The document discusses different types of adverb clauses and adverb phrases. It provides examples of clauses and phrases using various time-related adverbs like "while", "before", "after", "when", and "since". It also notes that "when" plus the past progressive has the same meaning as "while", and "when" plus the simple past has the same meaning as "after".

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2. Adverb Clause
While they were in Italy, they had trouble.
When I am traveling, I keep a journal.

3. Adverb Phrase
While in Italy, they had trouble.
When traveling, I keep a journal.

4. While I was in Italy, my family
back in the U.S. had trouble.

5. Adverb Clause
Before we left, we visited Rome.
After they (had) the police identified the
investigated, killers.
When they saw Reg many Italians were
speak, moved.

6. Adverb Phrase
Before leaving, we visited Rome.
After investigating OR the police identified the
After having killers.
investigated,
After/upon hearing Reg many Italians were
speak, moved.

7. Before Ann left, we visited
Rome.

8. Adverb Clause
While they waited at the they were deeply
hospital, troubled.
After they heard the they decided what to do.
news

9. Adverbial Phrase
Waiting at the hospital, they were deeply
troubled.
Hearing the news they decided what to do.

10. When the doctors told them the
news, they decided what to do.

11. Adverb Clause
As he saw the guns, he chose to flee.
Because they were the pursuers fired
unable to catch him, several shots.
Because I’ve been to Bari, I hope to return.
Because I’d been to Bari, I hoped to return.
Since they were accused they had to appear in
by the police, court.

12. Adverbial Phrase
Seeing the guns, he chose to flee.
Being unable to catch the pursuers fired
him, several shots.
Having been to Bari, I hope to return.
I hoped to return.
Accused by the police, they had to appear in
court.

13. When + past progressive has the same meaning as “while”:
When the Greens were = While the Greens were
traveling in Italy, a terrible traveling in Italy, a terrible
thing happened. thing happened.
When they were driving = While they were driving
along the road, a man along the road, a man
signaled them to stop. signaled them to stop.

14. When + simple past has the same meaning as “after”:
When he saw the man, Reg = After he saw the man, Reg
decided to stop. decided to stop.
When they opened to door, = After they opened to door,
they saw blood oozing from they saw blood oozing from
their son’s head. their son’s head.