Program 1 – CS 344 This assignment asks you to write a bash shell script to compute statistics. The purpose is to get you familiar with the Unix shell, shell programming, Unix utilities, standard input, output, and error, pipelines, process ids, exit values, and signals. What you’re going to submit is your script, called stats. Overview NOTE: For this assignment, make sure that you are using Bash as your shell (on Linux, /bin/sh is Bash, but on other Unix O/S, it is not). This is because the Solaris version of Bourne shell has some annoying bugs that are really brought out by this script. Bash can execute any /bin/sh script. In this assignment you will write a Bourne shell script to calculate averages and medians from an input file of numbers. This is the sort of calculation I might do when figuring out the grades for this course. The input file will have whole number values separated by tabs, and each line of this file will have the same number of values. (For example, each row might be the scores of a student on assignments.) Your script should be able to calculate the average and median across the rows (like I might do to calculate an individual student's course grade) or down the columns (like I might do to find the average score on an assignment). You will probably need commands like these, so please read up on them: sh, read, expr, cut, head, tail, wc, and sort. Your script will be called stats. The general format of the stats command is stats {-rows|-cols} [input_file] Note that when things are in curly braces separated by a vertical bar, it means you should choose one of the things; here for example, you must choose either -rows or -cols. The option -rows calculates the average and median across the rows; the option -cols calculates the average and median down the columns. When things are in square braces it means they are optional; you can include them or not, as you choose. If you specify an input_file the data is read from that file; otherwise, it is read from standard input. Here is a sample run of what your script might return, using an input file called test_file (this particular one can be downloaded here , note that in Windows, the newline characters may not display as newlines. Move this to your UNIX account, without opening and saving it in Windows, and then cat it out: you'll see the newlines there): % cat test_file 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 7 3 6 8 9 1 3 4 2 1 4 6 4 4 7 7 % stats -rows test_file Average Median 1 1 5 5 7 7 5 6 3 3 6 6 % cat test_file | stats –c Averages: 5 4 5 5 4 Medians: 6 4 4 7 5 % echo $? 0 % stats Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file] % stats -r test_file nya-nya-nya Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file] % stats -both test_file Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file] % chmod -r test_file % stats -columns test_file stats: cannot read test_file % stats -columns no_such_file stats: cannot read no_such_file % echo $? 1 Specifications You must ch ...

1. Program 1 – CS 344
This assignment asks you to write a bash shell script to compute
statistics. The purpose
is to get you familiar with the Unix shell, shell programming,
Unix utilities, standard
input, output, and error, pipelines, process ids, exit values, and
signals.
What you’re going to submit is your script, called stats.
Overview
NOTE: For this assignment, make sure that you are using Bash
as your shell (on Linux,
/bin/sh is Bash, but on other Unix O/S, it is not). This is
because the Solaris version of
Bourne shell has some annoying bugs that are really brought out
by this script. Bash can
execute any /bin/sh script.
In this assignment you will write a Bourne shell script to
calculate averages and medians
from an input file of numbers. This is the sort of calculation I
might do when figuring

2. out the grades for this course. The input file will have whole
number values separated by
tabs, and each line of this file will have the same number of
values. (For example, each
row might be the scores of a student on assignments.) Your
script should be able to
calculate the average and median across the rows (like I might
do to calculate an
individual student's course grade) or down the columns (like I
might do to find the
average score on an assignment).
You will probably need commands like these, so please read up
on them: sh, read, expr,
cut, head, tail, wc, and sort.
Your script will be called stats. The general format of the stats
command is
stats {-rows|-cols} [input_file]
Note that when things are in curly braces separated by a vertical
bar, it means you should
choose one of the things; here for example, you must choose
either -rows or -cols. The
option -rows calculates the average and median across the rows;

3. the option -cols
calculates the average and median down the columns. When
things are in square braces
it means they are optional; you can include them or not, as you
choose. If you specify an
input_file the data is read from that file; otherwise, it is read
from standard input.
Here is a sample run of what your script might return, using an
input file called test_file
(this particular one can be downloaded here , note that in
Windows, the newline
characters may not display as newlines. Move this to your
UNIX account, without
opening and saving it in Windows, and then cat it out: you'll see
the newlines there):
% cat test_file
1 1 1 1 1
9 3 4 5 5
6 7 8 9 7
3 6 8 9 1
3 4 2 1 4
6 4 4 7 7

4. % stats -rows test_file
Average Median
1 1
5 5
7 7
5 6
3 3
6 6
% cat test_file | stats –c
Averages:
5 4 5 5 4
Medians:
6 4 4 7 5
% echo $?
0
% stats
Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file]

5. % stats -r test_file nya-nya-nya
Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file]
% stats -both test_file
Usage: stats {-rows|-cols} [file]
% chmod -r test_file
% stats -columns test_file
stats: cannot read test_file
% stats -columns no_such_file
stats: cannot read no_such_file
% echo $?
1
Specifications
You must check for the right number and format of arguments
to stats. You should allow
users to abbreviate -rows and -cols; any word beginning with a
lowercase r is taken to be
rows and any word beginning with a lowercase c is taken to be
cols. So, for example,

6. you would get averages and medians across the rows with -r, -
rowwise and
-rumplestiltskin, but not -Rows. If the command has too many
or two few arguments or
if the arguments of the wrong format you should output an error
message to standard
error. You should also output an error message to standard error
if the input file is
specified, but it is not readable.
You should output the statistics to standard output in the format
shown above. Be sure
all error messages are sent to standard error and the statistics
are sent to standard
output. If there is any error, the exit value should be 1; if the
stats program runs
successfully the exit value should be 0.
Your stats program should be able to handle files with any
reasonable number of rows or
columns. You can assume that each row will be less than 1000
bytes long (because Unix
utilities assume that input lines will not be too long), but don't
make any assumptions
about the number of rows. Think about where in your program
the size of the input file

7. matters. You can assume that all rows will have the same
number of values; you do not
have to do any error checking on this.
You will probably need to use temporary files. For this
assignment, the temporary files
should be put in the current working directory. (A more
standard place for temporary
files is in /tmp but don't do that for this assignment; it makes
grading easier if they are in
the current directory.) Be sure the temporary file uses the
process id as part of its name,
so that there will not be conflicts if the stats program is running
more than once. Be sure
you remove any temporary files when your stats program is
done. You should also use
the trap command to catch interrupt, hangup, and terminate
signals to remove the
temporary files if the stats program is terminated unexpectedly.
All values and results are and must be whole numbers. You may
use the expr command
to do your calculations, or any other bash shell scripting
method, but you may not do the

8. calculations by dropping into another language, like awk, perl,
python, or any other
language. You may certainly use these other languages for all
other parts of the
assignment. Note that expr only works with whole numbers.
When you calculate the
average you should round to the nearest whole number, where
half values round up (i.e.
7.5 rounds up to 8). This is the most common form of rounding.
You can learn more
about rounding methods here (see Half Round Up):
http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/rounding-methods.html
(链接到外部网站。)
To calculate the median, sort the values and take the middle
value. For example, the
median of 97, 90, and 83 is 90. The median of 97, 90, 83, and
54 is still 90 - when there
are an even number of values, choose the larger of the two
middle values.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/rounding-methods.html
Your script, stats, must be entirely contained in that file. Do not
split this assignment into

9. multiple files or programs.
To make it easy to see how you're doing, you can download the
actual grading script
here:
p1gradingscript
This script is the very one that will be used to assign your script
a grade. To compare
yours to a perfect solution, you can download here a completely
correct run of my stats
script that shows what you should get if everything is working
correctly:
p1cleantestscript
The p1gradingscript itself is a good resource for seeing how
some of the more complex
shell scripting commands work, too.
Hints
One problem that will be especially challenging is to read in the
values from a specified
file. The read command is exactly what you need (see the man
page for read). However,
read is meant to read from standard input and the input file is
not necessarily standard

10. input to the stats command. You will have to figure out how to
get read to read from a
file. The man page for sh has the information you need to figure
this out.
Another problem will be calculating the median. There is a
straight forward pipelined
command that will do this, using cut, sort, head, and tail. Maybe
you can figure out
other ways, too. Experiment!
The expr command and the shell can have conflicts over special
characters. If you try
expr 5 * ( 4 + 2 ), the shell will think * is a filename wild card
and the parentheses mean
command grouping.
You have to use backslashes, like this: expr 5 * ( 4 + 2 )
Near the top of your program you're going to want to do a
conditional test: is the
data being passed in as a file, or via stdin? One easy way to
check for this is to examine
the number of parameters used when the script is ran. Once you
know, you can store or
otherwise process the data correctly, and then pass it onto the

11. calculation parts of your
script. In other words, doing the conditional test first, then
massaging the data in either
form into place in your data structures or temporary files,
allows you to write just one
version of the calculation, instead of two entirely different
blocks of statements!
I HIGHY recommend that you develop this program directly on
the eos-class server.
Doing so will prevent you from having problems transferring
the program back and forth,
which can cause compatibility issues.
If you do see ^M characters all over your files, try this
command:
% dos2unix bustedFile
Grading
142 points are available from successfully passing the grading
script, while the final 18
points will be based on your style, readability, and commenting.
Comment well, often,
and verbosely: we want to see that you are telling us WHY you
are doing things, in
addition to telling us WHAT you are doing.

12. Program 1 – CS 344OverviewSpecifications HintsGrading
Executive Summary
Apple’s IPhone was the creative baby of Steve Jobs in
Mid-2007. It was the first mobile phone to have capabilities of a
computer, camera, and phone all in one. It quickly gained
popularity and became one of the most well-known phone
brands of all time. Despite rising competition like Samsung,
Motorola, and LG, Apple has developed a revolutionary piece of
technology that is continuing to change the way we think, act,
and live. Going into a new venture with the latest generation of
IPhone, Apple has extended itself to be user-friendly to anyone
despite their race, gender, nationality, or age.
Market Summary
Apple knows its market very well and aims to please its
customers. This information will be used to understand who the
IPhone is targeted to, what their needs are, and how this product
can better serve them in their day to day lives. The IPhone has
no set demographic. It is designed to be used by anyone. The
IPhone provides the mobile technology world a new and
exciting way to interact with your phone and with each other
wirelessly. The company wants to provide the latest technology
and design along with innovative software to bring the most life
like experience on your mobile device. The trend of the market
is constantly evolving as electronics and technology evolve.

13. IPhone is meeting that evolution head on and breaking barriers
by being a trendsetter instead of a follower. With the want and
need to have the latest technological advancement, the growth
will continuously go up for the product unless so newer form of
communication is developed that can rival the cellular phone.
SWOT Analysis
The SWOT Analysis for Apple both domestic and international
have great strengths because they have a high increase in gained
market shares as demand continues to grow. As one of the
leading companies in the markets, Apple has some of the best
programmers who continue to improve and offer downloadable
software for customers to install and use for free as it is
included in the original purchase price of the IPhone.
Weaknesses
The software updates can be viewed as a weakness as many
consumers do not like mandatory update in order to keep their
phone current. With most of the updates, comes changes to a lot
of the applications and require separate downloadable patches
that fixes bugs caused by the required iso updates. Apple must
be careful as it is easy to infringe on other companies patents
and proprietary applications. Another weakness that needs to be
considered is the lack of updates on software for older model
phones which could cause discontinued devises as not all
customers want to purchase new iPhones on a regular basis.
According to (Scientific America, 2013) “Americans buy new
phones, on average, about every 22 months”.
Opportunities
There are many opportunities for Apple as they continue to
improve models and have raising sales, they continue to gain
market shares by providing better cutting edge products to
consumers and expanding throughout the global market. By
offering a trade in policy that will allow consumers to trade
their current non Apple phone in for a discounted rebate on a
new Apple iPhone purchase will expand sales and capture more
of the market.
Threats

14. The threats that Apple must be cautious about are ensuring
that their new iPhone is appealing to all demographics of
consumers. The limitations on designs and software cannot be
too confusing to non-technological consumers as there are much
cheaper phones for them to purchase that does not require much
knowledge or skills to operate. Having too much technology on
the devise can be just as damaging to the launching of the new
product just as much as not having enough technology.
Competition
With modern technology advancement and electronic
companies expanding the cell phone competition is fierce.
Consumers want the best possible product for the lowest prices.
There are many options for consumers to choose from when
deciding to purchase or upgrading their cell phone. Besides
Apple, some of the options consumers have to choose from are
Samsung and Motorola.
Product Offering
Many manufactures have the same type of product and
services so it is important for Apple to distinguish themselves
apart from competitors. What sets Apple products apart from the
other cell phone manufacturing companies is that the new
iPhone will offer a 5.5 inch LED-backlit widescreen Multi
Touch display with IPS technology and Retina HD display. The
phone has a 1920-by-1080-pixel resolution at 401 ppm,
Fingerprint-resistant coating on front, support for
Successful Launching
The key to a successful launching of the new iPhone will be
getting consumers educated about the different applications and
latest technology on the iPhone and showing them the
importance of having the ability to do more with their phone
compared to the regular cellphone offered by other companies.
Apple will need to hire teams that will give demonstrations and
allow customers to view, test and see the new iPhone in action
to get the full effect of the importance of owning an Apple
IPhone compared to other leading brands.
Critical Areas of Interest

15. Some of the critical areas of interest are ensuring all glitches
are worked out on the different applications on the iPhone,
make sure all the software is up to date and there are plenty of
demonstration sites available that covers a wide range of
demographics, targeting all consumers alike. The demonstration
sites will also give consumers the ability to preorder the new
iPhone and fill out surveys. This will allow Apple to get
feedback from customers about what they like and don’t like
about the product which will help the development team make
improvements to future products and upgrades. Also by
allowing preordering, Apple will have statistics as to what the
demographics of their customers are and help the marketing
team determine where they need to focus that will target
potential new customers.
Mission
Bringing the world closer together through our technology with
giving our users the ability to use applications for almost every
task.
Marketing Objectives
Making our products easy to use right out of the box, and
having knowledgeable staff to provide customer service to help
them understand as to how to use the products, and how to add
content and applications to our products. Manufacture the
IPhone to meet the needs of the people, and provide enough
hard drive space to meet everyone’s personal needs.
Financial Objectives
After the current third quarter of 2015, the Apple Company is
looking to improve revenue by an additional 15% for the
following years, and a 3% increase by next quarter though the
sales of the IPhone. The quarter gave 49.6 billion dollars in
revenue as a company with IPhone taking the lead in the amount
of revenue made. We are looking to improve all of our products
to increase overall revenue as well as the market shares.
Positioning
While the IPhone will be marketed even in those of the same
markets as other competitor’s, the ability to make the phones

16. more user friendly and meet the needs of the customer will help
to set us apart from that of the other companies.
Strategies
The company’s product mix needs to make sure that the
products that the company produces are equal to the demand in
not just the targeted market, but also in regards to the financial
ability of those that live in the communities of using the right
marketing tools by which to offer products within each
communities price ranges as well.
Marketing Program
Pricing is a necessity to be able to get customers to choose the
products over that of the competitors, and coming up with new
ways for a customer to be able to purchase the items with a
payment plan or an incentive, will draw customers in and boost
additional sales. The placement of the products, also need to be
taken into consideration as to not just offer them in the areas by
which the products sell, but also to bring the product to areas to
where the competitor might be taking the market shares of in
possibly drawing customers to buying an IPhone.
Marketing Research
The ability of using information from previous model sales, will
allow for the company to be able to evaluate the company’s
strong and weak points in regards to their sales and their
products. It will also allow for the research of making sure
whether or not a market is strong enough to continue to offer
the products or to create a new product mix in the area. Also,
using information of selected locations of the sales of the
company’s products and that of the competitors, will help in
knowing as to how to improve on design and use and to get an
edge over the competitor.
Financial Analysis
The break-even analysis indicates that $9,623,000 will be
required in quarterly sales revenue to reach the break-even
point.
Break-Even Analysis (Huguet, 2015)

17. Break-Even Analysis:
Quarterly Units Break-Even
14827
Quarterly Sales Break-Even
$9,623,000
Assumptions:
Average Per-Unit Revenue
$359
Average Per-Unit Variable Cost
$227
Estimated Quarterly Fixed Costs
$3,600,000
Sales Forecast (in billions)
Apple feels that sales will continue to increase with over the
next year with the introduction of the IPhone 7 in 2016. Apple
has continually increased it marketing budget to be more
competitive with Samsung. (Adnan, 2015) Apple is very
conservative with only seeking a 15 percent increase for the
upcoming years.
Table Sales Forecast
Sales Forecast
2015

18. 2016
2017
Sales
207.70
241.15
277.33
Direct Cost of Sales
117.56
123.44
129.61
Gross Income
90.14
117.71
147.72
Marketing Expense Budget
Apple has steadily increased the marketing expense budget to
stay competitive. Apple over the last three years has only
increased the marketing expense budget by 10% each year.
“Apple only spends about 1 percent of total sales on
advertising.” (Ovidijus, 2015) This means Apple’s marketing
strategy yields a greater return without the necessity of
increased spending. (Ovidijus, 2015)
Table Marketing Expense Budget (in Billions)
Marketing

19. 2015
2016
2017
Total Marketing
1.3
1.4
1.5
Controlled Test Marketing of the iPhone
The company with the new product specifies the number of
stores and geographic locations it wants to test (Kotler &
Keller, 2012, pg. 596). Apple, Inc. controls iPhones through
stores and pricing, positioning, and promotions. This action
exposed the iPhones and its features to their smartphones
competitor’s for scrutiny.
The five types of marketing controls used by Apple, Inc.
Types
Responsibility
Purpose
Tactics
I. Yearly
Top and
Middle management
Examine results
Sales
Market projections
Expense
Financials
II. Profits/Losses
Controllers
Examine profits and losses
Profits:

20. Products
Territories
Customers
III. Efficiency
Controllers and salespersons
Evaluate improvements and spending
Efficiency of:
Sales force
Advertising
Sales promotion
Distribution
IV. Strategy
Top management
And auditors
Examine opportunities within channels
Effectiveness
Audit
Reviews
Ethics
Test Markets
Apple, Inc.
iPhone
Test cities?
Five to ten cities
Which cities?
Small, medium and large cities
Length of test?
Three - twelve months
What information to collect?
Consumers brand loyalty. Surveys attitudes and satisfaction
What action to take?

21. Launch iPhones globally
Implementation
The effective implementation and control of the iPhone provide
the marketing plan that defines the progress towards the goals
are measured. Managers typically use budgets, schedules, and
marketing metrics for monitoring and evaluating results (Kotler
& Keller, 2012, pg. A-2). The forecasted measurements
concerning the iPhone will be used as a tool for corrections and
control of the implementation process.
Marketing Organization
FUNCTIONAL
Functional specialists report to the marketing vice president.
GEOGRAPHIC
National sales manager, regional sales managers, zone
managers, district sales managers, and salespeople.
PRODUCT
Long-term goals and strategies.
MARKET
Development managers, market and industry specialists.
MATRIX
Provide information to top management
PROS
CONS
Complete organizational leadership throughout Apple, Inc. to
the support the iPhone brand and increase revenue for the
company.
Development of a national strategy.
Contingency Planning
The process of developing such a plan involves convening a
team representing all sectors of the organization, identifying
critical resources and functions and establishing a plan for
recovery based on how long the company can function without
specific functions. The plan must be documented and tested

22. until it works effectively.
Difficulties and Risks of iPhone
Worst-Case Risks of iPhone
Visibility
Competitors
Financial problems
Problems with iPhones/Recalls
References
Adnan, M. (2015, October 5). Tech Grape Vine. Retrieved from
Iphone 7 Release Date, Features, Price, Rumors, Concepts
Images: http://www.itechwhiz.com/2011/08/apple-iphone-7-
release-date-and-price.htm
Huguet, K. (2015, January 27). Apple Library. Retrieved from
Apple.com: http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/01/27Apple-
Reports-Record-First-Quarter-Results.html
Ovidijus, J. (2015, April 18). Strategic Management Insight.
Retrieved from Apple SWOT Analysis 2015:
http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/products/swot-
analyses/apple-swot-analysis-2014.html
https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/07/21Apple-Reports-
Record-Third-Quarter-Results.html

23. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Management (14th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Scientific America, (August 20, 2013), Should You Upgrade
Your Phone Every Year?—Not Anymore, Scientific
America.com, retrieved from:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/should-you-upgrade-
your-phone-every-year-not-anymore/