Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0 Download and save this document to your hard drive - do it now! There is certainly a great deal of confusion regarding the appropriate formatting of footnotes and bibliographies. Chicago, Turabian, APA, MLA - which style guide ought you to use? APUS requires what they call Chicago/Turabian style guides. The two style guides are similar but not the same. I have opted to use the Turabian style guide in all my classes at APUS and to assist you with this, I have created what I call the Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0 - it is called 2.0 since it is actually my second attempt at such an undertaking! The information provided here is taken from the 7th Edition of Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), and while I make no claim to being comprehensive (you can buy Turabian at any bookstore), what I have included here seem to me to be the most common sort of formatting issues you will encounter in your writing. One of the few things I learned in my Historical Methods class in graduate school (I say "few" because that course actually taught me very little) is that when it comes to footnotes and bibliographies - be consistent. The object of a footnote is to direct your reader to the exact location of a passage, idea, or piece of data you have obtained from another source in the most direct manner possible. Turabian suggests that writers cite sources for four reasons: (1) to give credit, (2) to assure readers about the accuracy of your facts, (3) to show readers the research tradition that informs your work - we could almost call this historiography, and (4) to help readers follow or extend your research (133-34). Which brings up the question, when do we use citations? Again, here's what Turabian has to say: when you quote exact words from a source, when you paraphrase ideas associated with a specific source, or when you use any idea, data, or method attributable to any source you may have consulted (134). The examples used here are what Turabian calls "notes-bibliography style" or simply "bibliography style," which is the most common form in the humanities. You must keep a sharp eye to the elements of each notation/entry as well as spacing, and punctuation. Sample footnotes and bibliography appear at the end. N = footnote B = bibliography Book: Single Author N 1 Morris Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009), 38. B Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009. Book: Single Editor N 1 Michael J. Hogan, ed., Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 96-101. B Hogan, Michael J., ed. Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Book: Two Aut ...

1. Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0
Download and save this document to your hard drive - do it
now!
There is certainly a great deal of confusion regarding the
appropriate formatting of footnotes and bibliographies.
Chicago, Turabian, APA, MLA - which style guide ought you to
use? APUS requires what they call Chicago/Turabian style
guides. The two style guides are similar but not the same. I have
opted to use the Turabian style guide in all my classes at APUS
and to assist you with this, I have created what I call the
Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0 - it is called 2.0 since it is actually my
second attempt at such an undertaking!
The information provided here is taken from the 7th Edition of
Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2007), and while I make no claim to being comprehensive
(you can buy Turabian at any bookstore), what I have included
here seem to me to be the most common sort of formatting
issues you will encounter in your writing.
One of the few things I learned in my Historical Methods class
in graduate school (I say "few" because that course actually
taught me very little) is that when it comes to footnotes and
bibliographies - be consistent. The object of a footnote is to
direct your reader to the exact location of a passage, idea, or
piece of data you have obtained from another source in the most
direct manner possible. Turabian suggests that writers cite
sources for four reasons: (1) to give credit, (2) to assure readers
about the accuracy of your facts, (3) to show readers the
research tradition that informs your work - we could almost call
this historiography, and (4) to help readers follow or extend

2. your research (133-34). Which brings up the question, when do
we use citations? Again, here's what Turabian has to say: when
you quote exact words from a source, when you paraphrase
ideas associated with a specific source, or when you use any
idea, data, or method attributable to any source you may have
consulted (134).
The examples used here are what Turabian calls "notes-
bibliography style" or simply "bibliography style," which is the
most common form in the humanities. You must keep a sharp
eye to the elements of each notation/entry as well as spacing,
and punctuation. Sample footnotes and bibliography appear at
the end.
N = footnote B = bibliography
Book: Single Author
N
1 Morris Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of
the Great Depression (New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
2009), 38.
B
Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of
the Great Depression. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
2009.
Book: Single Editor
N
1 Michael J. Hogan, ed., Paths to Power: The Historiography of
American Foreign Relations to 1941 (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2000), 96-101.
B
Hogan, Michael J., ed. Paths to Power: The Historiography of

3. American Foreign Relations to 1941. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2000.
Book: Two Authors
N
1 Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The
Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 52.
B
Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: The
Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
Book: Two Editors
N
1 Williamson Murray and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds., The Past
as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military
Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 119.
B
Murray, Williamson, and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds. The Past
as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military
Profession. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Book: Three Authors
N
1 Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the
Truth About History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1994), 185.
B
Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob. Telling the

4. Truth About History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1994.
Book: Three Editors
N
1 Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein,
eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 579.
B
Murray, Williamson, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein,
eds. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Book: Edition Number
N
1 Ernst Breisach, Historiography: Classic, Medieval, and
Modern, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007),
98.
B
Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Classic, Medieval, and
Modern. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Single Chapter/Essay in an Edited Book
N
1 Rosemary Foot, "Making Known the Unknown: Policy
Analysis of the Korean Conflict since the Early 1980s," in
American in the World: The Historiography of American
Foreign Relations Since 1941, ed., Michael J. Hogan (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 293.
B

5. Foot, Rosemary. "Making Known the Unknown: Policy Analysis
of the Korean Conflict since the Early 1980s." In American in
the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations
Since 1941, edited by Michael J. Hogan, 270-299. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Journal Article in Print
N
1 E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism," Past & Present 38, no. 1 (1967): 57.
B
Thompson, E. P. "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism." Past & Present 38, no. 1 (1967): 56-97.
Journal Article Online
N
1 Gabrielle M. Spiegel, "Presidential Address: The Task of the
Historian," The American Historical Review 114, no. 1
(February 2009): 13.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/ahr.114.1.1
[accessed month day, year].
B
Spiegel, Gabrielle M. "Presidential Address: The Task of the
Historian." The American Historical Review 114, no. 1
(February 2009): 1-15.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/ahr.114.1.1
[accessed month day, year].
Editor or Translator in Addition to an Author
N
1 Theodore W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin, The Complete

6. Correspondence, 1928-1940, ed. Henri Lonitz, trans. Nicholas
Walker (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 212.
B
Adorno, Theodore W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete
Correspondence, 1928-1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated
by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1999.
A Volume in a Multi-Volume Work
N
1 Jaroslav Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture
(Since 1700), vol. 5 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the
Development of Doctrine (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1989), 16.
B
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since
1700), Vol. 5 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the
Development of Doctrine. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1989.
Magazine Article
N
1 Mark Schapiro, "New Power for 'Old Europe,'" The Nation,
December 22. 2004, 12-13.
B
Schapiro, Mark. "New Power for 'Old Europe.'" The Nation,
December 22. 2004.
Website
N

7. 1 Steven Kreis, "Lecture 9: Écrasez l'infâme!:The Triumph of
Science and the Heavenly City of the 18th Century Philosophe,"
The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual
History, http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture9a.html
[accessed month day, year].
B
Kreis, Steven. "Lecture 9: Écrasez l'infâme!: The Triumph of
Science and the Heavenly City of the 18th Century Philosophe."
The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual
History. http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture9a.html
[accessed month day, year].
Facts of Publication: The facts of publication contain three
elements: (1) the place of publication (2) the name of the
publisher, and (3) the date of publication. The place of
publication for any book specifies the city where the publisher's
editorial offices are located. Here are a few general guidelines:
· When two cities are listed, always use the first, eg., Chicago
and London would be rendered as Chicago.
· If the city is well-known or cannot be confused with another,
then use the city and not city and state/country. With that in
mind, the following cities can stand by themselves: Chicago,
New York, Paris, Berkeley, Baltimore, Princeton, Los Angeles,
Tokyo, New Delhi, London, Leiden
· There is at least one case where the name of a city can be
confused: Cambridge. However, if the publisher is Harvard
University Press or (MIT Press), then I have no problem using
"Cambridge: Harvard University Press." If the publisher is
Cambridge University Press, then "Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press" is also acceptable." Here's where it gets
interesting. Most of the books published by Cambridge in the
United States are published in New York, so your citation will

8. almost always look like this, "New York: Cambridge University
Press."
· If the place of publication is not well-known, then you will
need to be more specific. Here are a few examples: Westport,
CT; Springfield, MA; Harmondsworth, UK.
About Using Ibid.: The word Ibid. is an abbreviation of the
Latin word, Ibidem, which means "in the same place." Writers
use the word Ibid. to "shorten a citation to a work whose
bibliographical date appears in the immediately previous note."
(155) Please note that Ibid. is always capitalized and, because it
is an abbreviation, it is always followed by a period.
About Shortened Notes: After you have given the full
bibliographic details for a work, what happens if you want to
quote that same source a few pages later? Simple - use a
shortened "author-title" note.
Example - Footnotes
1 E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism," Past & Present 38, no. 1 (1967): 57.
2 Ernst Breisach, Historiography: Classic, Medieval, and
Modern, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007),
98.
3 Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism," 59-60.
4 Ibid., 88.
5 Ibid.
6 Breisach, Historiography, 101.

9. 7 E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class
(New York: Vintage Books, 1966), 545.
8 Ibid., 566.
9 Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism," 97.
10 Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 567.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid., 594.
13 Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the
Truth About History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1994), 185.
14 E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd
in the Eighteenth Century," Past & Present 50, no. 1 (1971):
78.
15 Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 147.
16 Appleby, Hunt, and Jacob, Telling the Truth About History,
188.
17 Ibid.
18 Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 149.
19 Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial
Capitalism," 90.
Example - Bibliography
Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob. Telling the

10. Truth About History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1994.
Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Classic, Medieval, and
Modern. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class.
New York: Vintage Books, 1966.
_____. "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the
Eighteenth Century." Past & Present 50, no. 1 (1971): 76-136.
_____. "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism."
Past & Present 38, no. 1 (1967): 56-97.
Formatting footnotes and the bibliography can seem to be a
rather mindless and petty exercise. However, you must learn to
get these things right all time. Commas and periods cannot be
confused. A colon is not a semi-colon. And there isn't a book in
the world whose place of publication is England, the United
States or France. Pay attention to the details presented here and
you should do fine. If you have a special formatting issue -
archives, CD-ROM, etc., just let me know about it. You did
save this file to your hard drive, yes?
If not, you will find this document linked to the HE, ABR, and
HRE Instruction page.
You will soon discover that I spend a lot of time reading AND
editing your essays. I don't mind correcting footnotes but when
I see 34 of 48 essays with footnotes that conform to no known
style guide -this is NOT the place to get creative - steam
literally flows out of the top of my head. You have been
warned: all footnotes and bibliography must conform to the
Turabian Cheat Sheet.

11. Please save this file now.