This document discusses waste treatment from food industries. It describes the different types of liquid and solid wastes generated, including wastewater with high BOD, FOG, and SS levels. It outlines treatment systems for food processing wastewater, including anaerobic digestion. For solid wastes, it discusses options like feedstuff use, composting, biogas production, and recycling of containers. It also addresses hazardous wastes if food becomes accidentally contaminated, and concludes that self-sufficiency in food production is important for sustainable waste management.

1. FOOD WASTE TREATMENT
Chapter 9

2. INTRODUCTION
 Food processing industries occupy an important
position economically and generate large
volumes of mostly biodegradable wastes.
 Wastes derived from food industries are
categorized into three groups:
(a) manufacturing losses,
(b) food products thrown away as municipal solid
waste (MSW),
(c) discarded wrappers and containers.
These groups may be further divided into liquid
and solid wastes. .

3. LIQUID WASTES FROM FOOD INDUSTRIES
Wastewater Treatment Systems for Food
Processing
Different sources contribute to the generation of
wastewater in food processing industries,
including
 meat processing
 dairy products
 seafood and fish processing
 fruits and vegetable processing
 starch and gluten products
 confectionery, sugar processing
 alcoholic/nonalcoholic beverages
 bean products.

4. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR FOOD
PROCESSING
 Wastewaters released from these industries
are turbid, with high concentrations of
 bio- chemical oxygen demand(BOD)
 Fats , oils and grease(FOG)
 Suspended solids(SS)
 usually nitrogen and phosphorus.
 Hazardous chemical content is generally low.

5. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR FOOD
PROCESSING
 Other characteristics of food processing
wastewater are
(a) large seasonal variation
(b) large hourly variation and concentration in
daytime
(c) factories are often of small scale
(d) sometimes unbalanced ratio of BOD:N:P that
induces the bulking of sludge
(e) colored effluent

6. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR FOOD
PROCESSING
 wastewater can be grouped as high
concentration, medium concentration, and low
concentration.
 High-concentration wastewater may sometimes
be concentrated further, treated, and recycled or
disposed as solid wastes.
 Medium-concentration wastewater may be
treated on site or discharged into public sewers.
 Low-concentration wastewater such as indirect
cooling water may be discharged without any
treatment.

7. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR FOOD
PROCESSING
 Developed countries import processed raw
materials or crude products for further refining
or applications.
 The wastewater can be recycled after treatment,
usually through oxidation ponds or stabilization
ponds for irrigation on farms
 biomass wastes may also be used as fuel for
factory operations.
 Labor-intensive industries such as sea-food
processing also tend to shift to developing
countries where cheap labor is available.

8. SOLID WASTES FROM FOOD PROCESSING
 Two groups of solid wastes are generated in
food industries.
 One group is organic residual wastes such as
sludge from wastewater treatment and food
wastes or garbage accompanied with
consumption.
 Another group is solid wastes such as vessels,
containers, and wrappers.
 Among the wastes of this group, plastic wastes
should be noted in particular.

9. ORGANIC RESIDUAL WASTES
 For organic food wastes, the options of feedstuff use,
composting, biogas then composting, and heat
recovery are adopted for treatment and recycling.
Feedstuff Use
 Industrial wastes from food processing are still
recycled as feed or organic fertilizer to a fair extent
feeding
 The rate of use is 77%.
 Other than that, rice bran, wheat bran, and plant oil
residues and (best management practices) BMP, and
others are used for general feedstuff products

10. ORGANIC RESIDUAL WASTES
Composting and Biogas Production
 Composting is a traditional, reliable method of
recycling food wastes.
 This will be discussed later together with biogas
production.
Incineration with Energy Recovery
 Utilization of biomass as it relates to CO2 reduction
against global warming has been focused on recently.
 For this purpose, woody biomass is more suitable,
and organic wastes including various minerals may
not be appropriate for incineration.

11. VESSELS, CONTAINERS, AND WRAPPING
WASTES
 Another type of waste relating to food
industries is the waste originating from
containers, vessels, bottles, and wrapping
materials.
 These wastes occupy a large portion of
municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Among these wastes, plastic wastes in
particular should be focused on from an
environmental standpoint.

12. VESSELS, CONTAINERS, AND WRAPPING
WASTES
 Polyethylene terephtalate (PET) bottles are the most
suitable wastes for material recycling.
 They can be recycled as polyester fiber products
through PET flake and to raw chemicals through
chemical recycling.
 However, the amount of incinerated PET bottles has
still been increasing because the rate of consumption
continues to exceed the recycling effort.
 Chemical recycling to obtain the monomer of dimethyl
terephtalate (DMT) has been conducted successfully
using recycled PET bottles collected by municipalities

13. VESSELS, CONTAINERS, AND WRAPPING
WASTES
 Recently, other plastic wastes used for wrapping
and vessels have been recycled by means of
gasification, liquifaction to oil, or heat recovery
in the blast furnaces of steel industries
(substituting cokes) and cement kilns
(substituting coal).
 However, there are complicated arguments as
to whether the direct incineration for heat
recovery is more environmentally friendly than
options through gas and oil

14. HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM FOOD PROCESSING
a) Hazardous wastes from food processing
b) Accidentally Contaminated Food Wastes
c) Incineration Ash of Food Wastes

15. a) HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM FOOD
PROCESSING
 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act (EPCRA) in the United States and the Pollutant
Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) system was
also enacted in Japan describes the use of chemicals
in food processing
 Food that has been accidentally contaminated by
pesticides, herbicides, or fumigants may also be
treated as hazardous waste.
 Chlorine is frequently used for sanitary cleaning in
food processing at the end of daily operations.
 Therefore chlorinated organic compounds should be
noted in the wastewater treatment plants of food
industries.

16. CHEMICALS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN
FOOD PROCESSING

17. POSSIBLE RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE
MANAGEMENT TYPES FOR EPCRA

18. B) ACCIDENTALLY CONTAMINATED FOOD
WASTES
 Food products contaminated with pathogenic
microbes or food poisoning sometimes result in
hazardous wastes.
 Two recent examples discussed below include
the treatment of contaminated milk products and
the issues relating to the issues of (Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy) BSE
 Contaminated Milk with Enterotoxin A
 Treatment of Bone and Meat Powder
Suspicious of BSE

19. CONTAMINATED MILK WITH ENTEROTOXIN A
 Contaminated Milk with Enterotoxin A In June 2000,
skim milk contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus
led to a huge outbreak of food poisoning in Japan.
 The milk was contaminated in April because of an
electricity outage that lasted several hours in the
factory of Yukijirushi Co. Ltd.
 Afterwards, contaminated milk products were widely
distributed and 14,780 persons exhibited food
poisoning symptoms
 The milk products produced by the company were
removed from market displays, and most of them
were incinerated as hazardous wastes

20. TREATMENT OF BONE AND MEAT POWDER
SUSPICIOUS OF BSE
 The Japanese government has prohibited the import
of bone powder from England since March 1996 and
also from EU countries since January 2001 to prevent
the introduction of Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE), known as “mad cow”
disease.
 After three infected cows were reported in Japan,
bone and meat powder (BMP) rendered in domestic
bone-boiling factories has been prohibited as use as
feedstuff and also as fertilizer for a certain period.
 Although BMP is a good fertilizer, especially for fruit
trees, consumers have avoided it because of the risk
of BSE.

21. C) INCINERATION ASH OF FOOD WASTES
 Incineration is the most popular method of
disposing of combustible solid wastes in
Japan, especially for MSW from restaurants,
hotels, and supermarkets.
 For a long time incineration was perceived as
a progressive method and the percentage of
incineration of MSW was near 80%.

22. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES ON FOOD WASTES
TREATMENT
 Waste Management in Fermentation
Industries
 Agro-Industries in Tropical Countries
 UASB and EGSB Treatment Systems
 Zero-Emission in Beer Breweries
 Recycling of Garbage

23. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FERMENTATION
INDUSTRIES
Fermentation industries cover a wide range of
food processing from the traditional industries of
 Breweries
 soy source
 Pickles
 Yeast
 Alcohol
 amino acids
 nucleic acids
 Antibiotics
 Enzyme

24. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FERMENTATION
INDUSTRIES
 Usually, the harvest rate of these products is not high
except for traditional fermentation, which typically has
a large pollutant load.
 However, the possibility of resources recovery is also
high because hazardous chemicals are rarely used.
 The wastewater comes from
(a) the mother liquid after harvesting the products,
(b) cleaning water of cells or reactors,
(c) condensates from the evaporator,
(d) spent eluting solution in purifying processes
(e) ammonium sulfate, used in salt crystallization of
enzymes, and others.

25. EXAMPLES
 Alcohol Molasses
 Nucleotides
 Mono-Sodium Glutamate
 Bread yeast

26. ALCOHOL MOLASSES
 Alcohol Molasses and sweet potatoes are
used as the raw materials for alcohol
fermentation. In Japan, to improve
wastewater quality,
 the trend of importing crude alcohol and
refining it increased in the 1970s.
 Here the case of alcohol production using
sugar cane molasses as raw material is
introduced.
 It is also replaced for example by acetic acid.

27. NUCLEOTIDES
 Through hydrolysis of RNA, nucleotides such as
inosinic acid and guanylic acid are formed and used
for seasonings.
 Ribo-nucleotides are produced by the combination of
extraction fermentation, and chemical synthesis.
 During fermentation, yeast capable of accumulating
RNA is cultured and forms ribonucleotides through
enzymatic hydrolysis of extracted RNA from the yeast
 The spent cell of the yeast is utilized for feedstuff and
the concentrated part of the wastewater from the
purifying process is used as liquid fertilizer after
further concentration

28. MONO-SODIUM GLUTAMATE
 Mono-sodium glutamate (MSG) is a product
that originates from Japan, and is produced
mostly by fermentation.
 Glucose, acetic acid, or molasses are used
as the raw material for the source of carbon
while ammonia and urea may be used as the
source of nitrogen

29. ESTIMATION FLOW OF WASTE WATER IN THE
PRODUCTION OF MSG

30. BREAD YEAST
 Bread yeast is still produced by fermentation
using molasses
 this process includes cultivation, separation,
pressurized filtration, and the addition of baking
powder.
 Wastewater derives mainly from centrifugal
supernatant and the cell-washing process
 The fraction of high concentration was further
concentrated and dried to make organic
fertilizer.

31. AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES
 Cassava is a key food product in many tropical
countries.
 In 1997, 165 million tons were produced
worldwide for food and feed. Cassava chips,
pellet, and starch are major exports for Thailand
 Solid waste from the extraction process of
cassava is known as cassava pulp
 Pulp is sun dried to reduce the moisture content
and used as filler in animal feed.

32. AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES
 Environmental problems from the solid waste
occur only if the storage of pulp is badly
managed and it becomes exposed to rain.
 Utilization of pulp as a substrate for industrial
fermentation has been investigated, but to
date there has been no success.
 An attempt to extract the starch from the pulp
by means of enzyme hydrolysis has been
reported

33. UASB AND EGSB TREATMENT SYSTEMS
 Anaerobic treatment, especially thermophilic
treatment, offers an attractive alternative for the
treatment of high-strength, hot wastewater.
 The thermophilic process, compared to the
mesophilic anaerobic process, has the
advantages of increased loading rate and the
elimination of cooling before treatment.
 Furthermore, the heat content of the wastewater
would be available for post-treatment

34. ZERO-EMISSION IN BEER BREWERIES
 Waste recycling systems in beer breweries are
very complete. Kirin Beer Co. Ltd. has achieved
zero-emission for its industrial wastes since
1998
 Wastewater is treated by a UASB reactor and
activated sludge method in 10 out of 12
factories in this company. In fact, 18,860x103
m3 of wastewater generate 4800 tons of
methane gas from UASB reactors,
corresponding to 5200 kL of oil.
 The biogas is used for the fuel of boiler and
cogeneration systems

35. RECYCLING OF GARBAGE
 It can be done by two methods
 Compositing
 Bio gas production

36. COMPOSTING
 Composting has long been a traditional
technology, but new composting technologies
have also been developed.
 Generally there are mainly two types of
technology, both dependent on using
microorganisms.
 One type uses a thermophilic bacillus, which is
effective in enhancing the initial decomposing
phase
 Another type of composting uses mixed culture
mainly constituted by lactic acid bacteria(EM)
under aerobic condition

37. COMPOSITING
 A combination of both types of composting
has also been tested.
 In one case, relatively fresh fish refuse was
preheated at 80ºC for several hours with the
addition of a thermophilic bacillus, and then
EM was added.
 In this case EM was expected to work after
packaging in plastic bags.
 This product may be used as chicken feed.

38. BIOGAS PRODUCTION
 This system also seems feasible, especially since the
capacities of night soil treatment plants have become
excessive
 accompanied by the spread of publicly owned
sewerage systems.
 Therefore a part of these night soil plants have been
reformed to treat night soil, sludge from septic tanks,
and garbage together
 The energy efficiency of the biogas system is
estimated to be better than that of an incineration
system.
 If the heat value of garbage becomes higher, then
incineration with power generation becomes

39. CONCLUSION
 As a main principle, the self-supply of food
should be a goal for all countries.
 The local unbalance between food production
and consumption makes food wastes hazardous
and induces eutrophication of water bodies,
nitrate pollution of groundwater, and ruins
farmland soil because of limited recycling of
minerals.
 Therefore, the free trade of primary products
should be re- examined in light of environmental
issues.

40. CONCLUSION
 Generally, food processing does not generate
chemical hazards.
 However, attention should be given to chlorine
used for cleaning and sanitation leading to
chlorinated byproducts in wastewater.
 If contaminated by poisonous materials or
pathogens, food may change to hazardous
wastes.
 Treatment of BMP by cement kiln is a typical
example of this.

41. CONCLUSION
 As previously discussed, incineration of food
wastes together with other miscellaneous
wastes is not a suitable solution because of
the generation of hazardous ash containing
DXNs and heavy metals
 doing so also threatens food recycling efforts.
 A recommended option would be
composting followed by the combination of
biogas production and composting of the
sludge.

42. CONCLUSION
 Anaerobic treatment systems lost their
popularity in wastewater treatment field for
failing to meet strict environmental criteria.
 Recently, however, these systems have
regained attention because of their ability to
save energy and also reflecting the
development of UASB or EGSB technology.
 However, zero emission should also cover
all products, including containers and
wrappers.

43. THANKS