This presentation examines in detail a network of evergreen forest plots, involving Amazonia, Africa and South East Asia, and what lessons can be drawn from the long-term studies there about sustainable timber management and about the process of long-term monitoring. This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.

1. Long-term monitoring of tropical logged
forests
A network of evergreen forest plots,
involving Amazonia, Africa and South
East Asia
Réalisation G. Cornu
Alain Billand, with Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury and Plinio Sist
Cirad
Research Unit « Tropical forest goods and services »
Sentinel Landscapes
Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

2. A network of research sites
in natural tropical forests
Mopri, Téné, Irobo
(Idefor, Ivory Coast)
Paracou (Cirad, Tropique du Cancer
French Guiana)
Equateur
MBaïki (Icra, MEFCP, RCA)
ZF2 (Inpa, Brazil) Capricorne
Tropique du
Oyan (Iraf, Gabon)
STREK (Inhutani I, MF, Indonesia)
BULUNGAN (Inhutani II, MF, Indonesia
N. Fauvet CIRAD-Forêt 1999 Source : Unasylva, FAO
Sentinel Landscapes
Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

3. General objectives :
Similar protocols : initial untouched forests,
controled logging, variable intensities, and untouched control plots
 Ecology : prediction of changes in structure,
floristic composition and genetic diversity
 Inter-action between ecology and economy :
To determine the modalities and intensity of
logging compatible with the long-term supply
of timber
 Prediction of changes in biomass: To take
account of climate change in logging norms
and standards : optimize carbon DD
(mitigation), design forest norms adapted to
Photo F. Bouchet-Lannat
expected CC (adaptation)
Sentinel Landscapes
Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

4. Tools
 Experimental sites:
surveys, databases, GIS,
soils, water, light, T°
 Genetics, Molecular tools
(PCR-RFLP, RAPD,
microsatellites …)
Number of trees >= 60 cm dbh (/ha)
1,2
SB (observed)
1,0 StoMat(1)
StoMat(2)
0,8
0,6
ADN ADN
0,4
nucléaire
0,2
chloroplastique 0,0
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
Years
 Models and simulation
platforms
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Angélique and Bogor 30/09-01/10/11
near neighbors

5. Experimental designs
N
Paracou (1984 -Cirad)
 Area surveyed annually or every two years: 94 ha
(+ 25 ha) : ~ 73 000 trees
 3 types of silvicultural treatments
Mbaïki (1982 - ICRA, MEFCP, AFD, Cirad)
 Area surveyed annually : 40 ha : ~ 23 000 trees
 2 types of silvicultural treatments
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Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

6. Experimental designs
BULUNGAN (1997-Present)
2 Blocks ~100 ha each
1 Block with RIL
1 block with CNV
In Each Block: 12 plots, 3 control, 1
ha each
Logging intensity varying from low
(< 6); medium (6-9) and high (9
trees/ha)
Every tree dbh  20 cm
STREK (1989-1997)
RKL 1:
6 plots 4 ha each
Post-logging silviculture (15 years)
RKL4:
12 plots 4 ha each
6 Plots with RIL (2 MDC50cm, 3 MDC
60 cm)
Every tree dbh  10 cm Sentinel Landscapes
Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

7. Modelling tools
 Types of models
 Distribution based models (Usher matrices)
• Density-dependent: Paracou (Favrichon 1995), Mbaïki, STREK (Favrichon &
Young-Cheol, 1998, Sist & al., 2004)
• Density-independent: Paracou (Gourlet-Fleury & al., 2004), Mbaïki (in prep.)
 Single tree models
• Distance dependent: Paracou (Gourlet-Fleury, 1997)
• Distance independent (gap): Paracou (Picard, 1999)
 Softwares
 CAPSIS (http://capsis.free.fr), object-oriented environment developed by INRA,
hosting various forest dynamics and stand growth and yield models. Hosts Selva,
a tree-based distance dependent model developed by Cirad
 StoMat, user-friendly software which runs density-independent matrix models
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8. Some results : monitoring logging damages
 In Indonesia: do RIL techniques lower the level of damages in the stand? Are
results from Bulungan coherent with results from STREK?
Felling Damages to trees BULUNGAN
35 Skidding 80
% of original tree population
Felling
% of tree damaged
30 Skidding 70
25 60
20 50
STREK 15 40
10 30
5 20
10 y = 4,5x + 3,8
0
CNV RIL 0
48.4 % 30.5 % 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
35 Canopy opening
30
25 30
% canopy opening
25
BULUNGAN
20
15 20
10
15
5
0 10
CNV EFI 5 y = 1,9x - 2,0
0
48.8 % 34.6 %
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
In mixed dipterocarp forests, the capacity of RIL to Felling intensity (n/ha)
reduce damage to the stand is limited by logging Sentinel Landscapes
Bogor 30/09-01/10/11
intensity (N> 8 trees/ha)

9. Impact of logging on forest dynamics
 In Indonesia: how does logging impact the dynamics parameters of stand
and group of species? Results from STREK (RKL4)
Mortality G1:  80 % (6/ha) Diameter increment
0,8
G2: 70-80 % (8/ha) 0,7
G3: <70% (14/ha) 0,6
4 3,7
cm/year
G0 0,5
3,5
0,4
mortality %/yr
3 2,5 0,3
2,5 0,2
1,9 1,7
2 1,6 1,6 1,5 0,1
1,5 1,3 0
1
2 4
0,5 35 Years after logging
0 30
2
Years after logging
4 25 Recruitment
n/ha/year
20
S1: pioneers, eg Macaranga spp., 15
Anthocephalus chinensis 10
S2: Dipterocarps except Vatica 5
S3: other species 0 Sentinel Landscapes
Pioneers Dipt. Others 30/09-01/10/11
Bogor Total
Sources: Nguyen-Thé et al. 1998, Sist & Nguyen-thé 2002

10. Modeling felling cycles
 In Indonesia: can we give recommendations in order to achieve sustainable
timber management? (Simulations with a density dependent matrix model)
MEAN STANDING COMMERCIAL VOLUME
200 UNDER A 35 YEAR CYCLE REGIME
G1
150 G2
G3
m3/ha
100
50
0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 385
Years
 Harvested volume at 1rst cycle:  Stationary harvested volume, 3rd cycle:
 44 m3/ha (G1, 6 trees/ha)  35 m3/ha (G1)
 78 m3/ha (G2, 8 trees/ha)  41 m3/ha (G2
 130 m3/ha (G3, 14 trees/ha)  36 m3/ha (G3)
Sentinel Landscapes
Source: Sist et al. 2003 Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

11. Modelling long term tree regeneration and dissimination
F. Guyana, Angélique/main commercial specie
1999 2299 (300 yrs)
2599 (600 yrs) 2899 (900 yrs) Landscapes
Sentinel
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12. Predict sustainability of timber yields
Lobaye (Central African Republic) – Entandrophragma cylindricum (Picard et al.,
2008, Gourlet-Fleury et al., unpublished results)
2.0
80 cm dbh (ha )
1
Tropique du Cancer
1.5
Mbaïki
Equateur
1.0
Number of trees
0.5
Tropique du Capricorne
0.0
Felling cycle: 30 years 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Time needed to recover trees ≥ 80 cm dbh: at least 100 years Year
N. Fauvet CIRAD-Forêt 1999 Source : Unasylva, FAO
Harvested volume at 1rst cycle (/ha): 20 m3
Max. 13% of timber volume recovered, low long-term recovery Sentinel Landscapes
rates and high uncertainties Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

13. Monitor impact of logging on tree genetics
 In French Guiana: is the present felling regime (all trees  60 cm dbh, every
40 years) sustainable for the first commercial species (Dicorynia guianensis)?
(Simulations with a tree-based distance dependent model, Selva)
1,6 14,0
1,4
12,0
1,2
Effectif >= 10 cm dbh
Effectif >= 60 cm dbh
10,0
1
8,0
Demographic 0,8
6,0
viewpoint
0,6
4,0
0,4
2,0
0,2
0,0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
0
45
90
13
18
22
27
31
36
40
45
49
54
58
63
67
72
76
81
85
90
0
45
90
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
13
18
22
27
31
36
40
45
49
54
58
63
67
72
76
81
85
90
Années Années
Allelic richness Diversity (H de Nei)
8
0,7 Exploité
Non exploité
7
0,65
6 H de Nei
Genetic diversity
Ao
0,6
5
viewpoint 4
Exploité 0,55
Non exploité
3 0,5
1
5
9
3
7
1
5
9
3
7
27
1
5
9
3
7
1
5
9
3
7
11
19
27
36
44
53
61
69
78
86
27
11
19
27
36
44
53
61
69
78
86
Années Années
Sentinel Landscapes
Source: Gourlet-Fleury et al. 2005 Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

14. Balance logging intensity v/s logging cycle
 In Indonesia: what would be the shortest sustainable felling cycle for a given
logging intensity?
200
180
tsust = 10,2 e0,162*LI
rotation length (years)
160
140  Shortest felling cycle and
120
corresponding mean annual
100
80
volume:
60  27 years, 1.6 m3/ha (G1)
40  41 years, 1.8 m3/ha (G2)
20  89 years, 1.4 m3/ha (G3)
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Logging intensity n/ha
On a mean basis, a logging intensity of 8 stems/ha would yield 67m3/ha
every 42 years = 1,6 m3/ha/an and should be recommended
Sentinel Landscapes
Source: Sist et al. 2003 Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

15. Recovery of trees/species after logging
 In French Guiana: how does the commercial timber stock of species recover
after logging? Can silvicultural treatments fasten the recovery? How will the
floristic composition evolve?
Diameter increment
0,5
Espèces principales (58 EGE)
0,45
0,4
0,35
DD (cm/an)
0,3 ∆D0
∆D1
0,25
∆D2
0,2 ∆D3
0,15
0,1
0,05
0 50
45
1984/1986 1989/1991 1991/1993 1993/1995 1995/1997 1997/1999 1999/2001 2001/2003
40
Effectif recruté (/ha)
Périodes
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Recruitment
0
84 4
85 5
86 6
87 7
88 8
89 9
90 0
91 1
92 2
93 3
94 4
95 5
96 6
97 7
98 8
99 9
00 0
01 1
2
8
/8
/8
/8
/8
/8
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/9
/0
/0
/0
19
Années
T0 T1 T2 T3
Stock recovery
Sentinel Landscapes
Source: Gourlet-Fleury et al. 2004 Bogor 30/09-01/10/11

16. Recovery of forests stands
Entandrophragma cylindricum (Mbaïki) - Logging intensity 90%
 In Republic of Central Africa 1,80
Number of trees >= 80 cm dbh (/ha)
1,60
(simulations with a density 1,40
1,20
Logged (observed)
Mean (predicted)
independent matrix model, StoMat) 1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
40,0 0,00 Sapelli Mbaïki (>= 10 cm)
Surface terrière >= 10 cm dbh
7,0
35,0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
1
33
35
37
39
1
3
5
7
9
84
Effectif total >= 10 cm dbh (/ha) 3
19
6,0
Entandrophragma cylindricum ( Mbaïki). LoggingYear
intensity
30,0
90% 5,0
1,8
25,0 4,0
(m2/ha)
1,6
Number of trees >= 80 cm dbh
20,0 1,4 3,0
1,2 2,0
15,0 1,0
(/ha)
1,0
Témoins 0,8
10,0
Exploitées 0,6 0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
5,0 Exp./éclaircies 0,4
Nombre de cycles (30 ans)
0,2
0,0 0,0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Années Number of felling cycles (30 years)
 The number of exploitable trees (4 trees/ha, 66 m3/ha) cannot be recovered
within 40 years (around 75% could, less than 70% within 30 years). Thinning
the stands should allow it
 A serious problem will occur with Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapelli) and
Triplochiton scleroxylon (Ayous). Resp. 15% and 42% recovered within 30 years
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17. The role of large trees
 Large trees play a major part in stocks loss, but also
recovery
Example in Para (Brazil, Cikel Verde)
Trees ≥ 60 cm dbh = 30% of standing
volume
Mazzei de Freitas et al. (2010)
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18. Recovery of carbon stocks
 Carbon stocks recover, but dynamics similar to
commercial stocks => felling cycles too short
Paracou (French Guiana)
12 years 50 years
Blanc et al. (2009)
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19. New/Recent initiatives in Central Africa
Coforchange (5y, mid Dynafor (just starting)
term):  A range of new large scale
 4000 y forest/climate history plots (2 x 400 ha)
 4.5 million ha of forest  Sampling diversity of Congo
inventories /300 sp Basin forests
 Edaphic conditions (soil,  Involvement of logging
water, temperature, etc.) companies
 Improve logging norms  Design small scale research
activities in concessions
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20. Some results : support to decision-making,
design of tools , laws, norms
 New logging practices, better adapted to
forest ecology : Number of exploitable trees,
Duration of felling Cycle (cf Fr Guyana 30-
>60 y)
 Measure impact of reduced impact logging
 Promote sylviculture/ Thinning (shortening of
felling cycles by 10 to 20y)
 Maintenance/protection of genetic pools
 Special attention on selected logged species
(fragile, endanged, rare, endemic, etc.)
 Compensation through REDD+ ?
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21. Scale of plots
 PSP are essential:
 We need some « heavy » PSP to benefit from long-
term data series and quantify trends
 We also need many lighter PSP in order to quantify
the variability of the dynamics parameters and to
adapt models to local conditions
 A need to undertake a detailed compared analysis of
results issued from existing PSP: this could help
identify general trends in the reaction of populations
and stands to the disturbances linked to logging
 Better use of simple or complex models to make
predictions
Photo J.-G. Jourg
 Complex and detailed models remain essential
to explore long-term scenarios and identify
critical thresholds Sentinel Landscapes
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22. Feasibility
 Choice of sites: decisive, needs careful, long
sampling based on state of the art data
 Partnerships : (i) South : research with and by
national researchers + training from Bsc to PHd (ii)
North :networking, merging/optimising costs.
Public/private sectors, administrations, NGOs,
communities…
 Funding and permanence issues : the constant
nightmare. Juggling with tiny bits. Diverting permanent funds… Financial
capacities : Developing v/s emerging countries
 No research question with single sci. disciplin (ecology,
etc.) Always mix questions : ecology and economy,
ecology and sociology, etc.
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