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The U.S. system of government and criminal justice system place certain authority and responsibility upon the law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge. Each individual has various degrees of discretion that can be exercised in performing duties at different times during each stage of a criminal procedure. The exercise of discretion can have a tremendous impact on the manner in which a criminal case is investigated, prosecuted, or sentenced. Part 1: Provide concrete examples of when and how each of these officials of the criminal justice system (law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge) may appropriately exercise discretion at the six stages of criminal procedure: The investigation stage The arrest stage The pretrial stage The trial stage The appeal stage The serving the sentence stage Remember that one or more of these officials will have little or no involvement in all six stages of criminal procedure; however, for each stage, indicate which official has the power to exercise discretion and how that discretion can be legitimately exercised by that official. Part 2: Then, suggest guidelines that are now, or that could legitimately be, imposed by law to limit the arbitrary use of each official’s power of discretion. Provide support or examples for each of the guidelines that you have suggested. .
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1st PartDeliverable Length 2-3 paragraphsPolice officers ar.docx
1st Part
Deliverable Length:
2-3 paragraphs
Police officers are required to follow the Constitution. Many amendments that make up the Bill of Rights deal with law enforcement related issues and explain the rules that the police must follow. Interpretation of the Constitution occurs when cases are challenged in court. The 4
th
Amendment requires that people in the United States are free from unreasonable searches and seizures. When the trial court establishes that a defendant’s constitutional rights were violated, the judge can rule to exclude the illegally obtained evidence. This is applying the exclusionary rule. Throughout the years the courts have also established exceptions to the exclusionary rule which means illegally obtained evidence may still be accepted as evidence in a criminal trial.
Discuss two exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
Provide an example of each of these exceptions.
Discuss if you agree or disagree with these exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
2nd Part
Deliverable Length:
2-3 paragraphs
The U.S. system of government and criminal justice system place certain authority and responsibility upon the law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge. Each individual has various degrees of discretion that can be exercised in performing duties at different times during each stage of a criminal procedure. The exercise of discretion can have a tremendous impact on the manner in which a criminal case is investigated, prosecuted, or sentenced.
Part 1:
Provide concrete examples of when and how each of these officials of the criminal justice system (law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge) may appropriately exercise discretion at the six stages of criminal procedure:
The investigation stage
The arrest stage
The pretrial stage
The trial stage
The appeal stage
The serving the sentence stage
Remember that one or more of these officials will have little or no involvement in all six stages of criminal procedure; however, for each stage, indicate which official has the power to exercise discretion and how that discretion can be legitimately exercised by that official.
Part 2:
Then, suggest guidelines that are now, or that could legitimately be, imposed by law to limit the arbitrary use of each official’s power of discretion. Provide support or examples for each of the guidelines that you have suggested.
Please provide APA citation and references
NO PLAGIARISM!!!!!
.
Fact-Finding Procedures in China
This paper is about fact-finding procedures in Chinese criminal trials. It traces general rules setting out fact-finding procedures, and describes the roles that various legal actors that should play to ensure that they are followed properly. It will further examine how Chinese law balances the duty to determine the truth and the principle of protecting individual rights from potential infringements in criminal cases. Based on the conflicts between truth-seeking and human rights protection, this paper will conclude by discussing limitations in Chinese fact-finding procedures and will suggest how they can be mended.
1 Law Enforcement PPT.ppt
The document discusses the criminal justice system and its key components. It defines the criminal justice system as the machinery used by the state to enforce rules of conduct, protect life and property, and maintain peace and order. The criminal justice system comprises five main parts or pillars - law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections, and community - that work interdependently towards common goals like preventing and controlling crime. It also outlines the key stages an individual goes through in the criminal justice process from arrest to sentencing to corrections.
Law of criminal procedure Lecture Notes ppt
This document provides an overview of criminal procedure and the key concepts involved. It discusses the definition and functions of criminal procedure, comparing the crime control and due process models. It also examines the adversarial and inquisitorial systems, noting that most countries utilize a mixed approach. The document then outlines the fundamental principles of criminal procedure such as presumption of innocence and right to a fair trial. Finally, it discusses how an investigation is initiated through complaints, accusations or flagrant offenses and the police duties in investigating and recording statements.
What are the Four Stages of the Criminal Justice System that California Follo...
What are the Four Stages of the Criminal Justice System that California Follo...Matt Horeczko (Criminal Defense Lawyer in California)
The document outlines the four stages of the criminal justice system that California follows: 1) Crime, where the criminal act occurs; 2) Arrest, where the police investigate and arrest a suspect; 3) Prosecution, where a lawyer represents the defendant in court hearings; 4) Corrections, where a court orders imprisonment, supervision, or fines as punishment if the defendant is convicted. The criminal justice system involves laws, juries, courts and due process to maintain fairness and deal with criminal acts while protecting citizen rights.Assignment 2 Courts, Prosecution, and the DefenseDue Week 7.docx
Assignment 2: Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The courts have one of the most important roles in the criminal justice system. They are responsible for the interpretation and application of law when crimes are committed, They exert some of their greatest influence when it involves due process under the law. The due process model argues that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime. This perspective is demonstrated through the courts’ involvement with the police in controlling search and seizure and interrogation, protecting the rights of the accused, in cases like
Miranda v. Arizona
and
Weeks v. United States
. Have concerns over due process and protecting the “allegedly” innocent led to the guilty also being spared, as the crime control model would argue?
Criminologist Herbert Packer’s assembly line concept finds that although there are many people who commit crime and are arrested and charged, only about 21 adults are incarcerated for every 1000 serious crimes committed. Additionally, 80 percent of all felony cases and over 90 percent of misdemeanors are settled without trial.
On the other hand, over time, the Supreme Court has been diminishing the scope of the exclusionary rule. This normally excludes improperly obtained evidence by permitting more exceptions, thus allowing more “improperly obtained evidence” into court. For example, evidence is now admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty. This has come to be known as the good faith exception.
Based on your understanding from the readings in chapters 6-8, and keeping in mind the due process and crime control models, write a 2- to 3-page paper in which you discuss:
Have criminals been given too many rights by the courts?
Should courts be more concerned with the rights of victims or the rights of the offenders?
Should illegally seized evidence be excluded from trial, even though it is conclusive proof of a person’s criminal acts?
Use your textbook and at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Explain the development of American courts and illustrate the concept of the dual-court system.
Distinguish between the various courtroom participants and describe the stages in a criminal
.
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In the United States an individual can be charged with a state crime, a federal crime, or both. The federal criminal justice system operates in much the same way as the individual state criminal justice systems; however, there are some noticeable differences. If you have been charged with a federal criminal offense, become familiar with the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System
1
The decisions investigators must make involve a great deal of discretion.
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
2
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
Some police officers and criminal investigators are not fully aware of the order in
3
which a trial is conducted because time often prohibits them from attending a
complete trail from beginning to end. Also, witnesses are often sequestered from
the courtroom before and after giving testimony. This very common practice is used
to minimize the possibility that a witness’s testimony might be affected by other
witnesses’ testimony.
The courtroom process begins with the selection and swearing in of a jury. Jury
selection can last a few hours or a few weeks, depending on the selection process
and the nature of the case. The jury panel from whom the jurors in the trial will
eventually be picked is called a venire.
The steps in the trial process include: direct examination, cross-examination,
redirect examination, re-cross examination, the rebuttal, surrebuttal, and closing
arguments.
Evidence can be defined as anything that tends logically to prove or disprove
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
4
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
The rules of evidence are designed primarily to keep a jury from hearing or
seeing improper evidence, and the first rule of evidence is designed to set
parameters on the above definition of evidence.
Proof may be defined as the combination of all those facts—of all the evidence—in
5
determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime.
The pie chart above illustrates how several different pieces of evidence can
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
6
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
The doctrine of judicial notice is an evidentiary shortcut. Judicial notice is designed
7
to speed up the trial and eliminate the necessity of formally proving the truth of a
particular matter when the truth is not in dispute.
Direct Evidence
8
Direct evidence usually is the testimony of witnesses that ties the defendant
directly to the commission of the crime, such as the testimony of an
eyewitness who can positively state that the defendant committed the crime.
Real Evidence
Sometimes referred to as “physical evidence,” real evidence is connected
with the commission of the crime and can be produced in court.
Demonstrative Evidence
Demonstrative, or illustrative, evidence is not identical to real evidence even
though the items introduced are tangible. It consists of maps, diagrams,
sketches, photographs, tape recordings, videotapes, X-rays, and visual tests
and demonstrations produced to assist witnesses in explaining their
testimony.
Circumstantial Evidence
9
It is a myth that one cannot be convicted of a crime solely o.
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th
Amendment requires that people in the United States are free from unreasonable searches and seizures. When the trial court establishes that a defendant’s constitutional rights were violated, the judge can rule to exclude the illegally obtained evidence. This is applying the exclusionary rule. Throughout the years the courts have also established exceptions to the exclusionary rule which means illegally obtained evidence may still be accepted as evidence in a criminal trial.
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Discuss if you agree or disagree with these exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
2nd Part
Deliverable Length:
2-3 paragraphs
The U.S. system of government and criminal justice system place certain authority and responsibility upon the law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge. Each individual has various degrees of discretion that can be exercised in performing duties at different times during each stage of a criminal procedure. The exercise of discretion can have a tremendous impact on the manner in which a criminal case is investigated, prosecuted, or sentenced.
Part 1:
Provide concrete examples of when and how each of these officials of the criminal justice system (law enforcement officer, the prosecutor, and the judge) may appropriately exercise discretion at the six stages of criminal procedure:
The investigation stage
The arrest stage
The pretrial stage
The trial stage
The appeal stage
The serving the sentence stage
Remember that one or more of these officials will have little or no involvement in all six stages of criminal procedure; however, for each stage, indicate which official has the power to exercise discretion and how that discretion can be legitimately exercised by that official.
Part 2:
Then, suggest guidelines that are now, or that could legitimately be, imposed by law to limit the arbitrary use of each official’s power of discretion. Provide support or examples for each of the guidelines that you have suggested.
Please provide APA citation and references
NO PLAGIARISM!!!!!
.
Fact-Finding Procedures in China
This paper is about fact-finding procedures in Chinese criminal trials. It traces general rules setting out fact-finding procedures, and describes the roles that various legal actors that should play to ensure that they are followed properly. It will further examine how Chinese law balances the duty to determine the truth and the principle of protecting individual rights from potential infringements in criminal cases. Based on the conflicts between truth-seeking and human rights protection, this paper will conclude by discussing limitations in Chinese fact-finding procedures and will suggest how they can be mended.
1 Law Enforcement PPT.ppt
The document discusses the criminal justice system and its key components. It defines the criminal justice system as the machinery used by the state to enforce rules of conduct, protect life and property, and maintain peace and order. The criminal justice system comprises five main parts or pillars - law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections, and community - that work interdependently towards common goals like preventing and controlling crime. It also outlines the key stages an individual goes through in the criminal justice process from arrest to sentencing to corrections.
Law of criminal procedure Lecture Notes ppt
This document provides an overview of criminal procedure and the key concepts involved. It discusses the definition and functions of criminal procedure, comparing the crime control and due process models. It also examines the adversarial and inquisitorial systems, noting that most countries utilize a mixed approach. The document then outlines the fundamental principles of criminal procedure such as presumption of innocence and right to a fair trial. Finally, it discusses how an investigation is initiated through complaints, accusations or flagrant offenses and the police duties in investigating and recording statements.
What are the Four Stages of the Criminal Justice System that California Follo...
What are the Four Stages of the Criminal Justice System that California Follo...Matt Horeczko (Criminal Defense Lawyer in California)
The document outlines the four stages of the criminal justice system that California follows: 1) Crime, where the criminal act occurs; 2) Arrest, where the police investigate and arrest a suspect; 3) Prosecution, where a lawyer represents the defendant in court hearings; 4) Corrections, where a court orders imprisonment, supervision, or fines as punishment if the defendant is convicted. The criminal justice system involves laws, juries, courts and due process to maintain fairness and deal with criminal acts while protecting citizen rights.Assignment 2 Courts, Prosecution, and the DefenseDue Week 7.docx
Assignment 2: Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The courts have one of the most important roles in the criminal justice system. They are responsible for the interpretation and application of law when crimes are committed, They exert some of their greatest influence when it involves due process under the law. The due process model argues that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime. This perspective is demonstrated through the courts’ involvement with the police in controlling search and seizure and interrogation, protecting the rights of the accused, in cases like
Miranda v. Arizona
and
Weeks v. United States
. Have concerns over due process and protecting the “allegedly” innocent led to the guilty also being spared, as the crime control model would argue?
Criminologist Herbert Packer’s assembly line concept finds that although there are many people who commit crime and are arrested and charged, only about 21 adults are incarcerated for every 1000 serious crimes committed. Additionally, 80 percent of all felony cases and over 90 percent of misdemeanors are settled without trial.
On the other hand, over time, the Supreme Court has been diminishing the scope of the exclusionary rule. This normally excludes improperly obtained evidence by permitting more exceptions, thus allowing more “improperly obtained evidence” into court. For example, evidence is now admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty. This has come to be known as the good faith exception.
Based on your understanding from the readings in chapters 6-8, and keeping in mind the due process and crime control models, write a 2- to 3-page paper in which you discuss:
Have criminals been given too many rights by the courts?
Should courts be more concerned with the rights of victims or the rights of the offenders?
Should illegally seized evidence be excluded from trial, even though it is conclusive proof of a person’s criminal acts?
Use your textbook and at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Explain the development of American courts and illustrate the concept of the dual-court system.
Distinguish between the various courtroom participants and describe the stages in a criminal
.
Understanding the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
In the United States an individual can be charged with a state crime, a federal crime, or both. The federal criminal justice system operates in much the same way as the individual state criminal justice systems; however, there are some noticeable differences. If you have been charged with a federal criminal offense, become familiar with the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System
1
The decisions investigators must make involve a great deal of discretion.
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
2
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
Some police officers and criminal investigators are not fully aware of the order in
3
which a trial is conducted because time often prohibits them from attending a
complete trail from beginning to end. Also, witnesses are often sequestered from
the courtroom before and after giving testimony. This very common practice is used
to minimize the possibility that a witness’s testimony might be affected by other
witnesses’ testimony.
The courtroom process begins with the selection and swearing in of a jury. Jury
selection can last a few hours or a few weeks, depending on the selection process
and the nature of the case. The jury panel from whom the jurors in the trial will
eventually be picked is called a venire.
The steps in the trial process include: direct examination, cross-examination,
redirect examination, re-cross examination, the rebuttal, surrebuttal, and closing
arguments.
Evidence can be defined as anything that tends logically to prove or disprove
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
4
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
The rules of evidence are designed primarily to keep a jury from hearing or
seeing improper evidence, and the first rule of evidence is designed to set
parameters on the above definition of evidence.
Proof may be defined as the combination of all those facts—of all the evidence—in
5
determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime.
The pie chart above illustrates how several different pieces of evidence can
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
6
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
The doctrine of judicial notice is an evidentiary shortcut. Judicial notice is designed
7
to speed up the trial and eliminate the necessity of formally proving the truth of a
particular matter when the truth is not in dispute.
Direct Evidence
8
Direct evidence usually is the testimony of witnesses that ties the defendant
directly to the commission of the crime, such as the testimony of an
eyewitness who can positively state that the defendant committed the crime.
Real Evidence
Sometimes referred to as “physical evidence,” real evidence is connected
with the commission of the crime and can be produced in court.
Demonstrative Evidence
Demonstrative, or illustrative, evidence is not identical to real evidence even
though the items introduced are tangible. It consists of maps, diagrams,
sketches, photographs, tape recordings, videotapes, X-rays, and visual tests
and demonstrations produced to assist witnesses in explaining their
testimony.
Circumstantial Evidence
9
It is a myth that one cannot be convicted of a crime solely o.
Libr430 Week1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information literacy and legal information literacy. It discusses determining the extent of needed information, accessing and evaluating information sources, incorporating information into knowledge, and understanding legal, economic, and social issues related to information use. The document also summarizes the American legal system, including sources of law such as common law, constitutions, statutes, and administrative rulings. It describes primary and secondary legal sources and the importance of jurisdiction and citation in legal information.
Libr430 Week1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information literacy and legal information literacy. It discusses determining the extent of needed information, accessing and evaluating information sources, incorporating information into knowledge, and understanding legal, economic, and social issues related to information use. Key areas of legal information literacy include knowing what information to look for, understanding relevance, deciding when enough information has been gathered, and citing sources legally. The document also summarizes sources of law in the US including common law, constitutions, statutes, regulations, and court decisions. It defines primary and secondary legal sources and discusses jurisdiction, precedent, and the structure of state and federal court systems.
Assignment 2 Information Needs of Various Components of the Cri.docx
Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Juvenile Justice
Homeland Security
The various components of the criminal justice system really do not act independently of one another. The system is directly impacted by each component. For instance, when law enforcement arrests more individuals, the courts now have to hear and decide the cases, which impacts court dockets. Large court dockets mean that there is a backlog of cases but they are eventually heard and decided. Then, convicted offenders are given correctional sentences, ranging from probation, community service, and community corrections to jail and prison time. As a result, eventually our correctional institutions get filled up and become highly overcrowded. In essence, each criminal justice system component has a direct impact on the other parts of the system.
Tasks:
Locate at least two research articles on the topic of prison overcrowding from either the
National Institute of Justice Data Collections
or the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Databases
. The studies do not necessarily have to agree on conclusions or recommendations.
Prepare a 3–4 page paper that includes a summary of the research articles and describes how you would present the findings of the studies for each of the five components of the criminal justice system listed above.
Be sure to support your recommendations with authoritative sources and cite all references in the APA style.
...
Due Week 7 and worth 110 pointsThe courts have one of the mo.docx
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The courts have one of the most important roles in the criminal justice system. They are responsible for the interpretation and application of law when crimes are committed, They exert some of their greatest influence when it involves due process under the law. The due process model argues that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime. This perspective is demonstrated through the courts’ involvement with the police in controlling search and seizure and interrogation, protecting the rights of the accused, in cases like
Miranda v. Arizona
and
Weeks v. United States
. Have concerns over due process and protecting the “allegedly” innocent led to the guilty also being spared, as the crime control model would argue?
Criminologist Herbert Packer’s assembly line concept finds that although there are many people who commit crime and are arrested and charged, only about 21 adults are incarcerated for every 1000 serious crimes committed. Additionally, 80 percent of all felony cases and over 90 percent of misdemeanors are settled without trial.
On the other hand, over time, the Supreme Court has been diminishing the scope of the exclusionary rule. This normally excludes improperly obtained evidence by permitting more exceptions, thus allowing more “improperly obtained evidence” into court. For example, evidence is now admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty. This has come to be known as the good faith exception.
Based on your understanding from the readings in chapters 6-8, and keeping in mind the due process and crime control models, write a 2- to 3-page paper in which you discuss:
Have criminals been given too many rights by the courts?
Should courts be more concerned with the rights of victims or the rights of the offenders?
Should illegally seized evidence be excluded from trial, even though it is conclusive proof of a person’s criminal acts?
Use your textbook and at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Explain the development of American courts and illustrate the concept of the dual-court system.
Distinguish between the various courtroom participants and describe the stages in a criminal
.
Explain the 12 steps of the criminal justice process doc 25.docx
The criminal justice
process involves a series of steps that are followed when dealing with a criminal case. While the specific details may vary depending on jurisdiction, here is a general overview of the 12 steps involved in the criminal justice process:
Investigation: The process begins with an investigation conducted by law enforcement agencies. Evidence is gathered, witnesses are interviewed, and the facts of the case are established.
Arrest: If the evidence suggests that a crime has been committed and a specific individual is believed to be responsible, they may be arrested. The person is taken into custody by law enforcement.
Booking: After the arrest, the suspect is taken to a police station or jail for processing. This involves recording their personal information, taking fingerprints and photographs, and conducting a background check.
Initial Appearance: The suspect is brought before a judge for their initial appearance, usually within 48 hours of the arrest. During this hearing, the charges are formally presented, the defendant is informed of their rights, and bail may be set.
Bail: If bail is set, the defendant may have the opportunity to be released from custody by posting bail. This is a financial guarantee to ensure the defendant’s appearance in future court proceedings.
Grand Jury or Preliminary Hearing: In some jurisdictions, a grand jury or preliminary hearing is conducted to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed to trial. This step is not present in all cases and varies depending on the jurisdiction.
Arraignment: The defendant appears in court for the arraignment, where they are formally notified of the charges against them. They enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest. If the defendant pleads guilty or no contest, the case may proceed to sentencing. If they plead not guilty, the case moves to the next step.
Discovery and Pre-trial Motions: The prosecution and defense exchange information and evidence through a process known as discovery. Pre-trial motions may also be filed by the defense, challenging the admissibility of evidence or requesting specific legal rulings.
Liberty university cjus 500 (1)
This document provides information about the Liberty University CJUS-500 criminal justice course. It includes the course modules, assignments like discussions, exams and projects. Some of the assignments involve analyzing topics like achieving justice in the criminal justice system, the roles of prosecutors and defense attorneys, and observing a criminal proceeding. The document also provides links to examples of previous students' work and instructions for assignments to critique articles, books, and a criminal proceeding observation.
ivchapter9thearreStDecISIOnSimulation Studi.docx
iv
chapter
9
the arreSt DecISIOn
Simulation Studies
Police Bias in the Arrest Decision
Racism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Sexism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Biased-Based Policing
A Critique
Controlling Police Officer Discretion
The Locus of Change
The Policy Formulation Process
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
275
chapter OutlIne
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Full versus Selective Enforcement
Reasons for Police Discretion
Unclear Laws
Nuisance Behavior
Broad Statutes
Moral Standards
Outdated Laws
Defining Discretion
Handling Calls for Service
Police Operators and Dispatchers
Handling Calls in the Field
Observational Studies
Controlling the Call
Putting It Together
The Arrest Decision
Field Encounter Studies
R
O
D
D
Y
,
A
N
T
H
O
N
Y
6
9
7
3
B
U
276 Part 3 On the Streets
pretextual stop
proactive policing
quota
racial profiling
reactive policing
selective enforcement
simulation
unarticulated improvisation
Key termS
chivalry hypothesis
coercive regulation
definitional regulation
discretion
field observation
full enforcement
imperative regulation
masculinity hypothesis
policy
• Comment on why some people call
police telephone operators and
dispatchers the “gatekeepers to the
police system;”
• Talk about how police officers use
definition, imperative, and coercive
regulation;
• Explain how legal and non-legal vari-
ables influence the decision to arrest
a person;
• Debate whether racism and sexism
bias the arrest decision
• Critique the arrest literature that
relies heavily on just social variables;
• Review the policy formulation pro-
cess; and,
• Discuss the importance of police for
police discretion.
learnIng ObjectIveS
The study of this chapter will enable
you to:
• Explain why arrest is such a monu-
mental power;
• Understand why full enforcement
is a myth;
• Outline what selective enforcement
means;
• Appreciate what unarticulated
improvisation is;
• List two objections to unarticulated
improvisation
• Define police discretion;
• Appreciate why the decision not to
arrest is important;
• Give five reasons why police
discretion exists
• Differentiate discretion from
discrimination;
• Contrast proactive with reactive
policing;
R
O
D
D
Y
,
A
N
T
H
O
N
Y
6
9
7
3
B
U
Chapter 9 the arrest Decision 277
Introduction
One of the more monumental powers a police officer can exercise is an arrest. Why
do we refer to arrest powers as being monumental? Very simply, being arrested car-
ries a negative image that taints the arrestee for years to come. One classic example of
this adverse impact comes from an ingenious field experiment. Schwartz and Skolnick
(1962) designed a resumé for four fictitious job seekers. While all the pertinent details
were the same for each candidate, the criminal records varied. The first application con-
tained no mention of an arrest history.
The central issues in Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law r.docx
The central issues in
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
revolve around how Supreme Court justices are appointed and how their ideological leanings affect all citizens of the United States. According to the chapter, the Supreme Court's decision that other constitutional amendments fell under the domain of the Fourteenth Amendment was supported by those within the legal community as ensuring the criminal justice system was in line with the American values of citizens' rights and liberties, and that the government's authority was limited. Explain two reasons why this might hold true, then provide rebuttals for each reason that demonstrate the opposite opinion.
In your own words, explain the importance of the Supreme Court. Include at least three reasons as to why it is or is not a necessary part of the American criminal justice system.
Police officers are given the power to deprive people of their freedom by detaining them, arresting them, or by using force to control them. Officers are expected to utilize discretion making skills, which are choices on when and how to apply our set of legal laws. Discretion can involve a simple verbal warning, issuing a citation, or making an arrest. In some instances, police officers have a wide range of discretion and may apply our legal system as they see fit. Explain your choices in this scenario by addressing the following questions: Describe what police discretion is. How is it applied? What are the key elements that most police officers utilize when they show discretion?
If you were a police officer, how would you use police discretion? In what circumstances would you use it? What types of crimes would you use discretion instead of a ticket or an arrest? Explain your rationale.
Short answer post. No references needed.
.
BackgroundA significant criminal event may occur at any place an.docx
Background
A significant criminal event may occur at any place and at any time. The size of the jurisdiction does not dictate the scope and scale of the incident. It is perfectly possible, even predictable, that investigative needs will be beyond the resources and/or sophistication of a local law enforcement agency. In such cases, one option is to expand the resources available through multiagency collaboration and cooperation (e.g., a task force). However, regardless of who or how many investigative resources are brought to bear on an incident, the parent agency remains responsible for the successful outcome of the criminal investigation.
Project Setting
Acting as a subject matter expert on criminal investigation, you have been asked to assist in the creation of a simulation exercise of a multijurisdictional criminal investigation. Some of the preliminary work has already been completed. Your specific task is to compile the post investigation review document (rubric) to be used by exercise assessors in their evaluation of the quality of the criminal investigation. This is what you know:
A series of 11 random explosions have occurred in an area that traverses two states, and a total of seven counties (five counties in one state and two counties in the other state), embracing a total of nine cities and incorporated towns. The explosions resulted in five deaths, 32 injuries, and significant property damage. In each case, the explosion was detonated remotely. The lead investigative agency is the Virtual, Maryland, Police Department, because the first three explosions occurred within its jurisdiction. VPD has about 100 sworn personnel, including 17 all-purpose detective investigators. It has a certified forensic laboratory for rudimentary analysis, staffed by credentialed civilians. Ultimately, two suspects were identified and apprehended, one adult male and one teenage (minor) male. Statements were made by each, resulting in investigative searches and seizures of forensic evidence. Both subjects eventually confessed to their respective and collective parts in the crimes.
Assessors in the simulation exercise will be debriefing the role players as to their actions; their understanding of the legal basis, purpose, and advantages and disadvantages of their investigative strategies; and the conduct of the investigation. The assessors have already come up with a series of questions for the participants. You have been asked to provide the "model" answer against which the responses of the participants will be graded.
Following are the questions to be posed by the simulation exercise assessors to the investigators:
Investigative Task Force
Assuming that legal authority was not an issue, should this investigation be conducted by VPD personnel or a multijurisdictional task force?
At what point should the potential of establishing an investigative task force be considered?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an investigative task force?
Who, ...
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docx
This document provides an overview of learning outcomes for Unit I of a course on critical analysis of criminal justice public policy. The unit introduces key concepts like the problem-program-policy continuum and differences between laws, policies, programs and projects. Students will learn to evaluate policy ideologies and compare internal and external influences on criminal justice policy. They will explore these topics by analyzing readings on the three strikes policy and influences of the courts on policy development.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system, focusing on court processes and procedures. It discusses three essential elements: (1) fair and unbiased hearings, (2) access to dispute resolution mechanisms such as courts and tribunals, and (3) timely resolution of disputes. For each element, it provides details on what they entail and why they are important to ensure justice and fairness. The document also examines strategies to address delays in the court system and challenges in achieving the elements of an effective legal system.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system, focusing on court processes and procedures. It discusses three essential elements: (1) fair and unbiased hearings, (2) access to dispute resolution mechanisms such as courts and tribunals, and (3) timely resolution of disputes. For each element, it provides details on what they entail and why they are important for a functioning legal system. The document also examines strategies to address delays in courts and evaluates the contribution of processes and procedures to the effectiveness of the Australian legal system.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements and objectives of an effective legal system according to an Australian law course, including providing:
1. A fair and unbiased hearing for all parties with impartial arbitrators and consistent application of rules of evidence and procedure.
2. Effective access to dispute resolution mechanisms like courts, tribunals, and alternative dispute resolution in a timely manner so individuals can quickly and cheaply resolve issues.
3. Timely resolution of both criminal and civil disputes to avoid excessive delays that increase costs and diminish witness memories or leave parties' lives "on hold" while waiting. Strategies to reduce delays include additional funding, pilot programs, and allowing lower courts to handle more cases.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system:
1) Fair and unbiased hearings where all parties are treated equally and impartially with strict rules of evidence and procedure.
2) Effective access to dispute resolution mechanisms like courts and tribunals in a timely manner so that individuals can quickly and cheaply resolve disputes.
3) Timely resolution of both criminal and civil disputes so that cases do not face excessive delays which can increase costs and diminish witness memories over time. Strategies to reduce delays include additional funding, pilot programs, and allowing lower courts to handle more cases.
Assignment 2 Information Needs of Various Components of the Crimina.docx
Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Juvenile Justice
Homeland Security
The various components of the criminal justice system really do not act independently of one another. The system is directly impacted by each component. For instance, when law enforcement arrests more individuals, the courts now have to hear and decide the cases, which impacts court dockets. Large court dockets mean that there is a backlog of cases but they are eventually heard and decided. Then, convicted offenders are given correctional sentences, ranging from probation, community service, and community corrections to jail and prison time. As a result, eventually our correctional institutions get filled up and become highly overcrowded. In essence, each criminal justice system component has a direct impact on the other parts of the system.
Tasks:
Locate at least two research articles on the topic of prison overcrowding from either the
National Institute of Justice Data Collections
or the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Databases
. The studies do not necessarily have to agree on conclusions or recommendations.
Prepare a 3–4 page paper that includes a summary of the research articles and describes how you would present the findings of the studies for each of the five components of the criminal justice system listed above.
Be sure to support your recommendations with authoritative sources and cite all references in the APA style.
Submission Details:
Save the paper as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc.
By
Wednesday, July 27, 2016
, submit your report to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
.
Valerie GonzalezConstitutional Provisions”The constitution .docx
Valerie Gonzalez
“Constitutional Provisions”
The constitution protects the integrity of criminal process and the basic components. According to Schubert (2015), the basic components are “(1) the wrongful act, (2) the guilty mind, (3) the concurrence of act and intent, and (4) in some crimes causation. To obtain a conviction in a criminal case, the government has to establish each of these components beyond a reasonable doubt (p.258).” and according to Schubert (2015), criminal procedure is “that area of the law that deals with the administration of criminal justice, from the initial investigation of a crime and the arrest of a suspect, through trial, sentence, and release (p. 277).”
Therefore, with the required basic components listed above and the following Amendments this is how the constitution protects the integrity of the criminal process. These key Amendments are the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth (Schubert, 2015, p. 278). These amendments afford the constitutional limitations on the way governmental officials may proceed in a criminal investigation. According to Schubert (2015), “investigating criminal offenses and prosecuting alleged criminal offenders are primarily contained in the very general statements of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.”
In my opinion, these amendments provide adequate protection as they have for decades. As the saying goes “if it ain’t broke don’t fix it.”
Mariana Monima
Laws are set in place to ensure individuals' interactions with others and the government are not unruly. Specific laws have been created to provide specific direction to solve disputes among citizens with the initial complaint, through the trial, and judgment. The laws also provide protection to the citizens to ensure the government provides a fair trial to the parties involved.
Criminal procedure begins when an individual commits a crime which is reported to the authorities. In order for an officer to conduct an arrest, they must have probable cause to obtain a search warrant and, if necessary, an arrest warrant. The Fourth Amendment prevents authorities from searching citizens' homes or personal property illegally, even if doing so to find evidence to be used in the prosecution of the individual. Once the trial begins, the Fifth Amendment provides an individual the right to stay silent to avoid giving any information which may incriminate them further. The Sixth Amendment ensures an individual the right to have a speedy trial in order avoid a longer than necessary jail sentence while waiting for trial. The Sixth Amendment also assures the defendant has the right to a fair jury, which is carefully selected to avoid a biased judgment. The Eighth Amendment prevents the sentences from being unreasonable compared to the crime committed.
Procedural due process makes justice more likely to occur when the correct procedures have been followed. The Fourth, Fifth, ...
The Criminal Justice Process Varies From State To State Week 6
The criminal justice process typically involves several stages: investigation by law enforcement, obtaining a search warrant or making an arrest, filing charges through a complaint, information or indictment, an arraignment where the defendant pleads guilty or not guilty, potential plea negotiations, and ultimately a trial if no plea agreement is reached. Key aspects at each stage include requirements for probable cause, constitutional protections of suspects and defendants, the purpose and process of bail, and defendant and prosecution rights regarding evidence and jury selection.
Two Models of the Criminal ProcessHERBERT L. PACKERSource R.docx
Two Models of the Criminal Process
HERBERT L. PACKER
Source: Reprinted from The Limits of the Criminal Sanction by Herbert L. Packer, with the permission of the publishers, Stanford University Press. ( 1968 by Herbert L. Packer.
In one of the most important contributions to systematic thought about the administration of criminal justice, Herbert Packer articulates the values supporting two models of the justice process. He notes the gulf existing between the "Due Process Model" of criminal administration, with its emphasis on the rights of the individual, and the "Crime Control Model," which sees the regulation of criminal conduct as the most important function of the judicial system.
T
wo models of the criminal process will let us perceive the normative antinomy at the heart of the criminal law. These models are not labeled Is and Ought, nor are they to be taken in that sense. Rather, they represent an attempt to abstract two separate value systems that compete for priority in the operation of the criminal process. Neither is presented as either corresponding to reality or representing the ideal to the exclusion of the other. The two models merely afford a convenient way to talk about the operation of a process whose day-to-day functioning involves a constant series of minute adjustments between the competing demands of two value systems and whose normative future likewise involves a series of resolutions of the tensions between competing claims.
I call these two models the Due Process Model and the Crime Control Model. . . . As we examine the way the models operate in each successive stage, we will raise two further inquiries: first, where on a spectrum between the extremes represented by the two models do our present practices seem approximately to fall; second, what appears to be the direction and thrust of current and foreseeable trends along each such spectrum?
There is a risk in an enterprise of this sort that is latent in any attempt to polarize. It is, simply, that values are too various to be pinned down to yes-or-no answers. The models are distortions of reality. And, since they are normative in character, there is a danger of seeing one or the other as Good or Bad. The reader will have his preferences, as I do, but we should not be so rigid as to demand consistently polarized answers to the range of questions posed in the criminal process. The weighty questions of public policy that inhere in any attempt to discern where on the spectrum of normative choice the “right” answer lies are beyond the scope of the present inquiry. The attempt here is primarily to clarify the terms of discussion by isolating the assumptions that underlie competing policy claims, and examining the conclusions that those claims, if fully accepted, would lead to.
VALUES UNDERLYING THE MODELS
Each of the two models we are about to examine is an attempt to give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law. As I have suggested ...
922019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintGregory.80.docx
9/2/2019 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/Gregory.8055.17.1?sections=ch12,ch12lev1sec1,ch12lev1sec2,ch12lev1sec3,ch12lev1sec4,ch12lev1sec5,ch12lev1… 1/60
CHAPTER 12
Legal Issues and the Future of Testing
TOPIC 12A Psychological Testing and the Law
12.1 The Sources and Nature of Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec1#ch12lev1sec1)
12.2 Testing in School Systems and the Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec2#ch12lev1sec2)
12.3 Disability Assessment and the Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec3#ch12lev1sec3)
12.14 Legal Issues in Employment Testing
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12lev1sec4)
Case Exhibit 12.1 (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12box2)
Unwise Testing Practices in Employee Screening
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12box2)
12.5 Forensic Applications of Assessment
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec5#ch12lev1sec5)
In the previous chapters we have outlined the myriad of ways in which tests are used in decision making.
Furthermore, we have established that psychological testing is not only pervasive, but it is also consequential. Test
results matter. Test findings may warrant a passage to privilege. Conversely, test findings may sanction the denial of
opportunity. For many reasons, then, it is appropriate to close the book with two special topics that bear upon the
potential repercussions of psychological testing. In Topic 12A
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12#ch12box1) , Psychological Testing and the
Law, we review critical legal issues pertaining to the use of psychological tests. In this topic, we survey the essential
laws that regulate the use of tests in a variety of settings—schools, employment situations, medical settings, to name
just a few arenas in which the law constrains psychological testing. We also examine several ways that psychologists
interface with the legal system in the field of forensic assessment. In Topic 12B
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec5#ch12box3) , Computerized
Assessment and the Future of Testing, contemporary applications of the computer in psychological assessment are
surveyed, and then the professional and social issues raised by this practice are discussed. The book closes with
thoughts on the future of testing—which will be forged in large measure by increasingly sophisticated applications
of computer technology but also greatly affected by legal standards.
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec1#ch12lev1sec1
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec2#ch12lev1sec2
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1 ...
4 Principles of Criminal Responsibility
To get a real understanding of the nature of crime and criminal responsibility in Utah, you need to know the principles that underlie these concepts. Read this blog to learn more.
https://wasatchdefenselawyers.com/4-principles-of-criminal-responsibility/
The Truman Doctrine primarily aided which two countries (Points.docx
The Truman Doctrine primarily aided Greece and Turkey. It provided economic and military aid to help them resist communism. American women after WWII took lower paying jobs than they had during the war as factories converted production and veterans returned seeking work. President Truman promoted civil rights by integrating the military in 1948, creating a civil rights committee in 1946, and issuing an executive order banning discrimination in federal agencies in 1948.
The Trouble with (The Term) ArtAuthor(s) Carolyn DeanSour.docx
The Trouble with (The Term) Art
Author(s): Carolyn Dean
Source: Art Journal, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Summer, 2006), pp. 24-32
Published by: College Art Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20068464 .
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Carolyn Dean
The Trouble with
(the Term) Art
Inca,"Funerary Rock," c. 1400-1530, stone,
Machu Picchu, Peru (photograph by the
author)
Much of what is today called art was not made as art. This is the case not only
with regard
to early European artifacts and monuments, but also with regard
to
objects made outside the West in places where the concept of
art traditionally has
not been recognized. Not infrequently (although less frequently than in the past),
many of the objects from outside the West that
were not made as art are grouped
together and called "primitive art." This is
so
despite the fact that art historians
and anthropologists, among others, have been fussing about the
term
"primitive
art" and its synonyms since the middle of the twentieth century.
'
In
19^7, Adrian Gerbrands was one of the first to offer a thorough discus
sion of what he called "the problem of the name."2 Yet his proposed
substitute term?non-European art?was also criticized by those in the
field. Suggested alternatives?exotic art; traditional art; the
art of pre
-
industrial people; folk or popular art; tribal art; ethnic
or ethno-art;
ethnographical art; ethnological art; native art; indigenous art; pre
urban art; the art of precivilized people; non-Western art; the indige
nous arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas?have all been proposed and cri
tiqued.3 Despite decades of discussion, little has been resolved,
as was seen in
the array of commentary provoked in 1984 by William Rubin's "Primitivism" exhi
bition and .
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Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
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The various components of the criminal justice system really do not act independently of one another. The system is directly impacted by each component. For instance, when law enforcement arrests more individuals, the courts now have to hear and decide the cases, which impacts court dockets. Large court dockets mean that there is a backlog of cases but they are eventually heard and decided. Then, convicted offenders are given correctional sentences, ranging from probation, community service, and community corrections to jail and prison time. As a result, eventually our correctional institutions get filled up and become highly overcrowded. In essence, each criminal justice system component has a direct impact on the other parts of the system.
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Be sure to support your recommendations with authoritative sources and cite all references in the APA style.
...
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The courts have one of the most important roles in the criminal justice system. They are responsible for the interpretation and application of law when crimes are committed, They exert some of their greatest influence when it involves due process under the law. The due process model argues that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime. This perspective is demonstrated through the courts’ involvement with the police in controlling search and seizure and interrogation, protecting the rights of the accused, in cases like
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Arraignment: The defendant appears in court for the arraignment, where they are formally notified of the charges against them. They enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest. If the defendant pleads guilty or no contest, the case may proceed to sentencing. If they plead not guilty, the case moves to the next step.
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ivchapter9thearreStDecISIOnSimulation Studi.docx
iv
chapter
9
the arreSt DecISIOn
Simulation Studies
Police Bias in the Arrest Decision
Racism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Sexism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Biased-Based Policing
A Critique
Controlling Police Officer Discretion
The Locus of Change
The Policy Formulation Process
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
275
chapter OutlIne
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Full versus Selective Enforcement
Reasons for Police Discretion
Unclear Laws
Nuisance Behavior
Broad Statutes
Moral Standards
Outdated Laws
Defining Discretion
Handling Calls for Service
Police Operators and Dispatchers
Handling Calls in the Field
Observational Studies
Controlling the Call
Putting It Together
The Arrest Decision
Field Encounter Studies
R
O
D
D
Y
,
A
N
T
H
O
N
Y
6
9
7
3
B
U
276 Part 3 On the Streets
pretextual stop
proactive policing
quota
racial profiling
reactive policing
selective enforcement
simulation
unarticulated improvisation
Key termS
chivalry hypothesis
coercive regulation
definitional regulation
discretion
field observation
full enforcement
imperative regulation
masculinity hypothesis
policy
• Comment on why some people call
police telephone operators and
dispatchers the “gatekeepers to the
police system;”
• Talk about how police officers use
definition, imperative, and coercive
regulation;
• Explain how legal and non-legal vari-
ables influence the decision to arrest
a person;
• Debate whether racism and sexism
bias the arrest decision
• Critique the arrest literature that
relies heavily on just social variables;
• Review the policy formulation pro-
cess; and,
• Discuss the importance of police for
police discretion.
learnIng ObjectIveS
The study of this chapter will enable
you to:
• Explain why arrest is such a monu-
mental power;
• Understand why full enforcement
is a myth;
• Outline what selective enforcement
means;
• Appreciate what unarticulated
improvisation is;
• List two objections to unarticulated
improvisation
• Define police discretion;
• Appreciate why the decision not to
arrest is important;
• Give five reasons why police
discretion exists
• Differentiate discretion from
discrimination;
• Contrast proactive with reactive
policing;
R
O
D
D
Y
,
A
N
T
H
O
N
Y
6
9
7
3
B
U
Chapter 9 the arrest Decision 277
Introduction
One of the more monumental powers a police officer can exercise is an arrest. Why
do we refer to arrest powers as being monumental? Very simply, being arrested car-
ries a negative image that taints the arrestee for years to come. One classic example of
this adverse impact comes from an ingenious field experiment. Schwartz and Skolnick
(1962) designed a resumé for four fictitious job seekers. While all the pertinent details
were the same for each candidate, the criminal records varied. The first application con-
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The central issues in Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law r.docx
The central issues in
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
revolve around how Supreme Court justices are appointed and how their ideological leanings affect all citizens of the United States. According to the chapter, the Supreme Court's decision that other constitutional amendments fell under the domain of the Fourteenth Amendment was supported by those within the legal community as ensuring the criminal justice system was in line with the American values of citizens' rights and liberties, and that the government's authority was limited. Explain two reasons why this might hold true, then provide rebuttals for each reason that demonstrate the opposite opinion.
In your own words, explain the importance of the Supreme Court. Include at least three reasons as to why it is or is not a necessary part of the American criminal justice system.
Police officers are given the power to deprive people of their freedom by detaining them, arresting them, or by using force to control them. Officers are expected to utilize discretion making skills, which are choices on when and how to apply our set of legal laws. Discretion can involve a simple verbal warning, issuing a citation, or making an arrest. In some instances, police officers have a wide range of discretion and may apply our legal system as they see fit. Explain your choices in this scenario by addressing the following questions: Describe what police discretion is. How is it applied? What are the key elements that most police officers utilize when they show discretion?
If you were a police officer, how would you use police discretion? In what circumstances would you use it? What types of crimes would you use discretion instead of a ticket or an arrest? Explain your rationale.
Short answer post. No references needed.
.
BackgroundA significant criminal event may occur at any place an.docx
Background
A significant criminal event may occur at any place and at any time. The size of the jurisdiction does not dictate the scope and scale of the incident. It is perfectly possible, even predictable, that investigative needs will be beyond the resources and/or sophistication of a local law enforcement agency. In such cases, one option is to expand the resources available through multiagency collaboration and cooperation (e.g., a task force). However, regardless of who or how many investigative resources are brought to bear on an incident, the parent agency remains responsible for the successful outcome of the criminal investigation.
Project Setting
Acting as a subject matter expert on criminal investigation, you have been asked to assist in the creation of a simulation exercise of a multijurisdictional criminal investigation. Some of the preliminary work has already been completed. Your specific task is to compile the post investigation review document (rubric) to be used by exercise assessors in their evaluation of the quality of the criminal investigation. This is what you know:
A series of 11 random explosions have occurred in an area that traverses two states, and a total of seven counties (five counties in one state and two counties in the other state), embracing a total of nine cities and incorporated towns. The explosions resulted in five deaths, 32 injuries, and significant property damage. In each case, the explosion was detonated remotely. The lead investigative agency is the Virtual, Maryland, Police Department, because the first three explosions occurred within its jurisdiction. VPD has about 100 sworn personnel, including 17 all-purpose detective investigators. It has a certified forensic laboratory for rudimentary analysis, staffed by credentialed civilians. Ultimately, two suspects were identified and apprehended, one adult male and one teenage (minor) male. Statements were made by each, resulting in investigative searches and seizures of forensic evidence. Both subjects eventually confessed to their respective and collective parts in the crimes.
Assessors in the simulation exercise will be debriefing the role players as to their actions; their understanding of the legal basis, purpose, and advantages and disadvantages of their investigative strategies; and the conduct of the investigation. The assessors have already come up with a series of questions for the participants. You have been asked to provide the "model" answer against which the responses of the participants will be graded.
Following are the questions to be posed by the simulation exercise assessors to the investigators:
Investigative Task Force
Assuming that legal authority was not an issue, should this investigation be conducted by VPD personnel or a multijurisdictional task force?
At what point should the potential of establishing an investigative task force be considered?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an investigative task force?
Who, ...
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docx
This document provides an overview of learning outcomes for Unit I of a course on critical analysis of criminal justice public policy. The unit introduces key concepts like the problem-program-policy continuum and differences between laws, policies, programs and projects. Students will learn to evaluate policy ideologies and compare internal and external influences on criminal justice policy. They will explore these topics by analyzing readings on the three strikes policy and influences of the courts on policy development.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system, focusing on court processes and procedures. It discusses three essential elements: (1) fair and unbiased hearings, (2) access to dispute resolution mechanisms such as courts and tribunals, and (3) timely resolution of disputes. For each element, it provides details on what they entail and why they are important to ensure justice and fairness. The document also examines strategies to address delays in the court system and challenges in achieving the elements of an effective legal system.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system, focusing on court processes and procedures. It discusses three essential elements: (1) fair and unbiased hearings, (2) access to dispute resolution mechanisms such as courts and tribunals, and (3) timely resolution of disputes. For each element, it provides details on what they entail and why they are important for a functioning legal system. The document also examines strategies to address delays in courts and evaluates the contribution of processes and procedures to the effectiveness of the Australian legal system.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements and objectives of an effective legal system according to an Australian law course, including providing:
1. A fair and unbiased hearing for all parties with impartial arbitrators and consistent application of rules of evidence and procedure.
2. Effective access to dispute resolution mechanisms like courts, tribunals, and alternative dispute resolution in a timely manner so individuals can quickly and cheaply resolve issues.
3. Timely resolution of both criminal and civil disputes to avoid excessive delays that increase costs and diminish witness memories or leave parties' lives "on hold" while waiting. Strategies to reduce delays include additional funding, pilot programs, and allowing lower courts to handle more cases.
5.1
This document outlines the key elements required for an effective legal system:
1) Fair and unbiased hearings where all parties are treated equally and impartially with strict rules of evidence and procedure.
2) Effective access to dispute resolution mechanisms like courts and tribunals in a timely manner so that individuals can quickly and cheaply resolve disputes.
3) Timely resolution of both criminal and civil disputes so that cases do not face excessive delays which can increase costs and diminish witness memories over time. Strategies to reduce delays include additional funding, pilot programs, and allowing lower courts to handle more cases.
Assignment 2 Information Needs of Various Components of the Crimina.docx
Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Juvenile Justice
Homeland Security
The various components of the criminal justice system really do not act independently of one another. The system is directly impacted by each component. For instance, when law enforcement arrests more individuals, the courts now have to hear and decide the cases, which impacts court dockets. Large court dockets mean that there is a backlog of cases but they are eventually heard and decided. Then, convicted offenders are given correctional sentences, ranging from probation, community service, and community corrections to jail and prison time. As a result, eventually our correctional institutions get filled up and become highly overcrowded. In essence, each criminal justice system component has a direct impact on the other parts of the system.
Tasks:
Locate at least two research articles on the topic of prison overcrowding from either the
National Institute of Justice Data Collections
or the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Databases
. The studies do not necessarily have to agree on conclusions or recommendations.
Prepare a 3–4 page paper that includes a summary of the research articles and describes how you would present the findings of the studies for each of the five components of the criminal justice system listed above.
Be sure to support your recommendations with authoritative sources and cite all references in the APA style.
Submission Details:
Save the paper as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc.
By
Wednesday, July 27, 2016
, submit your report to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
.
Valerie GonzalezConstitutional Provisions”The constitution .docx
Valerie Gonzalez
“Constitutional Provisions”
The constitution protects the integrity of criminal process and the basic components. According to Schubert (2015), the basic components are “(1) the wrongful act, (2) the guilty mind, (3) the concurrence of act and intent, and (4) in some crimes causation. To obtain a conviction in a criminal case, the government has to establish each of these components beyond a reasonable doubt (p.258).” and according to Schubert (2015), criminal procedure is “that area of the law that deals with the administration of criminal justice, from the initial investigation of a crime and the arrest of a suspect, through trial, sentence, and release (p. 277).”
Therefore, with the required basic components listed above and the following Amendments this is how the constitution protects the integrity of the criminal process. These key Amendments are the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth (Schubert, 2015, p. 278). These amendments afford the constitutional limitations on the way governmental officials may proceed in a criminal investigation. According to Schubert (2015), “investigating criminal offenses and prosecuting alleged criminal offenders are primarily contained in the very general statements of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.”
In my opinion, these amendments provide adequate protection as they have for decades. As the saying goes “if it ain’t broke don’t fix it.”
Mariana Monima
Laws are set in place to ensure individuals' interactions with others and the government are not unruly. Specific laws have been created to provide specific direction to solve disputes among citizens with the initial complaint, through the trial, and judgment. The laws also provide protection to the citizens to ensure the government provides a fair trial to the parties involved.
Criminal procedure begins when an individual commits a crime which is reported to the authorities. In order for an officer to conduct an arrest, they must have probable cause to obtain a search warrant and, if necessary, an arrest warrant. The Fourth Amendment prevents authorities from searching citizens' homes or personal property illegally, even if doing so to find evidence to be used in the prosecution of the individual. Once the trial begins, the Fifth Amendment provides an individual the right to stay silent to avoid giving any information which may incriminate them further. The Sixth Amendment ensures an individual the right to have a speedy trial in order avoid a longer than necessary jail sentence while waiting for trial. The Sixth Amendment also assures the defendant has the right to a fair jury, which is carefully selected to avoid a biased judgment. The Eighth Amendment prevents the sentences from being unreasonable compared to the crime committed.
Procedural due process makes justice more likely to occur when the correct procedures have been followed. The Fourth, Fifth, ...
The Criminal Justice Process Varies From State To State Week 6
The criminal justice process typically involves several stages: investigation by law enforcement, obtaining a search warrant or making an arrest, filing charges through a complaint, information or indictment, an arraignment where the defendant pleads guilty or not guilty, potential plea negotiations, and ultimately a trial if no plea agreement is reached. Key aspects at each stage include requirements for probable cause, constitutional protections of suspects and defendants, the purpose and process of bail, and defendant and prosecution rights regarding evidence and jury selection.
Two Models of the Criminal ProcessHERBERT L. PACKERSource R.docx
Two Models of the Criminal Process
HERBERT L. PACKER
Source: Reprinted from The Limits of the Criminal Sanction by Herbert L. Packer, with the permission of the publishers, Stanford University Press. ( 1968 by Herbert L. Packer.
In one of the most important contributions to systematic thought about the administration of criminal justice, Herbert Packer articulates the values supporting two models of the justice process. He notes the gulf existing between the "Due Process Model" of criminal administration, with its emphasis on the rights of the individual, and the "Crime Control Model," which sees the regulation of criminal conduct as the most important function of the judicial system.
T
wo models of the criminal process will let us perceive the normative antinomy at the heart of the criminal law. These models are not labeled Is and Ought, nor are they to be taken in that sense. Rather, they represent an attempt to abstract two separate value systems that compete for priority in the operation of the criminal process. Neither is presented as either corresponding to reality or representing the ideal to the exclusion of the other. The two models merely afford a convenient way to talk about the operation of a process whose day-to-day functioning involves a constant series of minute adjustments between the competing demands of two value systems and whose normative future likewise involves a series of resolutions of the tensions between competing claims.
I call these two models the Due Process Model and the Crime Control Model. . . . As we examine the way the models operate in each successive stage, we will raise two further inquiries: first, where on a spectrum between the extremes represented by the two models do our present practices seem approximately to fall; second, what appears to be the direction and thrust of current and foreseeable trends along each such spectrum?
There is a risk in an enterprise of this sort that is latent in any attempt to polarize. It is, simply, that values are too various to be pinned down to yes-or-no answers. The models are distortions of reality. And, since they are normative in character, there is a danger of seeing one or the other as Good or Bad. The reader will have his preferences, as I do, but we should not be so rigid as to demand consistently polarized answers to the range of questions posed in the criminal process. The weighty questions of public policy that inhere in any attempt to discern where on the spectrum of normative choice the “right” answer lies are beyond the scope of the present inquiry. The attempt here is primarily to clarify the terms of discussion by isolating the assumptions that underlie competing policy claims, and examining the conclusions that those claims, if fully accepted, would lead to.
VALUES UNDERLYING THE MODELS
Each of the two models we are about to examine is an attempt to give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law. As I have suggested ...
922019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintGregory.80.docx
9/2/2019 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/Gregory.8055.17.1?sections=ch12,ch12lev1sec1,ch12lev1sec2,ch12lev1sec3,ch12lev1sec4,ch12lev1sec5,ch12lev1… 1/60
CHAPTER 12
Legal Issues and the Future of Testing
TOPIC 12A Psychological Testing and the Law
12.1 The Sources and Nature of Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec1#ch12lev1sec1)
12.2 Testing in School Systems and the Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec2#ch12lev1sec2)
12.3 Disability Assessment and the Law
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec3#ch12lev1sec3)
12.14 Legal Issues in Employment Testing
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12lev1sec4)
Case Exhibit 12.1 (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12box2)
Unwise Testing Practices in Employee Screening
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec4#ch12box2)
12.5 Forensic Applications of Assessment
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec5#ch12lev1sec5)
In the previous chapters we have outlined the myriad of ways in which tests are used in decision making.
Furthermore, we have established that psychological testing is not only pervasive, but it is also consequential. Test
results matter. Test findings may warrant a passage to privilege. Conversely, test findings may sanction the denial of
opportunity. For many reasons, then, it is appropriate to close the book with two special topics that bear upon the
potential repercussions of psychological testing. In Topic 12A
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12#ch12box1) , Psychological Testing and the
Law, we review critical legal issues pertaining to the use of psychological tests. In this topic, we survey the essential
laws that regulate the use of tests in a variety of settings—schools, employment situations, medical settings, to name
just a few arenas in which the law constrains psychological testing. We also examine several ways that psychologists
interface with the legal system in the field of forensic assessment. In Topic 12B
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec5#ch12box3) , Computerized
Assessment and the Future of Testing, contemporary applications of the computer in psychological assessment are
surveyed, and then the professional and social issues raised by this practice are discussed. The book closes with
thoughts on the future of testing—which will be forged in large measure by increasingly sophisticated applications
of computer technology but also greatly affected by legal standards.
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec1#ch12lev1sec1
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch12lev1sec2#ch12lev1sec2
https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1 ...
4 Principles of Criminal Responsibility
To get a real understanding of the nature of crime and criminal responsibility in Utah, you need to know the principles that underlie these concepts. Read this blog to learn more.
https://wasatchdefenselawyers.com/4-principles-of-criminal-responsibility/
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Two Models of the Criminal ProcessHERBERT L. PACKERSource R.docx
922019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintGregory.80.docx
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The Truman Doctrine primarily aided Greece and Turkey. It provided economic and military aid to help them resist communism. American women after WWII took lower paying jobs than they had during the war as factories converted production and veterans returned seeking work. President Truman promoted civil rights by integrating the military in 1948, creating a civil rights committee in 1946, and issuing an executive order banning discrimination in federal agencies in 1948.
The Trouble with (The Term) ArtAuthor(s) Carolyn DeanSour.docx
The Trouble with (The Term) Art
Author(s): Carolyn Dean
Source: Art Journal, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Summer, 2006), pp. 24-32
Published by: College Art Association
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Carolyn Dean
The Trouble with
(the Term) Art
Inca,"Funerary Rock," c. 1400-1530, stone,
Machu Picchu, Peru (photograph by the
author)
Much of what is today called art was not made as art. This is the case not only
with regard
to early European artifacts and monuments, but also with regard
to
objects made outside the West in places where the concept of
art traditionally has
not been recognized. Not infrequently (although less frequently than in the past),
many of the objects from outside the West that
were not made as art are grouped
together and called "primitive art." This is
so
despite the fact that art historians
and anthropologists, among others, have been fussing about the
term
"primitive
art" and its synonyms since the middle of the twentieth century.
'
In
19^7, Adrian Gerbrands was one of the first to offer a thorough discus
sion of what he called "the problem of the name."2 Yet his proposed
substitute term?non-European art?was also criticized by those in the
field. Suggested alternatives?exotic art; traditional art; the
art of pre
-
industrial people; folk or popular art; tribal art; ethnic
or ethno-art;
ethnographical art; ethnological art; native art; indigenous art; pre
urban art; the art of precivilized people; non-Western art; the indige
nous arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas?have all been proposed and cri
tiqued.3 Despite decades of discussion, little has been resolved,
as was seen in
the array of commentary provoked in 1984 by William Rubin's "Primitivism" exhi
bition and .
The trial balance columns of the worksheet for Nanduri Company at Ju.docx
The trial balance columns of the worksheet for Nanduri Company at June 30, 2014, are as follows.
NANDURI COMPANY
Worksheet
For the Month Ended June 30, 2014
Trial Balance
Account Titles
Dr.
Cr.
Cash
2,320
Accounts Receivable
2,440
Supplies
1,880
Accounts Payable
1,120
Unearned Service Revenue
240
Owner’s Capital
3,600
Service Revenue
2,400
Salaries and Wages Expense
560
Miscellaneous Expense
160
Total
7,360
7,360
Other data:
1.
A physical count reveals $500 of supplies on hand.
2.
$100 of the unearned revenue is still unearned at month-end.
3.
Accrued salaries are $210.
Complete the worksheet.
NANDURI COMPANY
Worksheet
For the Month Ended June 30, 2014
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Adj. Trial Balance
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Account Titles
Dr
Cr.
Dr
Cr.
Dr
Cr.
Dr
Cr.
Dr
Cr.
Cash
2,320
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Accounts Receivable
2,440
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Supplies
1,880
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Accounts Payable
1,120
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Unearned Service Revenue
240
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Owner's Capital
3,600
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Service Revenue
2,400
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Salaries and Wages Expense
560
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Miscellaneous Expense
160
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Totals
7,360
7,360
Supplies Expense
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Salaries and Wages Payable
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Totals
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Net Income
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Totals
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
.
The treaty of Paris of 1783sold the territory around the Great La.docx
The treaty of Paris of 1783
sold the territory around the Great Lakes of the United States
ceded fra more territory to the United States than the colonies had won in the war
gave all Brtish territories west of the Appalachian Mountains to France
confined the United States to territories held by the colonies before the War
.
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The transition into adulthood may differ depending on cultural traditions and rites of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The transition into adulthood is also a time for relationships and romance from a normative perspective.
Describe at least two unique rites of passage to adulthood on the basis of ethnic or cultural variations.
Explain the concepts of pluralism and assimilation and describe how they affect the rites of passage of individuals.
Describe different attachment styles.
Explain the attachment style you feel would be most effective in forming lasting relationships.
Describe the different types of attraction.
Explain the type of attraction you feel would be most effective in establishing lasting relationships.
.
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The document discusses the transition of India from a Hindu to a Muslim state, which did not occur seamlessly or all at once. It looks at the Gupta period as the golden age of Hindu culture. Students will examine how contact with the outside world through the Silk Road and invasions transformed Indian culture and identity. To succeed, students must understand the main points about India's development and exploration on the Silk Road.
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The transition from a traditional society organized along feudal lines to a modern society of individuals was a traumatic one marked by tremendous upheaval. Most of the thinkers we have read this term are concerned with this issue and indeed, grappling with the question required new understandings of society and new justifications for social science. Using Marx, Weber, Durkheim explain how they characterized the transition to the modern world and explain what each approach makes visible and what each obscures.
.
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.
The transition into adulthood may differ depending on cultural tradi.docx
The transition into adulthood may differ depending on cultural traditions and rites of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The transition into adulthood is also a time for relationships and romance from a normative perspective.
Describe at least two unique rites of passage to adulthood on the basis of ethnic or cultural variations.
Explain the concepts of pluralism and assimilation and describe how they affect the rites of passage of individuals.
Describe different attachment styles.
Explain the attachment style you feel would be most effective in forming lasting relationships.
Describe the different types of attraction.
Explain the type of attraction you feel would be most effective in establishing lasting relationships
.
The Trait Model of Personality[WLOs 2, 3] [CLOs 1, 5] .docx
The Trait Model of Personality
[WLOs: 2, 3] [CLOs: 1, 5]
Prior to beginning work on this assignment,
· Read Chapter 8 in the course textbook.
· Read the article
Stability of Personality Traits in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Implications
(Allemand, Steiger, & Hill, 2013).
· Go to the Truity (n.d.)
The Big Five Personality Test
(Links to an external site.)
, and complete the free, confidential personality test that is based on the big five theory. The results of this test may be used to aid in the completion of this assignment. Note that you do not need to register or provide personal information to obtain your results from this website.
This site lists a $29 charge to take the assessment, but that is only if you want the Premium Report. You do not have to pay anything to complete the online assessment. After you have completed the assessment, click the
No, just give me my results
link. This link will take you to a page that will tell you how you scored on each of the five traits in the big five theory.
In addition to the required sources, go to the Ashford University Library and research a minimum of one scholarly source on the trait model of personality (part one of the paper) and one scholarly resource on the big five theory of personality (part two of the paper).
All required and outside sources should be properly cited in your paper.
To assist you in completing the library research required for this assignment, view this
Ashford University Library Quick ‘n’ Dirty
(Links to an external site.)
tutorial, which introduces the Ashford University Library and the research process and provides some library search tips.
This assignment has two parts. In the first part,
· Provide an overview of the trait model of personality in which you identify at least one principal theory and its theorist (i.e., Allport, Cattell, or Eysenck) associated with the model. (Please note that the trait model is more than just the big five—this part of the paper should cover the general history and evolution of the model.)
· Compare and contrast the basic assumptions of the trait model and the psychodynamic model regarding the theorist’s explanations of personality development.
· Use the scholarly sources you researched for this assignment as well as this week’s required sources to support your statements.
In the second part of your paper,
· Describe each of the five traits included in the big five model:
o extroversion,
o agreeableness,
o conscientiousness,
o neuroticism, and
o openness to experience.
(This section demonstrates your understanding of the theory, so do not just copy and paste the explanations provided on the Truity website.)
· Reflect on your results from the test, on each of the five traits.
· Use the scholarly sources you researched for this assignment as well as this week’s required sources to support your statements.
The Trait Model of Personality paper
· Must be five double-spaced pages in length (not including title.
The Tragedy of the CommonsChoose and respond to one of the fol.docx
The Tragedy of the Commons
Choose and respond to
one
of the following questions:
Question A
Describe the tragedy of the commons. What problems are presented by the tragedy of the commons for moral evaluation of technological development? How would you address these problems?
Question B
The past few weeks we have been developing a sensitivity to the unintended social effects of technological development. Using some example technologies from the reading, identify some possible deleterious effects and defend your diagnosis.
Use at least two of this week's readings as resources in your initial post..
75-150 words
.
The tragedies of 911 marked a turning point in the perception o.docx
The tragedies of 9/11 marked a turning point in the perception of the word “crisis,” especially to people in the United States who had never experienced such an attack on their own soil. The attacks were also a turning point in the perceptions of crisis management and crisis communications.
A crisis management/communications plan saved the lives of numerous people in the World Trade Center (WTC) on that fateful day. Rick Rescola was head of security for Morgan Stanley, which occupied 40 floors in one of the WTC towers. After the 1993 terrorist attack on the WTC, Rescola formed a crisis management team to try to avert an attack or to help employees survive another attack. The team members were in agreement that another attack would occur, and that it would probably occur at the WTC because of the symbolism of the towers being the tallest in the United States.
Team Rescola, as it was called, determined that the next attack would not be a ground attack, because the garage was protected after the 1993 incident. They even took a test flight around the buildings and predicted the attack would be by air.
Crisis communications was necessary to convince employees and managers that preparations needed to be made and that training for evacuation was necessary, and to explain how it would be done. Subsequently, there were drills. Rescola had lighting put in the stairways, and every person knew where the stairways were.
When the planes struck, WTC security advised all persons that it was safer to stay in the building. Rescola and his team began to evacuate employees. A glitch occurred in that one of the stairways was blocked by debris. Visibility was hampered either by smoke or darkness or both. Survivors and some of Rescola’s team members, consultants who were not in the building at the time, told the History Channel that team Rescola went to each floor and yelled, “Is anyone here?” If so, they led them out by alternate stairways. They say the team saved 95 percent of the total number of Morgan Stanley employees.
However, there was not enough time for them to reach every floor. Rescola and some of his team members died when the buildings collapsed. His wife said, when she saw the buildings go down on television, she knew her husband was there still trying to get everyone out.
Questions
1. Consider the Rescola story, what should offices in skyscrapers and large buildings do other than plan for evacuations?
2. Imagine the employees who objected to the training: what would be persuasive messages to them?
3. The 1993 attack was considered a prodrome by Rescola. Why didn't others see it?
4. In a crisis situation, using the image restoration theory, how could an organization determine which publics should receive which messages? Why would you send different messages to different publics?
Must be at least 250 words supported by at least two references
.
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marl.docx
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe is a publication of the Pennsylvania State
University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any
person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Nei-
ther the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the
Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document
or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way.
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, the Pennsylvania State University, Jim Manis,
Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18201-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student
publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to
make use of them, and as such is a part of the Pennsylvania State University’s Electronic Classics Series.
Cover design: Jim Manis
Copyright © 1998 The Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity University.
THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF
DOCTOR FAUSTUS
BY
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE
FROM THE QUARTO OF 1616.
EDITED BY THE REV. ALEXANDER DYCE.
The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor
Faustus. Written by Ch. Mar. London, Printed for John
Wright, and are to be sold at his shop without Newgate, at
the signe of the Bible, 1616, 4to[quorto–ed.].
The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor
Faustus. With new Additions. Written by Ch. Mar. Printed
at London for John Wright, and are to be sold at his shop
without Newgate, 1624, 4to.
The Tragicall Historie of the Life and Death of Doctor
Faustus. With new Additions. Written by Ch. Mar. Printed
at London for John Wright, and are to be sold at his shop
without Newgate, 1631, 4to.
In a few places I have amended the text of this play by
means of 4to 1604.—I have made no use of the compara-
tively modern edition, 4to 1663.
DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
THE POPE.
THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY.
RAYMOND, king of Hungary.
DUKE OF SAXONY.
BRUNO.
DUKE OF VANHOLT.
MARTINO,
FREDERICK, gentlemen.
BENVOLIO,
FAUSTUS.
VALDES, friends to FAUSTUS.
CORNELIUS,
WAGNER, servant to FAUSTUS.
Clown.
ROBIN.
DICK.
Doctor Faustus – Marlowe
3
Vintner.
Horse-courser.
Carter.
An Old Man.
Scholars, Cardinals, ARCHBISHOP OF RHEIMS, Bish-
ops, Monks, Friars, Soldiers, and Attendants.
DUCHESS OF VANHOLT.
Hostess.
LUCIFER.
BELZEBUB.
MEPHISTOPHILIS.
Good Angel.
Evil Angel.
The Seven Deadly Sins.
Devils.
Spirits in the shapes of ALEXANDER THE GREAT, of his
Paramour, of DARIUS, and of HELEN.
Chorus.
THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF
DOCTOR FAUSTUS
FROM THE QUARTO OF 1616.
Enter CHORUS.
CHORUS. Not marching in the fields of Thrasymene,
Where Mars did mate the warlike Carthagens;
Nor sporting in the dalliance of love,
In courts of kings where state is overturn’.
The toxic gases that can be associated with smoke can be grouped int.docx
The toxic gases that can be associated with smoke can be grouped into three classes. Asphyxiant gas or narcotic gases deprive the body of oxygen. They are also dose related.The two most important asphyxiants are CO and HCN. Irritants is simply irritant gases that affects the senses. Some of the most important gases of irritant gases is halogen acids and some partially oxidized gases. Sometimes gases can be classified as others this is when small materials generates toxic smoke.
75 words minimum
.
The topics must be aligned to the weekly learning outcomes speci.docx
The topics must be aligned to the weekly learning outcomes specified at the beginning of this week:
intellectual disability,
Identify data collection and data analysis tools appropriate for student observations.
OR
Describe observational assessment guidelines for the classroom/learning environment.
You must develop and post one substantive post that is open ended, draws on the interest and experience of your classmates in this course, and is directly related to the learning outcomes as indicated above.
Text
Cohen, L. G., & Spenciner, L. J. (2009).
Teaching students with mild and moderate disabilities: Research-based practices
(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
.
The Topic The United States adopts English as its official language.docx
The Topic: The United States adopts English as its official language.
Minimum of 5 scholarly sources required (heard within the speech and in your written formal outline and in works cited page)
Your research must include
1 academic high-quality source from the CPP library
portal. Even though journal articles and newspaper articles from CPP library student portal are available to you via the Internet, they are not web sites. You may get all of your sources from the library Internet portal from which you can get newspaper, encyclopedia, professional and academic journal articles
.
The topic Distance learning degree and accredidationThe Boo.docx
The topic : Distance learning degree and accredidation
The Books
1-
Trivializing teacher education: the accreditation squeeze
by
Johnson, Dale D
2005, ISBN 9780742535350
2-
Towards discursive education: philosophy, technology and modern education
by
Erneling, Christina E., 1951
2010, ISBN 0521144027
3-
Spotlight on technology in education
by
Walser, Nancy
2011, ISBN 9781934742907
4-
Leadership in continuing and distance education in higher education
by
Shoemaker, Cynthia
1998, ISBN 0205268234
5-
What works in distance learning: guidelines
by
O'Neil, Harold F., 1943
2005, ISBN 9781593112608
An AB:
-
One page for Outlines how you will use each source in your final paper
-
Shows which quotes are the most important you your claim
-
Shows how you plan to respond to each source and connect it to your thesis
How do I get an ‘A’ grade? The annotation should include all of the following:
-
Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work —basically, its thesis which shows among other things that you have read and thoroughly understand the source.
-
Description of the work's ‘format and content
-
Author’s background/authority/academic credentials
-
Work’s intended audience
-
Value and significance of the work to the topic under consideration
-
Any shortcomings or bias in the work
-
Any significant special features of the work. (i.e., glossary, appendices, good index)
-
Your own brief impression of the work in 3rd person. For example: “This text is...” NOT: “My impression of this text is...” a
-
Comment on the worth, Effectiveness and usefulness of the work in terms of both the topic being researched and/or your own research project.
-
Make relevant links to other work done in the area, like related sources, possibly including a comparison with some of those already on your list. You may want to establish connections to other aspects of the same argument or opposing views.
***Following are the questions you must consider in your notes. You must have notes discussing in each of the four factors. and your notes should be proportionate to the questions listed.
-
Use 10 of these
Factors one: Relevance and Content
1.
Is the source pertinent to your research? Is this source important to your field of study? How important?, Will you use it at all?
2.
? What is the main point of the source?
3.
What FACTS does this article layout?
4.
What will it be useful for in your paper? How do you plan to use it?
5.
After reading the lecture about the difference between a summary, a paraphrase and a direct quote, what lines do you plan to quote directly? Write them here with the page numbers.
6.
What part of the source agrees or disagrees with the argument in your paper?
7.
Does this source treat your topic extensively or marginally?
8.
Label the specific sections, paragraphs, or pages are directly related to your topic.
9.
Is it good quality information?
10.
What point of view does it hold about your to.
the topic The American poet, Emily Dickinson, had a sad life in .docx
the topic
The American poet, Emily Dickinson, had a sad life in which she suffered from health problems and succession of losses. These tragic deaths of her beloved ones affected her writing and style of expression. It can be seen that there is a recurrence of the theme death and immortality in her poems. She imagines death in a lot of different ways such as a buzzing fly. This research paper will tackle her style in several poems such as “I felt a funeral in my brain”, “Because I could not stop for Death”, “I heard a fly buzz when I died” and “my life closed twice before it’s close”
a research paper in which you use the computer to analyze the data to make a frequency list, concordance, and collocations and i want her to tell me which program she used and how
https://wmtang.org/corpus-linguistics/corpus-linguistics/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nbJGdYS3Is
im talking about the theme of death and immortality and i want her to prove that her works are dominated by this theme
she can add other poems by emily dickenson if she wants
MLA style 15 pages with a brief proposal
Al-balawi 6
Are Graphic Novels Literature: MAUS: a Survivor’s Tale as a Model
Literature has an ever-broadening definition. Oxford advanced learner’s English dictionary defines literature as a piece of writing that is valued as a work of art. With such a broad definition who is to say that newspapers, graffiti, advertisement and even shopping lists are not literature. For many years graphic novels have been considered immature and lacking of literary qualities and the debate of whether or not they are a form of literature has been put on pause. After the winning of Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel Maus: a Survivor’s Tale with Pulitzer’s literary prize, and Alan Moore’s graphic novel Watchmen being listed as one of all-time best novels by Time magazine, the subject has been opened for debate again.
This research aims to address the highly controversial topic of whether graphic novels are literature or not, and intends to answer the question by conducting a study on Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel Maus: a Survivor’s Tale. The presented research will try to answer the main question Are Graphic Novels Literature?. The research will study Maus: a Survivor’s Tale by applying elements of literature such as plot, symbols, characters, themes, tone and setting.
Review of the literature:
Budick, Emily Miller. "SECTION II. Golems, Ghosts, Idols, and Messiahs: Complicated Mourning and the Intertextual Construction of a Jewish Symptom." Jewish Literature and Culture: The Subject of Holocaust Fiction. N.p.: Indiana UP, 2015. 121-83.
In section two Psychoanalytic Listening and Fictions of the Holocaust of this book, the writer provides an analytical review of Maus as one of the best works in Jewish literature. The book gives new information and details regarding Maus and its writer Art Spiegelman which will be of benefit to the research.
C.
The topic of your presentation is your research paper. Create a pres.docx
The topic of your presentation is your research paper. Create a presentation of your research using PowerPoint or similar tool. Your final presentation should be 5-10 minutes in length. It should be rich with graphics, images, backgrounds, charts, etc .
Please find the attached research paper for your reference.
.
The topic of your research paper is texting and driving.Assi.docx
The topic of your research paper is texting and driving.
Assignment:
1) Using a thesaurus, Wikipedia, or other sources, find synonyms for texting, driving, and texting and driving.
2) Search for texting and driving on Wikipedia. Provide the link to three Wikipedia pages that are related to your topic.
3) Search for the topic on Google Scholar.
4) Using the Citation tool (the Quotations Mark symbol beneath the Google Scholar entry), provide five APA style references for articles that you found that you think would be useful to your paper.
.
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