (Hs). Hydraulics
calculation results of analysis are presented in tables
and graphs below. From the hydraulics analysis
above, showing Housing Greenwood has a maximum
pressure that is equal to 212 meter, while according
to criteria based on the Regulation 18 of 2007 of the
Minister of Public Works, PVC pipes can withstand
a pressure of 8 atm or equal to 80 MKA, so that the
maximum pressure yet eligible under Regulation 18
of 2007 of the Minister of Public Works. For the head
loss of centralized distribution system to the Housing
of Greenwood has head loss value of 62.32 m.

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Figure 2. Profile hydraulic service area housing
greenwood
Figure 3. Profile hydraulic service area housing
greenwood
Table 2. Hydraulics Analysis Simulation Program Epanet
2.0
Hydraulics analysis simulation using the
program Epanet 2.0 on the distribution system shows
there is excess pressure in the service area of the
Housing Greeenwood so the pressure is still below
the standard design according to Minister of Public
Works Regulation No.18 of 2007 for the PVC pipe
that is 8 atm or 80 meters. As for the flow velocity in
the pipe is already meets the design criteria based
PERMEN PU 18, 2007 in the amount of 0.3 to 3 m /
sec. It is shown there are no red piping on the
simulation Epanet.
b. LeakeageAnalysis
We can calculate the percent / amount of
water loss, calculated using the formula:
(D K)/ D H (1)
where H = loss (%), D = the amount of water
distributed (m3), K = the amount of water that is
recorded in the collection account(m3).
Figure 4. Leakage analysis of the centralization system
PDAM Tirta Moedal
3. Analysis of Decentralized Control Region
Distribution pipeline system used in this
decentralized system is a combination of branched
system (dead-end distribution system) and a closed
network or can be called a hybrid system derived
from Beringin Reservoir.
Figure 5. PDAM Tirta Moedal decentralized system
scheme
Reservoir water distribution system of the
Beringin is using gravity. Reservoir elevation
difference between Beringin and Beringin Housing
service area which is about 29-29 meters above sea
level. Reservoir Special Beringin drain water into
housing. Reservoir water source comes from artesian
well Beringin totaling 3 wells East 1 - East 3. Sources
of water coming from the wells is then pumped into
Reservoir Beringin. Here is the data capacity of

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production of wells Beringin months from March to
May in 2016.
Table 3. Production capacity wells Beringin in March-
May 2016
a. Analysis Hydraulics Centralized Distribution
System
Hydraulics analysis serves to ensure the
elevation EGL and HGL on any existing pipelines is
higher than the static elevation (Hs). Hydraulics
calculation results of analysis are presented in tables
and graphs below
Fig. 9. Profile hydraulic service area Housing of Beringin
Fig. 10. Profile hydraulic service area housing Beringin
Judging from the analysis of hydraulics in
housing Beringin in the fourth node, the maximum
pressure that is equal to 63 MKA, while according
to criteria based on the Minister of Public Works
No. 18 in 2007, PVC pipes can withstand a pressure
of 8 atm or equal to 80 meter, so that the maximum
pressure has fulfilled requirements based PERMEN
PU. For the maximum head loss of decentralized
distribution system to the Housing of Beringin
between 4 nodes has head loss value of 1.74 m.
Table 4. Hydraulics Analysis Simulation Program
Epanet 2.0
Hydraulics analysis simulation using the
program Epanet 2.0 on the distribution system
showed no excess pressure in the service area of the
Housing Beringin so the pressure is still below the
standard design according to Regulation of the
Minister of Public Works No.18 of 2007 for the PVC
pipe that is 8 atm or 80 meter. As for the flow rate of
the pipeline has not met the design criteria based
PERMEN PU 18, 2007 in the amount of 0.3 to 3 m /
sec. Where the results of the simulation shows there
is still a flow rate ranging from 0.06 to 0.23 m / sec.
b. LeakeageAnalysis
We can calculate the percent / amount of
water loss, calculated using the formula:
(D K)/ D H (1)
where H = loss (%), D = the amount of water
distributed (m3), K = the amount of water that is
recorded in the collection account (m3).
Fig. 13. Leakage Analysis of the Centralization
System PDAM Tirta Moedal
CONCLUSION
Based on a comparison of the pressure on
both systems, as evidenced in a decentralized system
has a smaller pressure that is equal to 63 m compared
to the pressure on the centralized system reached 212
m. For water losses and total pressure loss (headloss),
a decentralized system is also superior to the value of
22.48% and 1.74 m compared with the number of
water losses and headloss in a centralized system
which is 44.78% and 62.32 m. Excessive pressure
.

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will cause a potential pipeline rupture that resulted
in an increase in water loss, then that is the function
of the reservoir on a small scale or a decentralized
system which lowers the pressure to reduce potential
water losses. Other than that in terms of maintenance,
with the reservoir in each region, when it carried out
repairs, operators only need to fix the network in one
region alone so no need to turn off the flow of water
in all regions.
APPENDIX 1
Pressure: 1 atm = 10 meter
NOMENCLATURE
PDAM : Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum
NRW : Non Revenue Water
MDA : Meter District Area
REFERENCES
[1] Joko, Tri. 2010. Unit Produksi Dalam Sistem
Penyediaan Air Minum. Semarang.
[2] Farley, Malcolm, Gary W. Zainuddin, Bin Md.
Ghazali, Arie Istandar,and Sher Singh. 2008. The
Manager's Non-Revenue Water Hanbook. Pg 77
[3] Al-Layla, Anis, Shamim Ahmad, and Joe
Middlebrooks. 1978. Water Supply Engineering
Design. Ann Arbor Science. New York.
[4] Sharma. 2 0 1 5. An Overview of Hybrid Water Supply
Systems in the Context of Urban Water Management:
Challenges and Opportunities. Pg 1-3
[5] Dharmasetiawan, M. 2 0 0 4. Teori dan Perencanaan
Instalasi Pengolahan Air. Ekamitra Engineering. Pg
126 [6] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Republik
Indonesia Nomor 18. 2007. Penyelenggaraan
Pengembangan Sistim Penyediaan Air Minum Tahun
2007. PU. Jakarta..

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CP04.
SPATIAL AND ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM TAGLINE “ENJOY
JAKARTA”
(A case study: Jakarta Old Town, Indonesia)
1
Triska Damayanti, Muhamad Iko Kersapati
Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia
1
Corresponding author: triskapanda95@gmail.com
Abstract. As a capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta has potentiality to increasee state revenues from
tourism industry. Department of Tourism and Culture DKI Jakarta created tagline “Enjoy Jakarta” as a
part of planning strategy to introduce Jakarta as a worth tourism destination for domestic and foreign
visits. This research examines the tourism potential of Jakarta Old Town from four aspects: attraction,
physical condition, accessibility and government policy in spatial and ecological perspective through
Butler’s tourist area life-cycle evolution. Triangulation is used for this research, whereby data are
collected through literature study, observations, and in-depth interviews. Data presented by map of
tourism places change chronology and narrative description of ecological view of tourists’ comfort and
satisfaction. Identification of ecological condition around Jakarta Old Town includes the river,
pedestrian, crosswalk site, and shade trees along the edge of roads and buildings. Current condition of
Kali Besar which separates the complex area of the Old Town is cloudy and smells. Meanwhile, the
condition of the pedestrian paths with characteristic place of old buildings have narrow size. Zebra cross
as crosswalk facilities are still inadequate. Shade trees along the pedestrian paths and around the old
buildings have very small amounts and make the situation around the area looked barren. Results
indicate that Jakarta Old Town is in the development stage. To increase the life-cycle stage of this
tourism, government still needs time to continue the development until they achieve consolidation stage
and all of parts have managed to work together to realize the meaning of “Enjoy Jakarta”.
Keywords: Enjoy Jakarta, Geography of Tourism, Jakarta Old Town, Life-Cycle Evolution
Introduction
Tourism as one of industrial sector has
an important role in economic development and
become an aspect that affects the nation's
international image. Jakarta does not only have
function as the central government of
Indonesia, but also as a tourism destination both
domestic and foreign. Department of Tourism
and Culture DKI Jakarta implements various
policies to boost tourism activity in Jakarta, one
of that policies is promoting Jakarta's tourism
through a tagline "Enjoy Jakarta". However,
regardless of the promotion, had the tourists
really felt "Enjoy"? Had the strategy planning
of the government been able to realize the true
meaning of "Enjoy Jakarta"? Through this
research, we try to answer these questions.
As a tourism destination in Jakarta,
Jakarta Old Town has been an urban heritage
tourism since 1972 (in the reign of Ali Sadikin,
the 9th Governor of Jakarta). According to
Burton (1995) the urban heritage tourism is a
tourism that presents the landscape of history,
art and culture of the city. It gives not only the

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experience of urban physical environment, but
also the atmosphere and feel of the past through
the remains of physical form of past civilization
and culture, including the architectural
buildings, landscape, and archaeological
feature in form of artifacts and objects
remaining from the past. To examine the
development of the tourism activity, there are
four aspects observed in this research:
attraction, physical condition, accessibility and
goverment policy.
Figure 1. Mind flow of spatial and ecological
analysis of tourist area life-cycle.
In daily, terminology of tourism is
often confused with recreation. There are some
difference between the term of tourism and
recreation. Tourism is a leisure activity which
necessitates long distant and overnight journey
while recreation is a leisure activity that does
not involve long distance travel or overnight
sleeping (Ajala, 2013). In georaphic
perspective, tourism is an agent of change and
development of spatial structure. Resources as
an attraction can directly influence the
development of tourism. Furthermore,
interlinks between tourism activity and the
resources are examined as an integrated
development. Butler (1980) improvised the
evolution of tourism development through his
product cycle-based evolution of tourism
destination and divide it into six phases of life-
cycle evolution: involvement, exploration,
development, consolidation, stagnation and
decline or rejuvenation.
Theoretical Review
Traditional tourist areas traverse during
its life span six stages: exploration,
involvement, development, consolidation and
stagnation, arriving to a final post-stagnation
stage. This last stage is further characterized by
a period of decline, rejuvenation, or
stabilization. However, it must be remarked
that this last stage (poststagnation) was in fact
open (Butler admitted a final stage where sharp
decline,rejuvenation or other intermediate
solutions were possible). Each stage was
characterized by a different rhythm of growth,
the change of attitude and composition of the
main actors (tourists, administration, local
entrepreneurs, international corporations, local
residents and immigrants) and the variation of
the main attractions (original or human made).
The result of this evolution was an S shape or
logistic curve representing the arrivals of tourist
or visitors until the stagnation stage. The upper
limit of this curve was determined by the social,
physical or economical carrying capacity of the
tourist area destination.
TALC should focus on either one of
two aspects: (a) testing the applicability of the
model and (b) redeveloping the model to
incorporate different issues.This approach is
also followed in this study. Specifically, three
aspects of the model are examined: (1) the
validity and applicability of the model as
applied to the tourism development evolution
of Old Town, (2) external and internal forces
that shaped tourism development in the Old
Town and surrounding areas, and (3)
environmental, social, and economic changes
as they relate to each stage of the model.
Although the TALC is a useful concept
for describing the evolution of tourism
development, what stages and/or duration of a
stage will be experienced by a tourism
destination is largely subject to a number of

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factors, and therefore, no perfect formula can be
applied to different areas. Many factors can
affect the model of TALC. These factors can be
categorized into two groups: internal and
external factors. (Agarwal, 1997). Internal
factors include those inherent to a destination
(i.e., uniqueness of resources and attractions,
local residents and their attitudes toward
tourism development, and gradual deterioration
of tourism resources) and associated
management, service practices, and qualities.
The external factors are individual
entrepreneurs,tour operators can also play a
significant role in the TALC. Besides of
internal and external factors, there are also
another aspects which related to TALC, there
are environmental, social, and economic
changes. of life-cycle evolution: involvement,
exploration, development, consolidation,
stagnation and decline or rejuvenation.
In the way to achieve an attracting
place as a heritage tourism site, there are some
standards that created by Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The ten
ASEAN Member Countries, namely:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines,
Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos,
Myanmar, Cambodia have considered the
standardization of tourism services essential for
helping ASEAN to be a Quality Single
Destination. One measure in the Roadmap for
Integration of Tourism Sector to realize the
ASEAN Economic Community is the
establishment of the ASEAN Tourism
Standards. The ASEAN Tourism Standards
Task Force is currently chaired by Thailand and
vice-chaired by Indonesia for 2007 - 2008.
Figure 2. R.W. Butler. (1980) The concept of the
tourist area life-cycle of evolution: implications for
management of resources. Canadian Geographer 24
(1), 5-12.
Methodologies and Approaches
Qualitative Paradigm and Triangulation of
Data
Qualitative paradigm is proved as
traditional paradigm, positivist, experimental,
or empiricist. This qualitative paradigm is
applied by triangulation, whereby data are
collected through literature study, observations,
and in-depth interviews. Literature study
focuses on relevant data collecting from books,
journals, and some research refers to the topic
about Jakarta Old Town area life-cycle
evolution explained in chronological view.
Observations focus on identification and
validation Jakarta Old Town tourism site
related to four aspects of tourism potential used
in spatial and ecological analysis. In-depth
interviews are used to get tourist’s personal
perspective of their opinions related tagline
“Enjoy Jakarta”, satisfactions, and problems
according to their visit experiences.

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Table 1. ASEAN Tourism Heritage Standards.
Criteria Requirements – Heritage
Uniqueness and
characteristics of
heritage
Natural Heritage
 Significance of ecological systems and natural habitats.
 Undisturbed environments or environments demonstrating natural process at work i.e.
wetlands, wilderness areas, or coastal areas.
 Existence of rare and unique species present at the site.
Cultural Heritage
 Significance of the existing cultural and historical resources.
 Authenticity and integrity.
 Degree of survival of the archaeological remains, human
 Values, ways of life, customs, land use, events and living traditions.
Site protection and
conservation
 Existence of management control/measures to ensure that the site capacity (in terms of
resources and facilities) can absorb tourism activities.
 Implementation of preventive measures/ management mechanisms to minimize
degradation of resources.
Tourism and site
management
 Appropriate tourism activities compatible with local heritage, values and character.
 Involvement of local communities in the development and the management of the cultural
and the natural heritage site
 Creation of jobs that encourage the use of local knowledge, skills and traditions. The use
of appropriate off-site and on-site interpretive media to educate visitors such as: Signage
/panel, Brochure, Visual/ audio presentation, Guide book, Special events
 Availability of well-trained local guides/ interpreters to serve visitors.
 Introduction of codes of conduct to educate visitors on what should or should not do when
visiting the site.
 Monitoring program in place to assess tourism impacts on the site.
Environmental
management
 Provision of appropriate and sufficient waste management system.
 Put in place waste water treatment.
 Zoning parking area for the site.
 Control and regulate the entry of objects, materials and vehicles to the site.
Accessibility  Sufficient infrastructure and facilities to enable easy and safe access to the site.
 Adequate and clear directional signage to the site.
Support facilities  Adequacy of facilities such as medical care, F&B outlets, electricity, water supply,
restrooms, communication tools.
 Availability of skilled staff, officials/ local guards and other measures to take care of safety
and security for visitors.

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Spatial and Ecological Approach in Tourism
Research
Spatial thinking as a scientific
approach is the essence of geography and
closely associated with parallel work in social
and natural science disciplines. Spatial
approach also is a part of broader disciplinary
framework of research. Structuralization of
spatial aspects and processes of one place may
stimulated by a large number of empirical
studies to examine human behavior or natural
phenomenon. Furthermore, explanation about
that can be more understood by spatial
modeling and mapping. In human geography,
especially geography of tourism, potentiality of
a place as a tourism destination are examined
and explain “where” and “why”. For example,
in attraction aspect, we can make simple
questions like “where is place with high cost?”
and “why there?” we already know the answer.
But analyze a place using this approach is not
too simple. There are many criteria to make a
regionalization of a place and it depends on
aspects are considered.
Urban as an artificial ecosystem is an
engineered form of earth surface natural
conditions with humans act as its center. In
ecological concepts, the feasibility of a place in
fulfill the needs of population is expressed in
carrying capacity. human as the center of
interest in urban ecosystem depends on this
environment carrying capacity. It occurs in the
aspect of natural physical related to the green
spaces, drainage systems, etc. In study of
tourism, ecological approach is used to examine
the carrying capacity of a place as a tourism
proponent. This carrying capacity can directly
affects the interests and perceptions of visitors
with implications for the sustainability of
tourism.
Location of Research
Jakarta Old Town is located in the
northern of Jakarta. Old building complex with
an area of 1.3 km2
crosses two districts, North
Jakarta and West Jakarta. Jakarta Old Town is
also known as Old Batavia. In the era of VOC,
Dutch government built a fort at the mouth of
the Ciliwung River to restrain the local enemy
attack or threat from the outside (1619). Batavia
City is the center of economic activity and
government during the reign of Pangeran
Jayakarta, Portuguese, Dutch, and Chinese.
Sunda Kelapa harbor is located in the northern
of Batavia City and be the largest trading center
in Southeast Asia at the time. In Dutch
colonialism era, Sunda Kelapa very crowded
and much visited by foreign traders to obtain
spices.
Because of its strategic location with
abundant resources, Batavia City dubbed as
“Queen of the East” and “Jewel of Asia”. After
1860, the Territory of the Batavia City
expanded because of urban population increase.
Nowadays, the Old Town became a tourism
destination in Jakarta that has attraction of
landscape history, art and culture and is one of
the most visited by tourists both domestic and
foreign. Based on the Jakarta Old Town Master
Plan (DTK, 2007), Jakarta Old Town Region is
divided into five zones: Sunda Kelapa,
Fatahillah, Pecinan, Pekojan, and Glodok. This
paper focuses on Fatahillah Zone as location of
research.
Figure 3. Location of Jakarta Old Town.
Results and Discussion
Exploration (1870 – 1970)

2016
ISSN 2548-6217
At this stage, international companies
began to build commercial buildings around
Kali Besar such as banks, insurance office, and
trading firm based in around Fatahillah zone
and Kali Besar. The architecture of these
buildings also have undergone mixing between
the Dutch-style buildings (Indies) and the style
of Chinese building in the form of home stores
(shop). Until 1970, the condition of old
buildings as a forerunner to the Old Town
tourist attraction has not changed much even
though functionally has been transferred from
the Dutch central government.
Involvement (1970 – 1999)
At this stage, international companies
began to build commercial buildings around
Kali Besar such as banks, insurance offices, and
trading firms based in around Fatahillah zone
and Kali Besar. The architecture of these
buildings also have undergone mixing between
the Dutch-style buildings (Indische) and the
style of Chinese building in the form of home
stores (shop). Until 1970, the condition of old
buildings as a forerunner to the Old Town
tourist attraction has not changed much even
though functionally has been transferred from
the Dutch central government.
Development (1999 – now)
In addition to the Fatahillah Zone, there
are still many buildings that qualify as a
heritage building but has not been designated as
a protected building. In 1999 the Government
of DKI Jakarta create Regional Regulation no.
9 of 1999 on Environmental Conservation and
Utilization of Cultural Property. On the basis of
these policies, particularly the Old City area of
Zona Fatahillah (including Kali Besar and
Jakarta Kota stations) functioned as a general
tourist and commercial activities is limited.
Environmental regulation is done by
maintaining the authenticity of the elements of
the environment and the architecture that
characterizes the region, which is to preserve
the character of city spaces and buildings
preserve cultural heritage. To improve the
management of the regulatory system's Old
Town neighborhood, the government made
Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 7 of 2011 on
the Establishment of Organization and Work
Flow Management Unit Old Town area.
Figure 4. Timeline of Jakarta Old Town evolution
stages.
In the aspect of transport, in 2004 the Jakarta
Government officially opened the Transjakarta
Corridor 1 majoring Terminal Blok M - Kota.
Transjakarta make people have alternative
modes of transportation are more diverse in
addition to public transportation and trains.
Transjakarta services is continually improved
with the opening of new corridors as well as the
operating hours to 24 hours. Means of rail
freight also increased comfort, in the year 2008
AC electric trains Commuter Line operates and
replace electric trains economy, but at that
moment Line Commuter rates are still
relatively expensive. To attract people to use
these transport services, government subsidies
and enforce e-ticketing. In 2016, Jakarta
Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama currently
plans to revitalize the Kali Besar in the days of

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