1. ZATIL HIDAYAH BINTI AHMAD
P69064

2. Wong & Filmore (1979)
 A study of young children showed that
cognitive and social strategies were very
important
Chesterfield and Chesterfield (1985)
 Children developed receptive strategies
(repetition and memorization) first.
 Then they developed strategies which
allowed them to start and maintain
interaction (attention getting and asking
for clarification)
 Finally, they developed strategies for
identification and monitoring of

3.  According to Gardner (1985), motivation
and attitudes are the primary sources
contributing to individual language
learning
 Gardner has described the phenomenon
of motivation as congisting of four
components (goal, efforts, want and
attitudes toward the learning activities)
 The concept of motivation can be
classified into two orientations of
reasons instrumental and integrative
 Oxford & Nyikos (1989) indicate the
learners with high motivation to learn a

4. Politzer (1983)
 Females taking a greater use of social
interaction strategies
Oxford & Nyikos
 Females reported more frequent
strategy use than males of formal
practice strategies, general strategies
study and conversational input
elicitation strategies (e.g guessing what
the speaker will say)
 Females tend to apply more language
learning strategies than males

5. Female always use
Formal practice strategies such
as analysing words
General study such as studying
hard, being prepared, managing
time and others.

6. Politzer & mcgroarty (1985:113-114)
 Claim that classroom behaviours such as
asking the teacher, correcting classmates,
volunteering answer and other social
interaction behaviour (asking for help and
asking others ) to repeat apparently more a
part of the western rather than the asian
repertoire.
O’malley & Chamot (1990)
 Found that asian learners prefer their own
established rote learning strategies
Oxford (1994)
 Found that Taiwanese students to be more

7. A positive attitude helps learners
to develop their confidence during
learn and use language
Miller & Gardner (2002)
 Learners bring their beliefs, goal,
attitude and decisions to learning
and these influence how they
approach their learning.
 Learners with negative attitudes
often show poor strategy use.