1. The document discusses several social psychologists and their theories related to human motivation and leadership, including Maslow, McGregor, Likert, and Argyris. 2. Maslow developed a hierarchy of human needs from basic physiological needs to higher needs of esteem and self-actualization. McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y about management assumptions regarding employee motivation and control. 3. Likert described four patterns of management from exploitative to participative. Argyris studied that classical organization models promoted employee "immaturity" while maturity involved greater independence, interests, and self-awareness.

2. Social Psychologists :
 Maslow
 McGregor (theory X and theory Y)
 Likert
 Argyris
Maslow- developed a seminal theory of the
needs of human beings.

3. Herberg and McGregor- both focus on
motivation and leadership.
Focus on human motivation:
Satisfaction
 Incentive
 Intrinsic

4. Maslow (1943)
1. This psychologist proposed a hierarchy of human needs
building from basic needs at the base to higher needs at the
top.
2. Maslow made assumptions that people need
to satisfy each level of need, before Self-
elevating their needs to the next Actualization
higher level.
Self- Esteem
Physiological Needs

5. Theory X Theory Y
(essentially “scientific” mgt)
Lazy Like working
Avoid responsibility Accept/ seek
responsibility
Therefore need control/coercion Need space to
develop imagination/
ingenuity
Schein type: “rational economic man” Schein type: “self-
actualizing man”

6. Herzberg showed two categories of findings:
 Motivators- factors giving rise to satisfaction
 Hygiene factors- factors giving rise to dissatisfaction
Important Motivators Important Hygiene
Achievement Company policy
and recognition
Recognition Supervision- technical
aspect
Work itself Salary
Responsibility Interpersonal relations-
supervision
Advancement Working conditions

7. Likert
-described „new patterns of management‟ based on the
behaviors of managers.
Four Main Patterns:
 Exploitative- power and direction come from the top
downwards
 Benevolent- allows some upward opportunities for
consultation

 Consultative- goals are set or orders issued after
discussion with subordinates
 Participative- organization is in a cooperative way.

8. Argysis
- studied that classical models of organization promoted
“immaturity.”
Characteristics of Employee
Immaturity Maturity
Passivity Activity
Dependence Relevance independence
Behave in a few ways Behave in many ways
Erratic, shallow interests Deeper interests
Short time perspective Long time perspective
Subordinate position Equal or superior position
Lack of awareness of self Awareness and self-
control