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BAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUN




TAAVEEKUN SUPER   TVK VINEGAR SUPER
ACID AMINO
                              TAAVEEKUN SUPER
      Produk                                 AA (acid amino)
Bahan aktif          i.     Asid amino dari bio-esktrakan
                     ii.    Unsur-unsur tambahan pembajaan


Fungsi               i.     Mengalakan pertumbuhan dan pengembangan pokok
                     ii.    Meningkatkan terbitan akar-akar muda dan mengukuhkan
                            semula sistem akar
                     iii.   Menambah aktiviti biologi didalam tanah
                     iv.    Menghalang serangan serangga kepada pokok




Cara aplikasi        i.     Campurkan 1 liter AA dengan 300-400 liter air bersih
                     ii.    Semburkan larutan ini kepada batang pokok atau kawasan
                            akar bagi pokok besar
                     iii.   Semburkan kepada keseluruhan anak-anak pokok pada
                            tanaman di tapak semaian
                     iv.    Semburkan pada keseluruhan pokok tanaman kontan




Kesan dan kebaikan   i.     Pengalak kepada pertumbuhan sistem akar pokok
AA                   ii.    Mengayakan kehidupan mikrobiologi dalam tanah
                     iii.   Menghalang serangan serangga

                                                                                     2
Usefulness
   TAA VEE KUN SUPER
• Improved condition of plant which a bad
  condition from all kind of chemical such
  herbicide and Insecticide.
• Make all crop stronger, continue growth and
  resistance to plant disease.
• Helping in produce more flower, more fruit
  help more yield, good weight and better
  taste.
• Get more yield production, quality and
  weight.
TAAVEEKUN
             Wood vinegar super
• What are the benefits of using
  Plantonic wood vinegar?
•    accelerates plant growth
•    acts as pest repellent 
•    promotes healthy and balanced plant growth 
•    improves sweetness of fruits
•    increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables
•    controls growth of harmful fungi and bacteria 
Wood Vinegar
Functions:
   •  Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide
   •  Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil
   •  Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant
   •  Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic,
      inorganic and ferment fertilizer
   •  Help in get rid of smell from waste product
   •  Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kind of plant
   •  Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetables and all kind of fruit
   •  Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant disease

Content:
   •   Acetic acid, % : 2.5
   •   Tetra hydro fulfury1 alcohol, % : 0.04
   •   Prop ionic acid, % : 0.1
   •   Rara+meta-cresol, % : 0.07
   •   Ortho-cresol, % : 0.06
   •   Nonan-1.4-olld, % : 0.02
   •   Methanol, % : 0.11
   •   Furfural, % : 0.1
   •   Furfury1 alcohol, % : 0.01
   •   Ethy1-gulalcahol, % : 0.01
   •   Ethanol-alcohol, % : 0.5
   •   Cycloten, % : 0.12
   •   Gulacohol, % : 0.03
   •   Acetone, & : 0.1
   •   2-Methoxy-4-cresol, % : 0.06
2-Cyclopinternon, % : 0.
BENEFITS
    TVK VINEGAR                                    SUPER
•   Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide.
•   Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil.
•   Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant.
•   Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical
    fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer.
•   Help in get rid of smell from waste product.
•   Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kinds of
    plant.
•   Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetable and all kind of fruit.
•   Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant diseases.
•   Help in fermentation of inorganic fertilizers by use it with
    microbe TIM
Exploring the beneficial uses of w

For more than 30 years now, Japanese farmers have been
using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock
production. They use it as:

•1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds),
•2) insecticide when mixed with hot pepper,
•3) enhancer for compost-making,
•4) soil conditioner to improve the soil when mixed with
        charcoal,
•5) feed supplement or additives for livestock feeds
USIA         Aktiviti           Pembajaan          Kadar/HA
                                                50ML @ 20 LTR
         SEMBURAN DAUN &   TAAVEEKUN SUPER @
  1                                               (Setiap jenis)
               AKAR           TVK VINEGAR
                                                   6 X/TAHUN
                                                50ML @ 20 LTR
         SEMBURAN DAUN     TAAVEEKUN SUPER @
                                                  (Setiap jenis)
  2      & AKAR               TVK VINEGAR
                                                   6 X/TAHUN


                           TAAVEEKUN SUPER @    1 ltr @ 300 LTR
  3      SEMBURAN AKAR        TVK VINEGAR         (Setiap jenis)
                                                   3 X /TAHUN
                                                1 ltr @ 300 LTR
         SEMBURAN AKAR      TAA VEE KUN SUPER     (setiap jenis)
  4
                              @ TVK VINEGAR        3 X/TAHUN


                                                1 ltr @ 300LTR
                                                 (setiap jenis)
          SEMBURAN AKAR    TAA VEE KUN SUPER      3 X/TAHUN
5 - 25                       @ TVK VINEGAR
GROWTH PROMOTERS
•   Plant Growth Promoters are those substances used for better
    management of Nutrients and Plant growth. These Plant Growth
    Promoters play a major role in seed germination, fruit ripening,
    enhances uptake of nutrients, boost protein synthesis, augment
    immunity and helps to withstand stress conditions, reduce flower
    and fruit drop and help in better plant growth.
•   Commonly plant growth regulators are auxins, cytocinin,
    gibberellins, ethylene etc..
PENGGALAK PERTUMBUHAN
•   Kerap kali tanaman gagal menghasilkan buah yang optimum
    walaupun mendapat bekalan nutrient yang betul. Kurang
    keberkesanan fisiologi tumbuhan adalah punca kepada fenomena
    ini.
•   Penggalak pertumbuhan pokok adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk
    mengatur pengambilan nutrient dan pertumbuhan tanaman.
    Penggalak pertumbuhan ini memainkan peranan penting dakam
    percambahan biji benih, meranumkan buah, memperkasa
    pengambilan nutrient, menyemarak sistesis protin, memperkuat
    ketahanan dan membantu keadaan runtunan, mengurangkan
    keguguran bunga dan buah dan membantu tumbesaran pokok.
•   Biasanya pengatur pertumbuhan pokok ialah auxins, gibberellins,
    ethylene etc.. Permintaan kepada pilihan semulajadi sudah
    bertambah.
Effect Of Amino Acids On
               Plants
• The requirement of amino acids in essential
  quantities is well known as a means to increase
  yield and overall quality of crops.
• Amino Acids are also supplied to plant by
  incorporating them into the soil. It helps in
  improving the microflora of the soil thereby
  facilitating the assimilation of nutrients.
• Amino Acids help to increase chlorophyll
  concentration in the plant leading to higher
  degree of photosynthesis. This makes crops
  lush Green.
Kesan Amino Acid Terhadap Pokok
• Keperluan Asid Amino dalam kuantiti secukupnya telah
  diketahui lama bagi kaedah untuk menambahkan hasil
  dan kualiti tanaman keseluruhannya.
• Amino Acid dibekalkan kepada pokok melalui serapan
  tanah. Ia membantu microflora didalam tanah, lantas
  menggalakan integrasi penyerapan nutrient.
• Amino Acid membantu pertambahan kepekatan klorofil
  yang membawa kepada kesan fotosintesis yang lebih
  sempurna. Ini akan menjadikan tanaman lebih hijau
  pekat.
Effect on plants:
•   Amino acid use in essential quantities is a well known method to
    increase crop yield and quality. Even though plants have the
    inherent capacity to biosynthesize all the amino acids needed from
    nitrogen, carbon oxygen and hydrogen, the biochemical process is
    quite complex and energy consuming. As such, the application of
    amino acids such as those contained in HYT Nutrition allow for the
    plant to save energy on this process, which can be dedicated to
    better plant development during critical growth stages.
    Amino acids are fundamental ingredients in a protein’s biosynthetic
    process and nearly twenty amino acids types are involved in
    biosynthetic processes. Studies have shown that amino acids can
    directly or indirectly in a plant’s physiological activities.
    Amino acids are applied through foliar feeding, absorbed through
    the plant’s stomata or via the root area when incorporated into the
    soil. This also helps improve micro flora, which in turn, facilitates the
    nutrient assimilation.
Kesan Asid Amino Kepada Tanaman
•   Penggunaan Amino acid dalam kuantiti yang betul adalah kaedah
    untuk menambah hasil tanaman dan kualiti pokok. Sugguhpun pokok
    mempunyai kemampuan asas melakukan biosintesis bagi
    menghasilkan asid amino yang diperlukan dari nitrogen, carbon,
    oxygen and hydrogen, proses biokimia ini sangat komplek dan
    memerlukan tenaga yang banyak.
•   Dari itu, penggunaan amino asid seperti dari TaaVeeKun Super
    membolehkan tumbuhan menjimatkan tenaga untuk proses ini,
    dimana boleh didedikasikan untuk pertumbuhan yang lebih sempurna
    semasa tahap pertumbuhan kritikal.
•   Amino asid adalah ramuan asas dalam proses biosintesis protin dan
    hampir 20 jenis asid amino terlibat dalan proses biosintesis ini. Kajian
    mendapati asid amino boleh secara terus atau separa terlibat dalam
    aktiviti fisiologi tumbuhan.
•   Amino acid yang dibekalkan dalam bentuk cecair, menyerap kedalam
    stomata tumbuhan atau melalui kawasan akar bila bercampur
    dengan tanah. Ini akan turut meningkatkan micro flora, yang akan
    membantu penyatu serapan nutrient.
Nature of Auxins

The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein
which means to grow. Compounds are generally
considered auxins if they can be characterized by their
ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise
resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in
physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes
in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this
characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus
"helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991;
Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
Sifat Semulajadi Auxins
• Auxin adalah berasal dari perkataan auxien Greek
  bermaksud tumbuh. Campuran kompoun akan
  dikelaskan sebagai auxins jika ia bersifat menyebabkan
  pemanjangan sel mata pucuk pokok ataupun berupa
  asid indoleacetic dalam aktiviti fisiologi.

• Auxins biasanya menyebabkan kesan sampingan selain
  dari pemanjangan sel mata pucuk tetapi karektor ini
  dianggap kritikal kepada semua auxins dan membantu
  pengistilahan hormone.
Functions of Auxin
•
    The following are some of the responses that auxin is known to
    cause (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and
    Ross, 1992).
•   Stimulates cell elongation

•   Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with
    cytokinins in tissue culture

•   Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem

•   Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root
    development in tissue culture

•   Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity
    and light

•   The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral
    buds
Functions of Auxin
•   Delays leaf senescence

•   Can inhibit or promote (via ethylene stimulation) leaf and fruit abscission

•   Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants

•   Involved in assimilate movement toward auxin possibly by an effect on
    phloem transport

•   Delays fruit ripening

•   Promotes flowering in Bromeliads

•   Stimulates growth of flower parts

•   Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers

•   Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations
Nature of Cytokinins
• Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling
  adenine which promote cell division and have other
  similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin
  discovered and so named because of the compounds
  ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is
  a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is
  therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin
  (meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere
  other than in a plant). The most common form of
  naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called
  zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays).
Cytokinin Functions

A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below.
The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies,
1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
•Stimulates cell division.

•Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture.

•Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance.

•Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement.

•May enhance stomatal opening in some species.

•Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll
synthesis.
The Nature of Gibberellins
• Unlike the classification of auxins which are classified on
  the basis of function, gibberellins are classified on the
  basis of structure as well as function. All gibberellins are
  derived from the ent-gibberellane skeleton. The structure
  of this skeleton derivative along with the structure of a
  few of the active gibberellins are shown above. The
  gibberellins are named GA1....GAn in order of discovery.
  Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be
  structurally characterised , is GA3. There are currently
  136 GAs identified from plants, fungi and bacteria
Functions of Gibberellins
•   Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of
    gibberellin present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological
    processes stimulated by gibberellins are outlined below (Davies, 1995; Mauseth,
    1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
•   Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.

•   Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.

•   Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce
    germination.

•   Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for
    mobilization of seed reserves.

•   Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression).

•   Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development.

•   Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.

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Amino acid n wood vinegar

  • 1. BAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUN TAAVEEKUN SUPER TVK VINEGAR SUPER
  • 2. ACID AMINO TAAVEEKUN SUPER Produk AA (acid amino) Bahan aktif i. Asid amino dari bio-esktrakan ii. Unsur-unsur tambahan pembajaan Fungsi i. Mengalakan pertumbuhan dan pengembangan pokok ii. Meningkatkan terbitan akar-akar muda dan mengukuhkan semula sistem akar iii. Menambah aktiviti biologi didalam tanah iv. Menghalang serangan serangga kepada pokok Cara aplikasi i. Campurkan 1 liter AA dengan 300-400 liter air bersih ii. Semburkan larutan ini kepada batang pokok atau kawasan akar bagi pokok besar iii. Semburkan kepada keseluruhan anak-anak pokok pada tanaman di tapak semaian iv. Semburkan pada keseluruhan pokok tanaman kontan Kesan dan kebaikan i. Pengalak kepada pertumbuhan sistem akar pokok AA ii. Mengayakan kehidupan mikrobiologi dalam tanah iii. Menghalang serangan serangga 2
  • 3.
  • 4. Usefulness TAA VEE KUN SUPER • Improved condition of plant which a bad condition from all kind of chemical such herbicide and Insecticide. • Make all crop stronger, continue growth and resistance to plant disease. • Helping in produce more flower, more fruit help more yield, good weight and better taste. • Get more yield production, quality and weight.
  • 5. TAAVEEKUN Wood vinegar super • What are the benefits of using Plantonic wood vinegar? •  accelerates plant growth •  acts as pest repellent  •  promotes healthy and balanced plant growth  •  improves sweetness of fruits •  increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables •  controls growth of harmful fungi and bacteria 
  • 6. Wood Vinegar Functions: •  Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide •  Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil •  Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant •  Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer •  Help in get rid of smell from waste product •  Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kind of plant •  Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetables and all kind of fruit •  Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant disease Content: •  Acetic acid, % : 2.5 •  Tetra hydro fulfury1 alcohol, % : 0.04 •  Prop ionic acid, % : 0.1 •  Rara+meta-cresol, % : 0.07 •  Ortho-cresol, % : 0.06 •  Nonan-1.4-olld, % : 0.02 •  Methanol, % : 0.11 •  Furfural, % : 0.1 •  Furfury1 alcohol, % : 0.01 •  Ethy1-gulalcahol, % : 0.01 •  Ethanol-alcohol, % : 0.5 •  Cycloten, % : 0.12 •  Gulacohol, % : 0.03 •  Acetone, & : 0.1 •  2-Methoxy-4-cresol, % : 0.06 2-Cyclopinternon, % : 0.
  • 7.
  • 8. BENEFITS TVK VINEGAR SUPER • Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide. • Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil. • Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant. • Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer. • Help in get rid of smell from waste product. • Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kinds of plant. • Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetable and all kind of fruit. • Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant diseases. • Help in fermentation of inorganic fertilizers by use it with microbe TIM
  • 9. Exploring the beneficial uses of w For more than 30 years now, Japanese farmers have been using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock production. They use it as: •1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds), •2) insecticide when mixed with hot pepper, •3) enhancer for compost-making, •4) soil conditioner to improve the soil when mixed with charcoal, •5) feed supplement or additives for livestock feeds
  • 10. USIA Aktiviti Pembajaan Kadar/HA 50ML @ 20 LTR SEMBURAN DAUN & TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ 1 (Setiap jenis) AKAR TVK VINEGAR 6 X/TAHUN 50ML @ 20 LTR SEMBURAN DAUN TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ (Setiap jenis) 2 & AKAR TVK VINEGAR 6 X/TAHUN TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ 1 ltr @ 300 LTR 3 SEMBURAN AKAR TVK VINEGAR (Setiap jenis) 3 X /TAHUN 1 ltr @ 300 LTR SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER (setiap jenis) 4 @ TVK VINEGAR 3 X/TAHUN 1 ltr @ 300LTR (setiap jenis) SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER 3 X/TAHUN 5 - 25 @ TVK VINEGAR
  • 11. GROWTH PROMOTERS • Plant Growth Promoters are those substances used for better management of Nutrients and Plant growth. These Plant Growth Promoters play a major role in seed germination, fruit ripening, enhances uptake of nutrients, boost protein synthesis, augment immunity and helps to withstand stress conditions, reduce flower and fruit drop and help in better plant growth. • Commonly plant growth regulators are auxins, cytocinin, gibberellins, ethylene etc..
  • 12. PENGGALAK PERTUMBUHAN • Kerap kali tanaman gagal menghasilkan buah yang optimum walaupun mendapat bekalan nutrient yang betul. Kurang keberkesanan fisiologi tumbuhan adalah punca kepada fenomena ini. • Penggalak pertumbuhan pokok adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk mengatur pengambilan nutrient dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penggalak pertumbuhan ini memainkan peranan penting dakam percambahan biji benih, meranumkan buah, memperkasa pengambilan nutrient, menyemarak sistesis protin, memperkuat ketahanan dan membantu keadaan runtunan, mengurangkan keguguran bunga dan buah dan membantu tumbesaran pokok. • Biasanya pengatur pertumbuhan pokok ialah auxins, gibberellins, ethylene etc.. Permintaan kepada pilihan semulajadi sudah bertambah.
  • 13. Effect Of Amino Acids On Plants • The requirement of amino acids in essential quantities is well known as a means to increase yield and overall quality of crops. • Amino Acids are also supplied to plant by incorporating them into the soil. It helps in improving the microflora of the soil thereby facilitating the assimilation of nutrients. • Amino Acids help to increase chlorophyll concentration in the plant leading to higher degree of photosynthesis. This makes crops lush Green.
  • 14. Kesan Amino Acid Terhadap Pokok • Keperluan Asid Amino dalam kuantiti secukupnya telah diketahui lama bagi kaedah untuk menambahkan hasil dan kualiti tanaman keseluruhannya. • Amino Acid dibekalkan kepada pokok melalui serapan tanah. Ia membantu microflora didalam tanah, lantas menggalakan integrasi penyerapan nutrient. • Amino Acid membantu pertambahan kepekatan klorofil yang membawa kepada kesan fotosintesis yang lebih sempurna. Ini akan menjadikan tanaman lebih hijau pekat.
  • 15. Effect on plants: • Amino acid use in essential quantities is a well known method to increase crop yield and quality. Even though plants have the inherent capacity to biosynthesize all the amino acids needed from nitrogen, carbon oxygen and hydrogen, the biochemical process is quite complex and energy consuming. As such, the application of amino acids such as those contained in HYT Nutrition allow for the plant to save energy on this process, which can be dedicated to better plant development during critical growth stages. Amino acids are fundamental ingredients in a protein’s biosynthetic process and nearly twenty amino acids types are involved in biosynthetic processes. Studies have shown that amino acids can directly or indirectly in a plant’s physiological activities. Amino acids are applied through foliar feeding, absorbed through the plant’s stomata or via the root area when incorporated into the soil. This also helps improve micro flora, which in turn, facilitates the nutrient assimilation.
  • 16. Kesan Asid Amino Kepada Tanaman • Penggunaan Amino acid dalam kuantiti yang betul adalah kaedah untuk menambah hasil tanaman dan kualiti pokok. Sugguhpun pokok mempunyai kemampuan asas melakukan biosintesis bagi menghasilkan asid amino yang diperlukan dari nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, proses biokimia ini sangat komplek dan memerlukan tenaga yang banyak. • Dari itu, penggunaan amino asid seperti dari TaaVeeKun Super membolehkan tumbuhan menjimatkan tenaga untuk proses ini, dimana boleh didedikasikan untuk pertumbuhan yang lebih sempurna semasa tahap pertumbuhan kritikal. • Amino asid adalah ramuan asas dalam proses biosintesis protin dan hampir 20 jenis asid amino terlibat dalan proses biosintesis ini. Kajian mendapati asid amino boleh secara terus atau separa terlibat dalam aktiviti fisiologi tumbuhan. • Amino acid yang dibekalkan dalam bentuk cecair, menyerap kedalam stomata tumbuhan atau melalui kawasan akar bila bercampur dengan tanah. Ini akan turut meningkatkan micro flora, yang akan membantu penyatu serapan nutrient.
  • 17. Nature of Auxins The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein which means to grow. Compounds are generally considered auxins if they can be characterized by their ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus "helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
  • 18. Sifat Semulajadi Auxins • Auxin adalah berasal dari perkataan auxien Greek bermaksud tumbuh. Campuran kompoun akan dikelaskan sebagai auxins jika ia bersifat menyebabkan pemanjangan sel mata pucuk pokok ataupun berupa asid indoleacetic dalam aktiviti fisiologi. • Auxins biasanya menyebabkan kesan sampingan selain dari pemanjangan sel mata pucuk tetapi karektor ini dianggap kritikal kepada semua auxins dan membantu pengistilahan hormone.
  • 19. Functions of Auxin • The following are some of the responses that auxin is known to cause (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). • Stimulates cell elongation • Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with cytokinins in tissue culture • Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem • Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root development in tissue culture • Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity and light • The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral buds
  • 20. Functions of Auxin • Delays leaf senescence • Can inhibit or promote (via ethylene stimulation) leaf and fruit abscission • Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants • Involved in assimilate movement toward auxin possibly by an effect on phloem transport • Delays fruit ripening • Promotes flowering in Bromeliads • Stimulates growth of flower parts • Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers • Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations
  • 21. Nature of Cytokinins • Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin (meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere other than in a plant). The most common form of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays).
  • 22. Cytokinin Functions A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below. The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). •Stimulates cell division. •Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture. •Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. •Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. •May enhance stomatal opening in some species. •Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis.
  • 23. The Nature of Gibberellins • Unlike the classification of auxins which are classified on the basis of function, gibberellins are classified on the basis of structure as well as function. All gibberellins are derived from the ent-gibberellane skeleton. The structure of this skeleton derivative along with the structure of a few of the active gibberellins are shown above. The gibberellins are named GA1....GAn in order of discovery. Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be structurally characterised , is GA3. There are currently 136 GAs identified from plants, fungi and bacteria
  • 24. Functions of Gibberellins • Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of gibberellin present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological processes stimulated by gibberellins are outlined below (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). • Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation. • Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days. • Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination. • Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed reserves. • Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression). • Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development. • Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.