Respond  100 : Response 1: Inland ports can benefit from learning how to better utilize integrated transportation and distribution systems because the more connected a port of embarkation or debarkation is to the global transportation network of hubs, the more business that the port will see and profit that will be generated. In a hub and spoke concept, hubs are the central point of activity in the transportation network, which act as a conduit to smaller locations (spokes) and other hubs within the transportation system. Spokes on the other hand are essentially the outstations. The smaller ports which facilitate the handoff to the last-mile delivery services and provide a portal to connect consumers with the logistics enterprise (Bonsor, n.d.). For inland ports, this correlates back to the idea that many inland seaports ports are most likely primarily spokes within the transportation network, facilitating the movement of goods between the local economy and the larger transportation infrastructure (the hubs). Rather than hand delivering packages to the coastal maritime ports that connect one country with another, inland ports can help bridge the gap by providing a shuttle service type capability to move packages from the inland port to the coastline or even enable the direct pickup and drop off from container ships for inland ports large enough to handle the capacity of the vessels. As a result of this, if inland ports are able to embrace the ability to either provide shuttle services to coastline ports or improve their capabilities enough to facilitate the movement of large maritime vessels, the demand for services at that particular port will drastically increase. This not only provides a necessary service to the local economy, but also improves business at the inland port itself. Response 2: Over the years improved integrated transportation systems has become a leading model for freight distribution.  Rodrigue (2020b) explains there are several ways in which integrated transport systems could advance “capacity, efficiency, and reliability,” for all modes (p.  Maritime Industry Hub and Spoke Impacts Ports tend to use a point-to-point or a hub and spoke network.  Rodrigue (2020a) compared the cost of each and found that a hub and spoke concept is usually cheaper.  This occurs because the cost is reduced due to the network structure (Rodrigue, 2020a).   The loading and unloading time and cost may not change, but the transport distances and the economies of scale for point-to-point services are usually higher (Rodrigue, 2020a).  Unquestionably, a hub port usually has larger advantages than other locations and limits the competition (Rodrigue, 2020a).   Response 3: Since shipping the industry carries 80% of the global economy. It must find ways of making itself as efficient as possible. However, the problem is getting the product from the port to the customer.  Because once the product arrives at the port, it is then transported from .

1. Respond 100 :
Response 1:
Inland ports can benefit from learning how to better utilize
integrated transportation and distribution systems because the
more connected a port of embarkation or debarkation is to the
global transportation network of hubs, the more business that
the port will see and profit that will be generated. In a hub and
spoke concept, hubs are the central point of activity in the
transportation network, which act as a conduit to smaller
locations (spokes) and other hubs within the transportation
system. Spokes on the other hand are essentially the outstations.
The smaller ports which facilitate the handoff to the last-mile
delivery services and provide a portal to connect consumers
with the logistics enterprise (Bonsor, n.d.).
For inland ports, this correlates back to the idea that many
inland seaports ports are most likely primarily spokes within the
transportation network, facilitating the movement of goods
between the local economy and the larger transportation
infrastructure (the hubs). Rather than hand delivering packages
to the coastal maritime ports that connect one country with
another, inland ports can help bridge the gap by providing a
shuttle service type capability to move packages from the inland
port to the coastline or even enable the direct pickup and drop
off from container ships for inland ports large enough to handle
the capacity of the vessels. As a result of this, if inland ports
are able to embrace the ability to either provide shuttle services
to coastline ports or improve their capabilities enough to
facilitate the movement of large maritime vessels, the demand
for services at that particular port will drastically increase. This
not only provides a necessary service to the local economy, but
also improves business at the inland port itself.

2. Response 2:
Over the years improved integrated transportation systems has
become a leading model for freight distribution. Rodrigue
(2020b) explains there are several ways in which integrated
transport systems could advance “capacity, efficiency, and
reliability,” for all modes (p.
Maritime Industry Hub and Spoke Impacts
Ports tend to use a point-to-point or a hub and spoke network.
Rodrigue (2020a) compared the cost of each and found that a
hub and spoke concept is usually cheaper. This occurs because
the cost is reduced due to the network structure (Rodrigue,
2020a). The loading and unloading time and cost may not
change, but the transport distances and the economies of scale
for point-to-point services are usually higher (Rodrigue, 2020a).
Unquestionably, a hub port usually has larger advantages than
other locations and limits the competition (Rodrigue, 2020a).
Response 3:
Since shipping the industry carries 80% of the global economy.
It must find ways of making itself as efficient as possible.
However, the problem is getting the product from the port to the
customer. Because once the product arrives at the port, it is
then transported from the port either by rail or road. In 2008 the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) projected the rise of
global warming of a temperature of 2-degrees greenhouse gases
needed to reduce the amount between 50% and 85%. One of the
issues facing shipping is environmental, and for the industry to
continue to profit, it has to address the issue. Another reason it
is becoming not only an environmental issue but a social issue
that brought to the forefront.

3. In the EU, many of the companies are looking at the location
and, in some instances, are moving the business to ports. It
allows for fewer uses of the rail or roads, and the products are
brought from the major shipping ports to smaller ports by feeder
ships, which can carry more than what can be moved on land.
Some of the ports have become major urban cities. Europe is
using the wheel and spoke in moving cargo from the road to the
water, which will reduce congestion on the roadways and
maintenance cost. It will allow for more accessible
transportation of cargo without having many barriers. It will
allow for a more convenient door to door service. Last it will
reduce travel costs because once the freight is switched to road
and rail, it will have a shorter distance, which will reduce cost
in tolls and taxes.