• The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching • Constituents and Categories of Methods

1. DESIGN
The method analysis
Theory of language
APPROACH
An approach is a set of correlative
assumptions dealing with the nature of
language teaching and learning
1. The structural view, the system of
structurally related elements for the
coding of meaning
2. The functional view, for the
expression of functional meaning.
3. The interactional view, tool for the
realization of interpersonal
relations and for the performance
of social transactions between
individuals.
PROCEDURE
Describing how a method
realizes its approach and
design in classroom
Includes classroom techniques,
practices, and behaviours.
1. the use of teaching activities, drills,
dialogues, information gap activities, etc.)
2. the ways in which particular teaching
activities are used for practicing language
3. the procedures and techniques used in
giving feedback to concerning the form or
content of their utterances or sentences
Theory of Language
Learning
1. An account of the central
processes of learning
2. An account of conditions believed
to promote successful language
learning.
1. Objectives
 General: what a method sets out to achieve.
 Specific: a product of design.
2. Content Choices & Organization
A sylabus: the form in which linguisticc ontent is
specified in a course or method.
3. Types of Learning and Teaching Activities
Kinds of tasks & activities to be employed in the
classroom and material.
 the instructional process,
 the organized
 directed interaction of teachers, learners, and
materials in the classroom
4.Learner Roles
 Concerning the learners' contribution to the learning
process
 View of learners (perforer, initiator, problem solver, etc)
5.Teacher Role
 Teacher function (consultant, guide, model, etc)
 Determining the content material
 Interaction between teacher and learner
6. The Role of Instructional Material
It reflects decisions concerning the primary goal, the form,
and the relation of material; and the abilities of the teacher.

2. CONSTITUENTS AND CATEGORIES
OF METHOD
. CATEGORIES OF
LANGUAGE TEACHING
METHOD
CONSTITUENTS OF
LANGUAGE TEACHING
METHODS
DESIGNER
NONMETHODS
Principally create a comfortable
environment in class in order to
eliminate any fear of failure on the
part of the learners. Example: TPR
& Suggestopedia
1. Method and Methodology
 Methods refer to established conceptualized and constructed
by experts in the field
 Methodology, to refer to what practicing
teachers actually do in the classroom in order to achieve their
stated or unstated teaching objectives
2. Approach, Method, technique
 Approach: describes the nature of the subject matter to be
taught.
 Method: an overall plan for the orderly presentation of
language material.
 Technique: a particular trick used to accomplish an immediate
objective
3. Approach, Design, Procedure
 Approach, defines those assumptions, beliefs, and theories
 Design, specifies the relationship of theories of language
 procedure comprises the classroom techniques and practices
which are consequences of particular approaches and
designs.
1. Language-Centered Method
Concern with linguistic forms.
2. Learner-Centered Method
Concern with learners wants, needs, and
situations.
3. Learning-Centered Method
Concerned with cognitive processes of
language learning
Method