7. C2 ®
Lithium TechnologyC2 ®
Lithium Technology
Type I Portland Cement – Portland Cement Assoc.
Name Sym %wt Formula
Tricalcium Silicate C3S 55 3CaO•SiO2
Dicalcium Silicate C2S 19 2CaO•SiO2
Tricalcium Aluminate C3A 10 3CaO•Al2O3
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite C4AF 7 4CaO•Al2O3Fe
Gypsum Hemihydrate Ŝ 5 CaSO4•½H2O
Magnesia & Potash 4 MgO & K2O
Water H <1 H2O
Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Portland Cement Assoc.
74%
8. C2 ®
Lithium TechnologyC2 ®
Lithium Technology
Hydration of Portland Cement
*C-S-H (Calcium Silicate Hydrate)
By-product : Calcium Hydroxide (Hydrated Lime)
Conversion of Cement to C-S-H*
By-products
+ Water
9. C2 ®
Lithium TechnologyC2 ®
Lithium Technology
Hydrated Cement Adhesion in Concrete
• Hydration generates new crystalline salts
• Crystals bond together in the paste
Cement Adhesion
Ca(OH)2
University of Aberdeen
C4AF
C-S-H
C-S-H
10. C2 ®
Lithium TechnologyC2 ®
Lithium Technology
• Capillary Pores 0.1μ
• Gel Pores <0.01μ
Concrete Porosity
University of Aberdeen
Kings College, Aberdeen, UK
13. C2 ®
Lithium TechnologyC2 ®
Lithium Technology
• About 25% of the cement weight is converted to
calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) during hydration.
• A portion of it reacts internally with the calcium
aluminoferrite to become a component of the cement
paste.
• The remainder resides in the paste.
• In the body of the concrete, the calcium hydroxide
provides alkalinity that protects steel rebar from
corrosion.
• On the concrete surface, it reacts with CO2 in the air
to form calcium carbonate or chalk dust.
• Dust on exterior concrete weathers away but it
remains as a nuisance dust on interior concrete.
Properties of Calcium Hydroxide
14. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Chemistry of Liquid Hardeners
Silicates Harden and Densify
1. Converts Ca(OH)2 in the
concrete wear zone to C-S-H
2. Improves surface wear
resistance
3. Restricts macro pore size
4. Fills micro pores
5. Retards liquid penetration
6. Halts dust & carbonation
~⅛ inch Wear Zone
15. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Lithium Silicate Reaction
5CaO•H2O + Li2O•5SiO2 → 5CaO•SiO2• 2H2O + Li2O•H2O
Chemistry of C2 Lithium Silicates
Calcium +
Hydroxide
Lithium
Silicate
→ Calcium Silicate +
Hydrate
Lithium
Hydroxide
• Lithium silicate reacts with calcium hydroxide (by-product in the concrete
paste) to form calcium silicate hydrate, the primary component in hydrated
cement, eliminating dusting.
• Reaction proceeds quickly.
• Excess lithium silicate becomes powder on drying that can be swept up
easily.
• Lithium Hydroxide remains with the excess silicate.
17. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Benefits of C2 Lithium Silicates
Strengthening of Floor Surface
C2 lithium liquid hardeners/densifiers are chemicals heavy in silica which
reacts with calcium hydroxide in the concrete to fill pores, strengthen and
harden the surface wear layer.
Excellent Penetration
C2 lithium liquid hardeners/densifiers also contain highly reactive lithium
catalyst which helps to achieve much greater penetration into the floor
surface and triggers much faster and more complete reaction with the
concrete.
Greater Abrasion Resistance
Even the most perfect bare concrete floors will wear off relatively easily in
an industrial traffic conditions. Floors treated with C2 lithium
hardeners/densifiers will improve abrasion resistance by over 50%.
18. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Benefits of C2 Lithium Silicates
Durability
C2 lithium hardeners/densifiers will outlast topcoats like epoxy or
urethanes. A permanent impregnation of the floor surface can be
achieved for life of the concrete with one application.
Elimination of Dusting from Efflorescence
In ordinary concrete, tiny particles of dust are pushed to the surface
through an upward force called hydrostatic pressure, resulting in
efflorescence. Efflorescence leads to dusting. C2 products eliminate
efflorescence and prevent dusting.
Stain Resistant
By densifying and sealing the surface, C2 lithium hardeners transform a
porous concrete floor into a tightened floor that is dense enough to repel
water, oil, and other contaminants, preventing them from penetrating
into the surface.
19. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Benefits of C2 Lithium Silicates
Slip Resistant
Treated floor surface, though shiny, does not create a slippery floor.
Improved Condition for Old Floors
As concrete ages, surface stress, delamination, curled cold joints, and other
problems can arise. C2 lithium hardeners combined with our customized
grinding and polishing techniques can remove the top surface layer of the
old concrete and strengthen the floor, increasing it’s impact and abrasion
resistance.
Reduced Tire Wear
The rough, uneven texture of natural concrete causes tires to abrade,
adding to their wear. A concrete floor treated with C2 lithium hardeners will
make the entire surface smooth, preventing this abrasion and leaving tire
marks on the floor surface. Our C2 Remove cleaner can easily remove any
blemishes.
20. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Benefits of C2 Lithium Silicates
Little or No Production “Down Time”
Floor can be put into service immediately after the application process is
complete. Due to the cleanliness of the process and the lack of toxic or
hazardous chemicals, floors can often be serviced while the plant or store
is in full operation.
Less Maintenance
Most floor systems, including tile and linoleum, require aggressive
scrubbing to maintain a clean environment and nice appearance. Surfaces
treated with C2 lithium hardeners are tightly compacted, reducing stains,
and do not require any waxing or stripping to maintain the sheen.
Improved Reflectivity and Ambient Lighting
The reflective properties of a densified floor surface increases the lighting
in facilities. Increased ambient lighting will reduce the energy bill and is
aesthetically pleasant.
21. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
C2 Ultra Seal™ & Dura Seal™
Ultra Seal – durable, chemical resistant, high-gloss protective coating. Ideal for
specialty areas potentially exposed to spills of acidic food products, household
cleaners and industrial solutions.
Dura Seal – durable, chemical resistant, UV stable, high-gloss protective coating.
Ideal for exterior and interior applications with color to prevent color fading.
Substrates – fully cured concrete, concrete with dry shakes, polished concrete,
concrete treaded with sodium hardeners and cementitious terrazzo
Application – 2-3 heavier coats (then C² Seal) by spray, microfiber in, burnish
between coats with soft white pad, protect from liquids for minimum 4 hours
Economics (€, $, £) – eliminates the need for floor waxes, liquid polishes and
conventional resin coatings
Sales & marketing – Ultra Seal is used widely in grocery stores in selected aisles
with acidic products where Dura Seal is used widely on color stained patios,
driveways, sidewalks and UV exposed entryways. Blends very well with C² Seal
on the same job
Availability – available in 3.5 liter, 20 liter and 200 liter packaging
“Green” – 100% Planet Safe
22. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
New concrete staining technology, water based
color pigment
Available for inside applications ONLY
Substrates – concrete new (fully cured for 28
days) or old, concrete with dry shakes, polished
concrete, concrete treaded with sodium
hardeners, terrazzo
Always cover with C2 Hard and finish with C2
Seal – 2-3 applications burnished with the C2
Heat pad between every application
Packed in 475 ml container as a concentrate to
be mixed with 5 liter of fresh water
Use in 24 hours from the time is mixed with
fresh water
The standard coverage rates are as follows:
First application on concrete prepped to
100 resin diamond level @ 10-15 m2/liter
Second application on concrete prepped to
200 resin diamond level @ 15-20 m2/liter
Shipping in small packages directly from Kansas
by air via FedEx
C2 TINT™
23. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
Mocha Light Roast Espresso Rose Quartz Painted Desert Red Rock Caribbean Blue
Copper Patina Emerald Serpentine Bronze
Blue Stone Desert Sand Amber Georgia Clay Brown Stone Concrete Gray Welsh Slate
C2 TINT™ - Standard Colors
24. C2 ®
Lithium Technology
The true color concrete hardener and densifier
Substrates – concrete new (fully cured for 28
days) or old, concrete with dry
shakes, polished concrete, concrete treaded
with sodium hardeners, terrazzo
Sold in premeasured container of 157ml as a
concentrate to be mixed with 5 liter of C² Hard
(and NOT C² Super Hard)
The standard coverage rates are as follows:
First application on concrete prepped to
50 resin diamond level @ 10-15 m2/liter
Second application @ 15-20 m2/liter
Shipping in small packages directly from
Kansas by air, via FedEx
“Green” – 100% Planet Safe
C2 COLOR HARD™
