2. BLOOD
Connective tissue circulating consisting of
several types of cells
Greek word “haima” which means blood
Produced from the bone marrow
(Hematopoiesis)
medical terms related to blood use the
prefix hemo- or hemato
3. Functions
1. TRANSPORTATION
- carries O2 and nutrients to the cells
- transports CO2 and wastes from the tissues
to the lung and kidneys where wastes can be
removed
2. REGULATION
- regulate body temperature
- pH regulation
4. Functions
3. PROTECTION
-clotting mechanisms prevent blood loss
through hemmorhage when blood vessels
become damaged
-white blood cells helps protect the body
against diseases
5.
6. PLASMA – aqueous solution where formed
elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) are suspended
- liquid that can be separated from whole
blood and contains fibrinogen
SERUM- supernatant fluid from coagulated blood
- SERUM = plasma - fibrinogen
7. HEMOGLOBIN
o Iron containing protein that acts as carrier of
O2 from the lungs to the tissues
o Pigment that gives the color of RBC
o OXYHEMOGLOBIN- O2 molecule + iron ion of
heme
o CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN- CO2 + hemoglobin
10. B. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE
OF CARBOHYDRATES
BENEDICT’S TEST
Serum + Bemedict’s rgt.
POSITIVE RESULT: brick red ppt.
Indicates the presence of sugar in blood serum
11. C.TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF
PROTEINS
1. TEST FOR SERUM ALBUMIN AND
GLOBULIN
serum + sat. (NH4)2SO4 red orange solution
with precipitate
add NaCl precipitate dissolved and
formation of white solution
o (NH4)2SO4 – precipitating agent
o NaCl – dissolving agent
12. D. CHLORIDE
DETERMINATION
serum + AgNO3 white ppt.
o Chemical equation involved in the
reaction:
Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3
13. E. PHOSPHATE
DETERMINATION
Serum + (NH4)2MoO4 yellow ppt.
o Chemical reaction involved:
PO4-3 + NH4 MoO4 (NH4)3PO4
14. F. TEST FOR FIBRIN IN THE
CLOTTED BLOOD
FIBRIN: pink cream color and thread like
structure
Fibrin + Millon’s rgt. Brick red ppt.
Brick red ppt. indicates the presence of tyrosine
Fibrin + Hopkin’s Cole Violet ring at the
junction
Violetring formation indicates the presence of
tryptophan
15. G. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE
OF CHOLESTEROL
LIEBERMANN BURCHARD TEST
evaporat
Alcohol- ether mixture + whole blood
e
residue +chloroform clear light green
solution
Standard cholesterol dark green solution
16. H. IRON DETERMINATION
evaporat
Whole blood e ash + HClfilter
filtrate + NH4SCN salmon pink sol’n
The purpose of adding NH4SCN is to detect
the presence of Iron in the blood
17. I. BLOOD GASES
Whole blood + dist. H2O brick red
sol’n
due to the presence of oxyhemoglobin
whole blood + dist. H2O + Stoke’s sol’n
dark red sol’n with precipitate and
bubbles
reduced hemoglobin
18. BLOOD CLOTTING
Clot formation results in a mass of protein
fibers, trapped blood cells and platelet that
repair the injury sustained.
CLOTTING FACTORS – elements involved in
clotting
BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM:
1. Intrinsic pathway- factors found in the blood
2. Extrinsic pathway- factors outside the
bloodstream