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The nature, importance, and difficulty of
- 1. The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics Presented by : Zubair Ahmed Instructor : Prof. Balach Khan Class : BSCS 8th (2015-2018) Department : Computer Science Institute : University of Turbat Article Writer : James H. Moore, Dartmouth College Date: 13 September 2018 University of Turbat
- 2. Whether Machine Ethics exists? • Machine ethics exists or might exists in the future • Some argue that Machine ethics exists because Humans are Machines and Humans have ethics • Others could argue that ethics is simply emotional expression and machines can’t have emotions • Cannot avoid Machine ethics • Computers are involved in Decision making roles as driving cars • Before implementation of Machine ethics, it is necessary to be clear about what is being asserted or denied
- 3. Varieties of Machine ethics • When thinking about Technology and values, they often have eithical values • All values are not ethiclal such as economic and aesthetic. • Example: a new sailboat might be practically durable, economically expensive and aesthetically pleasing, don’t have ethical values • Computer programs are normative
- 4. Ethical-impact Agents • Don’t evaluate computing technology only in terms of design norms but also ethical norms • Example : wired magazine reported about Qatar’s camel jockeys situation • Computer Technology often has important ethical impacts • We can conduct business online easily but we’re more concerned about identity theft • Machine ethics is traditionally called computer ethics • Can a computer operate ethically ?
- 5. Implicit Ethical Agent • If you wish to put ethics in a Machine, how would you do it? • One way is to constrain the Machine’s actions to avoid unethical outcomes • You can also create software that implicitly supports ethical behavior • When Machine behaves ethically, Ethical behavior is the Machines nature • Computers are implicit ethical agents
- 6. Explicit Ethical Agent • Can ethics exist explicitly in a Machine? • Jeron Van Den Hoven and Gert-Jan Lokhorst blended three kinds of advanced logic to serve as a bridge between ethics and Machine : 1. Deontic logic for statements of permission and obligation 2. Epistemic logic for statements of beliefs and knowledge 3. Action logic for statements about actions
- 7. Full Ethical Agent • It can make explicit ethical judgement and is competent to reasonalbly justify them • Example : an adult can be a full ethical agent
- 8. Importance of Ethics • Three reasons why ethics is important 1. Ethics is important. We want Machines to treat us well 2. Because Machines are becoming more sophisticated and make our lives more enjoyable, future Machines will likely have increased control and autonomy to do this. More powerful Machine ethics 3. Programming or teaching a Machine to act ethically will help us better understand ethics