Information is provided for you below that will help you construct an answer for your interpretation of the figures on page 2-3. Background: Dendrobates pumilo is a poison dart frog with a distributional range from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The bright colors from the skin of these frogs are considered to be a warning sign of toxicity to predators. Although D. pumilo is one species, there are 10 color polymorphic populations within this range. The warning signs as displayed on D. pumilo are favored by natural selection in terms of predator avoidance. Purpose of the study (what scientists wanted to understand): 1)  How visual conspicuousness and toxicity is correlated. 2)  Differences between visual backgrounds and predator visual systems on detection of D. pumilo . Glossary: Dorsal : upper side or back Ventral : underside 1 Visual background : Poison dart frogs live on different natural substrates; live dead plant parts, so this would bring about different visual backgrounds. Visual systems : In this study they are referring to how predators “view” D. pumilo. Remember, not all predators will see their prey the same way. Color polymorphisms : alternative phenotypes, and in this case alternative phenotypes of frog skin color. NAME: ______________________ Figure 1. Sampled populations of Dendrobates pumilio in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. From Isla Bastimentos, two D. pumilio color morphs were collected (green and orange), as well as four individuals of the closely related but nontoxic control species Allobates talamancae . Bio 112 Olave Spring 2016 2 Figure 2. Toxicity scores and coloration brightness in Dendrobates pumilio . A , Open bars indicate toxicity scores with standard errors. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant differences; numbers are population numbers referred to in C and in subsequent figures. Allobates talamancae (a closely related Dendrobatid frog) and saline solution served as toxicity measure controls. B , Gray bars indicate the overall brightness of dorsal coloration (total reflectance flux, S R , in arbitrary units) for the 11 frog taxa. C , The inset gives the correlation between toxicity and dorsal brightness for the 10 D. pumilio populations. Numbers refer to the population labels in A . Bio 112 Olave Spring 2016 3 NAME: ______________________ Figure 3. Illustration of the perceptual differences between potential predator taxa in species-specific color space. Plots show the estimated brightness and color contrast generated by the dorsal coloration of individuals from three Dendrobates pumilio populations (Solarte [orange], Aguacate [blue], and Pastores [green]), viewed against a Heliconia background, in the visual systems of birds, crabs, and diurnal snakes. Each dot represents reflectance spectra measured from an individual frog. The relative conspicuousness of the different frog morphs differs by viewer. For exa.

1. Information is provided for you below that will help you
construct an answer for your interpretation of the figures on
page 2-3.
Background:
Dendrobates pumilo
is a poison dart frog with a distributional range from Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, and Panama. The bright colors from the skin of
these frogs are considered to be a warning sign of toxicity to
predators. Although
D. pumilo
is one species, there are 10 color polymorphic populations
within this range. The warning signs as displayed on
D. pumilo
are favored by natural selection in terms of predator avoidance.
Purpose of the study (what scientists wanted to understand):
1) How visual conspicuousness and toxicity is correlated.
2) Differences between visual backgrounds and predator visual
systems on detection of
D.
pumilo
.
Glossary:
Dorsal
: upper side or back
Ventral
: underside
1
Visual background
: Poison dart frogs live on different natural substrates; live dead
plant parts,

2. so this would bring about different visual backgrounds.
Visual systems
: In this study they are referring to how predators “view” D.
pumilo. Remember, not all predators will see their prey the
same way.
Color polymorphisms
:
alternative phenotypes, and in this case alternative phenotypes
of frog skin color.
NAME: ______________________
Figure 1.
Sampled populations of
Dendrobates pumilio
in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. From Isla
Bastimentos, two
D. pumilio
color morphs were collected (green and orange), as well as four
individuals of the closely related but nontoxic control species
Allobates talamancae
.
Bio 112 Olave Spring 2016
2
Figure 2.
Toxicity scores and coloration brightness in
Dendrobates pumilio
.
A
, Open bars indicate
toxicity scores with standard errors. Different letters above the
bars indicate statistically significant differences; numbers are
population numbers referred to in
C
and in subsequent figures.
Allobates talamancae
(a closely related Dendrobatid frog) and saline solution served
as toxicity measure controls.

3. B
, Gray bars indicate the overall brightness of dorsal coloration
(total reflectance flux, S
R
, in arbitrary units) for the 11 frog taxa.
C
, The inset gives the correlation between toxicity and dorsal
brightness for the 10
D. pumilio
populations. Numbers refer to the population labels in
A
.
Bio 112 Olave Spring 2016
3
NAME: ______________________
Figure 3.
Illustration of the perceptual differences between potential
predator taxa in species-specific color space. Plots show the
estimated brightness and color contrast generated by the dorsal
coloration of individuals from three
Dendrobates pumilio
populations (Solarte [orange], Aguacate [blue], and Pastores
[green]), viewed against a
Heliconia
background, in the visual systems of birds, crabs, and diurnal
snakes. Each dot represents reflectance spectra measured from
an individual frog. The relative conspicuousness of the different
frog morphs differs by viewer. For example, while crabs tend to
perceive greater color contrast (D
S
) for blue frogs compared to green frogs, the difference is
reversed for the snake visual system and negligible in the bird
visual system.
Questions:
1. 2. 3.
4.

4. What type of control was used in this study? Why do you think
they used this control? Intrepret Figures 2 and 3. What were the
results from each figure.
Is visual conspicuousness and toxicity is correlated? Give
examples from Figures 1-3 to support your answer.
Were there differences between visual backgrounds and
predator visual systems on detection of
D. pumilo
? Give examples from the figures to support your answer.
4