Guía 1 para Ingles II 2015

1. Inglés II 2015
PNFAdministración
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Ideas Principales y Secundarias
Cuando un autor escribe sus planteamientos, pretende que los lectores compartan con él su punto de vista. Por
eso se esmera en comunicar en el texto con la mayor claridad sus ideas.
Pero no todos los enunciados son esenciales para entender lo que dice; algunos tan sólo acompañan el
enunciado principal para: ampliarlo, ilustrarlo, repetirlo, ejemplificarlo, estos son ideas secundarias.
Ideas principales e ideas secundarias
La idea en torno a la cual gira la información recibe el nombre de idea dominante. Pero, como ocurría en el caso
de los temas, no todas las ideas dominantes tienen la misma relevancia; habrá, pues, que diferenciar entre ideas
principales e ideas secundarias.
Las ideas principales (main idea) son ideas que expresan una información básica para el desarrollo del tema que
se trata. Da introducción al contenido del párrafo y anuncia el pensamiento que se va a desarrollar. La idea
principal se puede encontrar en un párrafo del texto.
Las ideas secundarias (supporting details) expresan detalles o aspectos derivados del tema principal. A menudo,
estas ideas sirven para ampliar, demostrar o ejemplificar una idea principal. Se encuentran ligadas a la idea
principal puesto que depende de ella y ayudan a matizar el pensamiento que se va a desarrollar. Generalmente
son detalles descriptivos, ejemplos, circunstancias de tiempo, lugares o apoyos que sirven para reforzar,
justificar o precisar la idea principal
Tanto las ideas principales como las ideas secundarias se expresan en forma oracional.
Consejos de lectura:
1. Tan pronto como usted pueda definir el tema, pregúntese "¿Qué sentido general el autor quiere hacer sobre
este tema?" Una vez que pueda responder a esa pregunta, usted tiene más probabilidades de encontrar la idea
principal.
2. La mayoría de las ideas principales se expresan o sugieren desde el principio en la lectura, preste especial
atención al primer tercio de un pasaje, un artículo o capítulo. Ahí es donde es probable que obtenga la expresión
más clara de la idea principal.
3. Preste atención a cualquier idea que se repite de diferentes maneras. Si un autor vuelve a la misma idea en
varias frases o párrafos diferentes, esa idea es la idea principal o central en discusión.
4. Una vez que usted se siente seguro de haber encontrado la idea principal, prueba lo. Pregúntese si los
ejemplos, razones, estadísticas, estudios, y los hechos incluidos en la lectura se prestan como evidencia o
explicación en apoyo de la idea principal que tiene en mente. Si lo hacen, su comprensión está justo en el
blanco. Si no lo hacen, es posible que desee revisar su primera noción acerca de la idea principal del autor.
Lee el siguiente texto e identifique la idea principal:
Which sentence from the paragraph expresses the main idea?
a. A person who holds a management position inside an organization is required to think strategically.
A person who holds a management position inside an organization is required to think strategically
and conceptually in order to achieve organizational goals.
The major functions that a manager completes can be categorized into four different functions
known as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. For some of us, we only see the final two
- leading and controlling - but you should know that for every managerial behavior you do see,
there is an equal amount that you do not. Behind the manager's closed door, he or she spends a
good deal of his or her time planning and organizing so that he or she can effectively carry out the
functions of leading and controlling.

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b. The major functions that a manager completes can be categorized into four different functions known as
planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
c. For some of us, we only see the final two.
d. there is an equal amount that you do not
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?
A. The words 'group' and 'team' are, for the most part, interchangeable - at least most people use them that
way.
B. But there are distinct differences between groups and teams.
C. For example, we have a football team, not a football group - or we have a special interest group, not a
special interest team.
D. While the differences are subtle, they are indeed different, and we need to understand what those
differences are.
Ideas secundarias (supporting details)
Organizations are set up in specific ways to accomplish different goals, and the structure of an organization can
help or hinder its progress toward accomplishing these goals. Organizations large and small can achieve higher
sales and other profit by properly matching their needs with the structure they use to operate. There are three
main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure.
Functional structure is set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. In this
type of organization, for example, there may be a marketing department, a sales department and a production
department.
Divisional structure typically is used in larger companies that operate in a wide geographic area or that have
separate smaller organizations within the umbrella group to cover different types of products or market areas.
For example, the now-defunct Tecumseh Products Company was organized divisionally--with a small engine
division, a compressor division, a parts division and divisions for each geographic area to handle specific needs.
The third main type of organizational structure, called the matrix structure, is a hybrid of divisional and
functional structure. Typically used in large multinational companies, the matrix structure allows for the benefits
of functional and divisional structures to exist in one organization.
The words 'group' and 'team' are, for the most part, interchangeable - at least most people use them
that way. But there are distinct differences between groups and teams. For example, we have a
football team, not a football group - or we have a special interest group, not a special interest team.
While the differences are subtle, they are indeed different, and we need to understand what those
differences are.
The main difference is that a team's strength or focus depends on the commonality of their purpose
and how the individuals are connected to one another. On the other hand, a group can come from
having a large number of people or a cohesive willingness to carry out a focused action - political
reform, for example. While these differences might be subtle, we have to understand that a group is a
number of individuals forming a unit for a reason or cause, and a team is a collection of accomplished
people coming together for a common goal that needs completion.

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Main Idea: There are three main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure.
Supporting Details:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Examples of functional structure are…
a. the structure of an organization can help or hinder its progress toward accomplishing these goals
b. There may be a marketing department, a sales department and a production department.
c. For example, the now-defunct Tecumseh Products Company was organized divisionally.
d. a small engine division, a compressor division, a parts division and divisions for each geographic area.
How do organizations can achieve higher sales and other profit?
a. By setting up each portion of the organization according to its purpose
b. By properly matching their needs with the structure they use to operate
c. Through a marketing department
d. Grouping according to its purpose
Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?
A) NPO, also known as a non-business entity.
B) The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications.
C) Particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.
D) A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation
The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give
A) The definition of nonprofit organization.
B) The Objectives of NPOs.
C) How to avoid taxes
A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization that uses
its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income
to the organization's directors (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution
constraint.The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation
implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on..
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a nonprofit
corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization
termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to
administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their
goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they
administer to

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Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?
A) In countries like Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, or the United States we find white-collar workers
B) The blue-collar and white-collar descriptors as it pertains to work dress may no longer be an accurate
descriptor as office attire has broadened beyond a white shirt and tie.
C) "White-collar" employees may perform "blue-collar" tasks
D) Many occupations blend blue, white and pink (service) industry categorizations.
The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give
A) an explanation of the meaning of a work suit.
B) examples of blue collar jobs.
C) a detailed definition of white collar workers.
Identifique la idea principal (subraye con 1 línea) y secundarias de las siguientes lecturas (subraye con 2 líneas)
a. - A growing trend in many organizations is to find opportunities to serve others in a community effort. 2
While
participants expect to provide aid to people less fortunate, they often discover something else. 3
A community effort
to complete a project such as building a house can provide gratifying results. 4
First, participants learn the art of
cooperation. 5
Working with a diverse group to accomplish a monumental task such as laying cinder block walls in
112º heat or cutting wood for doors with only a hand saw offers an understanding of what can be done as they
connect with others. 6
In addition, participants learn the art of communication. 7
As a result, they also learn that
people are more alike than different. 8
Finally, workers gain a sense of pride and confidence from knowing they
helped build something that will shelter a family and provide a venue for happy memories.
b.- 1
Many businesses are honest, ethical, and honorable. 2
However, some businesses use ploys, or tricks, to
attract their patrons. 3
For example, one local furniture store uses the tactic of no down payment, no interest for
two years. 4
Another trick used by other businesses includes the offer of free items such as a satellite dish or home
security system. 5
While it may look good initially to the consumer, he or she must consider the required monthly
and yearly fees, which can compute to exorbitant prices. 6
A third ploy is the attractive display ad with nearly
indiscernible fine print. 7
Savvy shoppers learn to scrutinize the content of sale flyers for hidden penalties and
misleading or omitted details.
In many countries (like Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, or the United States), a white-collar worker is
a person who performs professional, managerial, or administrative work. White-collar work is performed
in an office, cubicle, or other administrative setting. Other types of work are those of a blue-collar
worker, whose job requires manual labor and a pink-collar worker, whose labor is related to customer
interaction, entertainment, sales, or other service-oriented work. Many occupations blend blue, white
and pink (service) industry categorizations
Formerly a minority in the agrarian and early industrial societies, white-collar workers have become a
majority in industrialized countries due to modernization and outsourcing of manufacturing jobs.
The blue-collar and white-collar descriptors as it pertains to work dress may no longer be an accurate
descriptor as office attire has broadened beyond a white shirt and tie. Employees in office environments
may wear a variety of colors, may dress business casual or wear casual clothes altogether. In addition
work tasks have blurred. "White-collar" employees may perform "blue-collar" tasks (or vice versa). An
example would be a restaurant manager who may wear more formal clothing yet still assist with cooking
food or taking customers' orders or a construction worker who also performs desk work.

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c.- Before you throw away that aluminum can or plastic bottle, think again. 2
Recycling has many advantages that
affect all of us. 3
For one, it creates new industries, and it can also lead to the evolution of new products from old
ones. 4
Used tires, for instance, often become the material used as ground cover to prevent erosion. 5
Another
advantage in recycling is that it reduces the amount of trash transported to landfills, many of which have
surpassed their original expected capacity and currently need to be capped.
d.- 1
The more privileged social classes are not crime-free, of course, but for them different illegitimate
opportunities beckon. 2
They find other forms of crime to be functional. 3
Rather than mugging, pimping, and
burglary, the more privileged encounter "opportunities" for evading income tax, bribing public officials, embezzling
from employers, participating in fraud, and so on. 4
Physicians, for example never hold up cabbies, but many do
cheat Medicare. Sociologist Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime to refer to crimes that people
of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupations.
Grammar
Comparativos
**No confundas la terminación “ER” de los comparativos con los de otras palabras compuestas como
en:
Helper (ayudante) = help (verbo) + er
User (usuario), worker (trabajador) , etc.
Vocabulary
And so on Etc, entre otros On the other hand Por otro lado
blur v. difuminar outsourcing s. externalización
coin s. moneda, v. acuñar pimping s. proxenetismo
carry out v. realizar, llevar a cabo Savvy Adj. Inteligente, astuto
Formerly anteriormente Set up s. conjunto. Adj.
establecido
Goal s. meta surplus excedente
helper s. ayudante setting s. entorno, espacio
higher Adj. Comp. Más alto trust fideicomizo
in order to Para, a fin de… while mientras
office attire Traje (vestimenta) de
oficina
wisely Adv. sabiamente
**Recuerda identificar y archivar las palabras administrativas para tu glosario
Intelligent
more intelligent
The most intelligent
Smart
smarter
the smartest
good
better
the best
Bad
worse
the worst