Ise viii-ad-hoc networks [10 is841]-notes

COHDA SKROWTEN
buS Co :ed 10IS 48 1 AI M :skra 25 :keeW/srH 40 xE am uoH rs: 30 latoT :srH 25 xE am Ma skr : 100
TRAP – A
TINU 1 6 oH sru
cudortnI tion: dA coh eN t ow r :sk I ,noitcudortn seussI in dA coh sseleriw en t ,skrow Ad hoc eleriw ss i etn rnet.
TINU 2 7 oH sru
M CA – 1: CAM rP oto sloc rof dA coh seleriw s :skrowteN I tn or d itcu on, Iss seu in d se gi ni gn a M CA prot oco l for Ad
coh leriw e ss ,skrowteN seD i ng go sla of a CAM cotorp ol rof dA coh iw er el ss eN twor ,sk lC a ss i itacif on of MAC
,slocotorp Co noitnetn b desa slocotorp iw th itavreser on em ch ina s sm .
TINU 3 6 oH sru
M CA – 2: netnoC tion- desab M CA slocotorp iw th ehcs d lu i gn hcem ani ms , M CA proto oc sl aht t su e dir itce o an l
nnetna a ,s rehtO M CA rp oto sloc .
TINU 4 7 oH sru
uoR t ni g – 1: tuoR i gn slocotorp rof dA coh sseleriw eN two :skr I ortn d ,noitcu Is us es in de is gning a or tu ni g orp t co ol
rof dA coh sseleriw Ne wt or ,sk cifissalC a noit fo or u gnit torp oco ,sl Tab el rd evi or gnitu protocol, On-demand ro tu gni
p or tocol.
PA TR - B
TINU 5 6 oH sru
uoR t ni g – :2 H dirby ro gnitu proto ,loc ituoR ng otorp co sl htiw eff ce tive lf doo gni mechan si sm , eiH rar cihc la or tu ing
,slocotorp rewoP a aw er or itu ng prot oco sl .
TINU 6 7 oH sru
tropsnarT Lay re : T tropsnar la rey slocotorp rof Ad coh leriw e ss Networ :sk I tn rod tcu oi n, Issues in d se ig in ng a
snart p tro la rey locotorp rof Ad coh leriw e ss eN t ow r ,sk seD i ng slaog of a t ar sn port lay re orp tocol f ro Ad hoc
leriw ess eN t ,skrow acifissalC t noi fo snart p tro la ey r oitulos n ,s TCP o ev r Ad hoc iw r le e ss Networ sk , O eht r t ar ns rop t
la rey slocotorp rof dA h co iw er le ss Netw kro s.
TINU 7 6 oH sru
uceS rity : :ytiruceS eS c iru ty ni leriw e ss dA coh leriw e ss eN t ow r ,sk eN t krow es c iru ty riuqer eme ,stn sI s seu &
llahc e gn es ni iruces ty p isivor o ,gnin eN two kr iruces ty atta c ,sk Key ma gan eme ,tn eS c eru ro tu i gn in Ad hoc iw r ele ss
krowteN s.
NU TI 8 7 oH sru
QoS: Q ilau ty fo civres e ni dA hoc sseleriw :skrowteN tnI rod ,noitcu Iss eu s and c llah en eg s in orp iv ding QoS in Ad
coh sseleriw eN t ow r ,sk C sal is itacif on fo QoS os l itu o ,sn M CA la rey os l oitu n ,s network la ey r so itul no s.
txeT ooB k :s
1. C. aviS Ram M yhtru & B. S. onaM j: dA hoc W sseleri N te ,skrow 2nd
Ed iti on P, ae rson Edu ac it on 002, 5
ecnerefeR :skooB
1. zO an K. To zugn a dn iugnaiG gi :irarreF Ad hoc Wi er ssel eN twor sk , Jo nh W li ey, 02 07.
2. hzuiX en ehC n ,g oaiX ,gnuH gniD - uhZ D :u dA hoc sseleriW eN twork ni ,g lK u ew r acA de im c Pub il s sreh , 02 40 .
3. K.C . To :h cohdA eliboM W sseleri skrowteN - rP otoco sl and S tsy e ,sm Pearson dE u ac it o ,n 2002.

dA coH sseleriW teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
CONTEN ST
S .l No. retpahC Des tpirc ion aP ge oN .
.1 TINU – 1 TCUDORTNI I NO 3
.2 TINU – 2 CAM – 1 10
.3 TINU – 3 CAM – 2 13
.4 TINU – 4 GNITUOR – 1 18
.5 TINU – 5 GNITUOR – 2 25
.6 TINU – 6 SNART P REYALTRO 40
.7 TINU – 7 TIRUCES Y 52
.8 TINU – 8 SoQ tilauQ( y o )ecivreSf 64
De tp . ,ESIfo TIBJS 2

dA coH riW ssele teN wo kr s 8SI01 41
TINU – 1 INT OR D TCU ION
1. ?skrowteNcoHdAerAtahW
nA da coh krowten si a noitcelloc fo sseleriw elibom sedon ro( )sretuor nyd a im c la ly of r gnim a aropmet ry
krowten tuohtiw eht esu fo yna sixe t gni krowten erutcurtsarfni ro ec dezilartn .noitartsinimda ehT sretuor era
eerf ot vom e ylmodnar dna ezinagro sevlesmeht ;ylirartibra ,suht eht s’krowten eriw l sse ygolopot may egnahc
yldipar dna .ylbatciderpnu hcuS a krowten may etarepo ni a dnats - enola ,noihsaf ro may eb detcennoc ot t eh
I enretn t. ,pohitluM ,ytilibom egral krowten ezis denibmoc htiw ecived ,ytienegoreteh ,htdiwdnab dna yrettab
rewop stniartsnoc ekam eht ngised fo etauqeda gnituor slocotorp a rojam .egnellahc emoS mrof fo gnituor
locotorp si ni lareneg yrassecen ni us hc na tnemnorivne , esuaceb owt stsoh taht may hsiw ot egnahcxe stekcap
nwohssa,yltceridetacinummocotelbaebtonthgim woleb erugiFni 1.1 .
erugiF 1.1 Mo elib ad hoc ten ow kr .
eliboM sresu lliw tnaw ot c etacinummo ni autis t snoi ni hcihw no dexif deriw erutcurtsarfni si ava i .elbal F ro
,elpmaxe a puorg fo raeser c sreh ne etuor ot a ecnerefnoc may eem t ta eht ropria t dna deen ot tcennoc ot eht
ediw aera ,krowten stneduts may deen ot tcaretni gnirud a ,erutcel ro srethgiferif deen ot tcennoc ot na
ecnalubma ne etuor ot na negreme cy .enecs nI hcus ,snoitautis a noitcelloc fo elibom stsoh htiw seleriw s
krowten secafretni yam mrof a te aropm ry krowten tuohtiw eht dia fo yna tse a dehsilb erutcurtsarfni ro
dezilartnec .noitartsinimda esuaceB dawon sya am ny spotpal era deppiuqe htiw lufrewop PC U ,s egral ksiddrah
,sevird dna doog dnuos dna egami ,seitilibapac eht aedi fo gnimrof a krowten gnoma eseht ,srehcraeser
,stneduts ro srebmem fo a eucser ,maet ohw nac ylisae eb deppiuqe htiw eht secived nem denoit ,evoba mees s
bissop l .e hcuS skrowten deviecer elbaredisnoc noitnetta ni tnecer sraey ni htob laicremmoc dna atilim ry
,snoitacilppa eud ot eht evitcartta seitreporp fo gnidliub a krowten no eht ylf dna ton gniriuqer yna dennalperp
serutcurtsarfni lartnecronoitatsesabasahcu rellortnoc .
A elibom da coh krowten ( AM NET) puorg sah neeb demrof w nihti IET .F ehT amirp ry sucof fo siht gnikrow
puorg si ot poleved dna evlove MAN TE snoitacificeps dna ecudortni meht ot eht nI t tenre dradnats .kcart The
laog si ot troppus elibom ad coh skrowten htiw sderdnuh fo sretuor dna os l ev ch segnella ni iht s dnik fo
ten w .kro emoS egnellahc s taht da coh gnikrowten fa sec era limi det riw e ssel rt a simsn s noi ,egnar neddih
lanimret ,smelborp tekcap sessol eud ot imsnart noiss ,srorre libom ti y- decudni etuor ,segnahc dna ettab ry
tniartsnoc s. eliboM da coh skrowten dluoc ecnahne eht ecivres aera fo ssecca skrowten dna edivorp seleriw s
ytivitcennoc otni saera with roop ro suoiverp ly on egarevoc ,.g.e( llec .)segde itcennoC ytiv ot eriw d
erutcurtsarfni lliw eb dedivorp hguorht elpitlum syawetag htiw ylbissop tnereffid c seitilibapa dna noitazilitu .
oT vorpmi e ,ecnamrofrep t eh elibom soh t dluohs evah eht iliba ty ot tpada ot noitairav ni ofrep r ecnam dna
egarevoc dna ot hctiws wetag a sy nehw .laicifeneb oT ecnahne eht noitciderp fo eht tseb llarevo ofrep r ,ecnam a
krowten - reyal cirtem sah a retteb weivrevo fo eht .krowten dA coh gnikrowten sgnirb serutaef ekil ysae
noitcennoc ot ssecca ,skrowten nyd a cim pohitlum krowten tcurts ,seru dna tcerid reep -to- reep co noitacinumm .

T eh pohitlum reporp ty fo an da coh krowten sdeen ot eb degdirb yb a wetag ay to eht wi der .enobkcab The
wetag ay tsum evah a krowten ecafretni no ob ht t sepy fo skrowten dna eb a trap fo htob eht labolg gnituor dna
lacoleht da .gnituorcoh
1.1 fiD f secnere teb w nee ralulleC dna dA coH sseleriW teN w ro ks
krowteNsseleriWcoHdAfosnoitacilppA2.1 s
ehT dleif fo sseleriw gnikrowten me segre morf eht noitargetni fo lanosrep ,gnitupmoc ralullec ,ygolonhcet dna
eht tenretnI . sihT si eud to eht gnisaercni noitcaretni s neewteb noitacinummoc a dn ,gnitupmoc hcihw era
gnignahc noitamrofni ssecca rf om a“ n emity an ”erehwy otni la“ l eht it ,em eve r wy h ”.ere At ,tneserp a egral
yteirav fo skrowten ,stsixe gnignar morf eht llew -k nwon erutcurtsarfni fo ralullec skrowten ot non
erutcurtsarfni dasseleriw skrowtencoh .
:skrowtensseleriwcohdafosnoitacilppaehteragniwollofehT
rowtenytinummoC k
krowtenesirpretnE
krowtenemoH
owtenesnopserycnegremE rk
rowtenelciheV k
rowtenrosneS k
ekilnU a dexif sseleriw ,krowten sseleriw da coh ro no - ht e- ylf skrowten era deziretcarahc yb eht kcal fo
curtsarfni tur .e sedoN ni a elibom da coh krowten era eerf ot mo ev dna ezinagro esmeht l sev ni na artibra ry
.noihsaf resuhcaE si eerf maorot tuoba elihw inummoc c gnita htiw srehto . htapehT neewteb hcae riap fo sresu
may evah elpitlum ,sknil and eht oidar neewteb meht nac eb .suoenegoreteh sihT swolla na a noitaicoss fo
suoirav sknil ot eb a trap fo eht emas .krowten eliboM da coh skrowten nac etarepo ni a dnats - enola noihsaf ro
dluoc ylbissop eb detcennoc ot a regral krowten hcus sa eht .tenretnI dA coh skrowten era detius rof esu ni
snoitautis erehw na erutcurtsarfni si elbaliavanu ro ot lped oy eno si ton tsoc - .evitceffe enO fo ynam lbissop e
sesu fo elibom da coh skrowten si ni emos ssenisub ,stnemnorivne erehw eht deen rof evitaroballoc gnitupmoc
thgim eb erom tnatropmi edistuo eht eciffo orivne n tnem t nah ,edisni hcus sa ni a ssenisub gniteem edistuo ht e
ganostneilcfeirboteciffo i ngissanev m .tne
A elibom da coh krowten nac osla eb desu ot edivorp sisirc tnemeganam es r seciv ,snoitacilppa hcus sa ni
retsasid ,yrevocer erehw ht e eritne co tacinumm noi rfni a erutcurts si rtsed o dey dna r gnitrose noitacinummoc
ylkciuq si .laicurc By gnisu a elibom da coh ,krowten na erutcurtsarfni dluoc eb tes pu ni sruoh daetsni fo
,skeew sa si deriuqer ni eht esac fo deriw enil cinummoc a .noit axenoitacilpparehtonA elpm fo a elibom da coh

krowten si ,htooteulB hcihw si dengised ot troppus a lanosrep aera krowten AP( N) yb gnitanimile eht deen of r
seriw neewteb suoirav ved i ,sec hcus sa sretnirp dna nosrep la latigid .stnatsissa ehT suomaf EEEI 11.208 ro
iFiW locotorp osla stroppus na da coh krowten tsys em ni eht ecnesba fo a sseleriw ssecca .tniop A elibom da
silbatsesecivedelibomfonoitcellocasikrowtencoh h ltrohsagni i ev ro te aropm ry en t krow ni t eh ecnesba fo a
gnitroppus .erutcurts eliboM da coh skrowten nac eb desu ni gnihsilbatse ,tneiciffe d imany c noitacinummoc
snoitarepoyratilimdna,ycnegreme,eucserrof .
.1 3 ellahChcraeseRdnalacinhceT nges
eliboM da coh skrowten esop lareves cinhcet la dna hcraeser segnellahc taht deen ot eb .desserdda dA coh
erutcetihcra sah am ny eb n ,stife hcus sa les f- noitarugifnocer dna ilibatpada ty to hgih ly av r elbai elibom
scitsiretcarahc hcus sa rewop dna simsnart s noi ,snoitidnoc ciffart tsid r ,snoitubi dna aol d .gnicnalab ehT se
stifeneb esop wen segnellahc hcihw ylniam ediser ni eht ytilibatciderpnu fo krowten ygolopot eud ot eht
ytilibom fo ,sedon ,hcihw delpuoc htiw eht lacol tsacdaorb ilibapac ty, sesuac a tes fo snrecnoc ni gningised a
etsysnoitacinummoc tnom o skrowtensseleriwcohdafop .
1.3.1 ytiruceS seussI a dn Ch ella n seg
ytiruceS sah emoceb a mirp a yr nrecnoc ot edivorp detcetorp noitacinummoc neewteb elibom sedon ni a elitsoh
ne v nori m ne t. U ekiln eht wi der enil ,skrowten eht euqinu citsiretcarahc s fo bom i el da coh skrowten esop a
rebmun fo rtnon i aiv l llahc e segn ot ytiruces ,ngised hcus sa nepo reep -to- reep en t krow ,erutcetihcra derahs
sseleriw idem u ,m tnegnirts ecruoser ,stniartsnoc dna ylhgih d ny a cim krowten to .ygolop esehT segnellahc
ylraelc ekam a esac rof gnidliub ecnefitlum ytiruces snoitulos taht eveihca htob daorb noitcetorp dna elbarised
krowten .ecnamrofrep enO fo eht latnemadnuf seitilibarenluv fo AM N sTE semoc rf om rieht nepo reep - ot - eep r
.erutcetihcra ekilnU deriw skrowten taht evah detacided ,sretuor hcae elibom edon ni na da coh krowten may
noitcnuf sa a retuor dna of r draw stekcap rof rehto .sedon ehT sseleriw lennahc is elbissecca ot htob gel iti tam e
krowten sresu dna suoicilam .srekcatta sA a ,tluser ereht si on raelc enil fo ed esnef ni AM N sTE morf eht
ytiruces ngised .evitcepsrep ehT yradnuob taht setarapes eht edisni krowten morf eht edistuo dlrow semoceb
.derrulb erehT si on llew - denifed ecalp ro erutcurtsarfni erehw ew may lped oy a elgnis iruces ty ulos t noi .
,revoeroM atrop elb ,secived sa llew sa eht tsys em s ytiruce ofni r noitam yeht ,erots era elbarenluv ot
sesimorpmoc ro ph lacisy ,erutpac yllaicepse ol w- dne secived wi ht kaew .noitcetorp srekcattA may kaens tni o
eht krowten hguorht eseht detrevbus ,sedon hcihw esop eht aew tsek knil dna rucni a onimod tceffe fo iruces ty
sehtnisehcaerb y ets m.
ehT tnegnirts ecruoser stniartsnoc ni sTENAM etutitsnoc rehtona laivirtnon egnellahc ot ytiruces .ngised hT e
sseleriw lennahc si htdiwdnab deniartsnoc dna derahs gnoma elpitlum ten gnikrow .seititne ehT noitatupmoc
ytilibapac fo a elibom edon si osla .deniartsnoc roF ,elpmaxe emos wol - dne ,secived hcus sa ,sADP nac yldrah
mrofrep co oitatupm n- evisnetni sksat l eki as emmy t cir cr cihpargotpy .noitatupmoc esuaceB elibom secived era
ipyt yllac derewop by ,seirettab yeht may ha ev yrev li detim ygrene .secruoser ehT sseleriw idem um dna edon
rafesopytilibom erom d ny a skrowtenenilderiwehtotderapmocsTENAMniscim .
ehT evoba scitsiretcarahc fo sTENAM ylraelc ekam a esac rof gnidliub lum efit n ec ytiruces ulos t snoi taht
eveihca htob daorb noitcetorp dna elbarised krowten .ecnamrofrep ,tsriF eht ytiruces so noitul dluohs daerps
amssorca n locriehtnoylerdnastnenopmoclaudividniy l noitcetorpevitce erucesotrewop eht eritne krowten .
ehT ytiruces emehcs detpoda yb hcae ecived sah ot krow nihtiw sti nwo ecruoser li atim t snoi ni smret of
noitatupmoc ,ytilibapac ,yromem noitacinummoc ,yticapac dna ygrene .ylppus ,dnoceS eht ytiruces noitulos
dluohs naps tnereffid sreyal fo eht locotorp cats ,k htiw hcae reyal gnitubirtnoc ot a enil fo .esnefed oN elgnis -
la rey noitulos si elbissop ot t trawh lla itnetop al .skcatta T ,drih eht ytiruces noitulos sh dluo trawht staerht rf om
htob sredistuo ohw hcnual skcatta no eht sseleriw lennahc dna krowten opot ,ygol dna sredisni ohw kaens otni
eht tsys em hguorht desimorpmoc secived dna niag ssecca ot niatrec ys s met wonk l .egde ,htruoF eht ytiruces
noitulos dluohs ssapmocne lla eerht stnenopmoc fo verp e ,noitn ,noitceted dna noitcaer taht krow ni trecnoc ot
raug d eht metsys rf om lloc a .esp laniF l ,y eht ytiruces noitulos dluohs eb lacitcarp dna elbadroffa ni a hgih ly
d ecruoserdnacimany - tsnoc r gnikrowtendenia oiranecs .

sseleriWcoHdAniseussI4.1 krowteN s
tnereffiD sepyt fo et r slanim mrof om st fo eht da coh skrowten — rof ,elpmaxe DP A- ekil ,secived bom i el
,senohp owt - yaw ,sregap ,srosnes ro potksed sretupmoc — htiw tnereffid seitilibapac ni smret fo mumixam
noissimsnart ,rewop ygrene ,ytilibaliava ytilibom ttap e ,snr dna SoQ .stnemeriuqer dA coh skrowten era
slanimretfosmretnisuoenegoretehyllareneg dna .dereffosecivres
renefosmretnI g simsnartfosmretniytienegoretehedonylnotonredisnocotsaheno,rewopdnay s noi
rewop dna ygrene a iav ibal l ,yti tub osla av r gniy co noitacinumm ,segnar hcus sa gnipeels ro vitca e sedom dna
eht ecnetsixe fo ygrene .seilppus dA coh skrowten esiar wen seussi gninrecnoc ytiruces dna avirp c .y dA coh
skrowten tirehni emos fo eht lanoitidart smelborp fo sseleriw noitacinummoc dna sseleriw :gnikrowten T eh
sseleriw idem um seod on t evah reporp seiradnuob edistuo fo hcihw sedon era nwonk ot eb elbanu ot ecer ive
krowten .semarf ehT sseleriw lennahc si ,kaew ,elbailernu dna detcetorpnu morf edistuo ,slangis hcihw may
esuac stol fo smelborp ot eht sedon ni eht .krowten ehT sseleriw lennahc sah emit - gniyrav dna irtemmysa c
seitreporpnoitagaporp . neddiH - desopxednaedon - ruccoyamsmelborpedon .
seussIhcraeseRlocotorP)CAM(lortnoCsseccAmuideM1.4.1
sseleriW tlum elpi ssecca nac eb dezirogetac otni modnar ssecca ,.g.e( AMSC dna AMSC htiw noisilloC
D noitcete MSC[ A/ DC )] dellortnocdna ssecca ,.g.e( TDMA dna nekot - desab .)semehcs R modna ssecca liw l eb
foesuacebskrowtencohdarofelbatius kcal fo erutcurtsarfni us tropp . I eht,noitiddan I 11.208EEE (WL NA )
eettimmoc sa eht sisab rof sti sdradnats detceles eht C MS A C/ A .emehcs ehT ngised fo CAM slocotorp rof a
emnorivnecohdapohitlum n asit toh hcraeser eussi .
seussIgnikrowteN2.4.1
tsoM fo eht niam lanoitcnuf seiti fo eht gnikrowten slocotorp deen ot eb .dengiseder gnikrowteN slocotorp esu
eno - poh simsnart s noi secivres dedivorp by eht gnilbane seigolonhcet ot tcurtsnoc dne -to- dne led i ev ry civres e
morf a rednes gnideen ot etacol eht reviecer edisni eht krowten . ehT esoprup fo eht noitacol secivres si ot
yllacimanyd pam ot sti tnerruc noitacol ni eht .krowten tnerruC snoitulos yllareneg detpoda ot eganam elibom
slanimret ni erutcurtsarfni skrowten era ,etauqedani dna wen sehcaorppa deen ot eb dnuof rof elibom
m egana m .tne A mis p el ulos t noi ot edon noitacol si desab no gnidoolf eht noitacol euq ry hguorht eht krowten .
sihT hcaorppa si elbatius rof ylno detimil - ezis .skrowten gnillortnoC eht gnidoolf aera nac pleh ot enifer eht
uqinhcet e. deveihcaebnacsihT by laudarg ly ehtlitnu,gnisaercni edon si ,detacol eht rebmun fo ovnispoh l ev d
ehtni gnidoolf noitagaporp .
3.4.1 drawroFdnagnituoRcoHdA i gn
ehT ylhgih d ny a cim rutan e fo a elibom da coh krowten stluser ni tneuqerf dna elbatciderpnu segnahc fo
rowten k ,ygolopot gnidda ytluciffid dna ytixelpmoc ot gnituor gnoma eht elibom .sedon ehT segnellahc dna
,seitixelpmoc delpuoc htiw eht lacitirc i ecnatropm fo gnituor locotorp ni gnihsilbatse snoitacinummoc gnoma
,sedonelibom aeragnituorehtekam eht som t ca ti ev eser a hcr aera htiw eht M NA TE niamod . ehT acifissalc t noi
fo eht gnituor slocotorp can eb enod aiv ht e t py e of tsac reporp ty, taht ,si hw e reht ht ey esu a U ,tsacin
tsacdaorBrotsacoeGro,tsacitluM R gnituo P locotor .
nituoRtsacinU4.4.1 g
A yramirp laog fo tsacinU gnituoR P slocotor si eht tcerroc dna tneiciffe etuor tnemhsilbatse dna ecnanetniam
neewteb a riap fo ,sedon os taht segassem may eb dereviled ylbailer dna ni a t mi e yl .rennam TENAM
ridehtekamscitsiretcarahc e esehtfoesutc slocotorp ni elbisaef . PgnituoRTENAM r slocoto m nietarepotsu
ylhgihhtiwskrowteN d ny a ecruosernonursmhtiroglagnituorerehwseigolopotcim - deniartsnoc secived .
TENAM gnituoR P slocotor era lacipyt ly dedividbus tni o owt niam :seirogetac caorp t evi gnituor slocotorp dna
evitcaer gnituor .slocotorp P evitcaor gnituor slocotorp era red i dev rf om atsid n ec - rotcev dna nil k- ts a et
.slocotorp yehT niatniam tnetsisnoc dna detadpu gnituor noitamrofni rof e ev ry p ria fo krowten sedon by
,gnitagaporp ,ylevitcaorp r etuo setadpu at dexif ti em vretni a .sl As eht ituor ng mrofni a noit is lausu ly
elbaT“saotderreferoslaeraslocotorpeseht,selbatnideniatniam -D nevir ”.slocotorp

nituoRtsacitluM5.4.1 g
gnitsacitluM is na tneiciffe noitacinummoc ecivres rof gnitroppus tniopitlum .snoitacilppa owT niam
sehcaorppa era desu rof tsacitlum gnituor ni dexif :skrowten puorg - derahs eert dna ecruos - cificeps .eert nI eht
puorg ,erahs a elgnis eert si detcurtsnoc rof eht elohw .puorg ehT ecruos - cificeps hcaorppa ,sniatniam rof cae h
,ecruos a eert drawot lla its .sreviecer erehT era owt sepyt fo lum t tsaci locotorp s: MA DO V dna Ad H co
tsacitluM gnituoR P locotor gnizilitU gnisaercnI DI - srebmuN MA( RIS .) htoB slocotorp era no dnamed dna
yreviledderahsatcurtsnoc tr noissestsacitlumanihtiwsreviecerdnasredneselpitlumtroppusotee .
ehT ygolopot fo a sseleriw elibom krowten nac eb ev ry d ,cimany dna ecneh eht ecnanetniam fo a detcennoc
meertgnituortsacitlum ay ca voegralesu .daehre
noitacoL6.4.1 - gnituoRerawA
noitacoL - erawa gnituor slocotorp ,esu gnirud gnidrawrof ,snoitarepo eht s’edon noitisop dedivorp by G labol
gninoitisoP tsyS em (G )SP ro rehto inahcem s .sm yllacificepS , a edon stceles t eh txen poh rof tekcap
idrawrof gn yb gnisu eht lacisyhp noitisop fo sti eno - poh srobhgien dna eht lacisyhp p noitiso fo eht noitanitsed
don e. noitacoL - erawa ituor ng seod ton eriuqer retuor tnemhsilbatse dna .ecnanetniam oN gnituor noitamrofni
si .derots ehT esu fo oeg - noitacol tamrofni noi sdiova krowten ediw ,sehcraes sa htob lortnoc dna atad stekcap
era tnes drawot eht nwonk lacihpargoeg setanidrooc fo eht noitanitsed .edon eerhT niam seigetarts nac eb
noitacolnideifitnedi - ,gnidrawrofydeerg:slocotorpgnituorerawa detcerid idoolf ,gn dna lacihcrareih gnituor .
ydeerG :gnidrawrof nI siht epyt fo etarts gy, a edon eirt s ot drawrof eht tekcap ot eno fo sti srobhgien taht si
estinahtnoitanitsedehtotresolc fl . fI seciohctnereffid,stsixeedonresolcenonahterom era elbissop . I ,f no the
rehto ,dnah on resolc robhgien ,stsixe wen selur era dedulcni ni eht ydeerg etarts g sei ot dnif na evitanretla
tuor e.
D tceri :gnidoolf D gnitceri fl gnidoo sedon drawrof eht stekcap ot lla srobhgien aht t are detacol ni eht noitcerid
fo eht tanitsed .noi ecnatsiD gnituoR tceffE mhtiroglA rof ytiliboM )MAERD( dna noitacoL diA gnituoR
ylppatahtsmhtiroglagnituorowtera)RAL( elpicnirpsiht .
lacihcrareiH :gnituor T eh acoL t noi P yxor gnituoR P locotor dna eht T onimre de R gnituo P locotor era
acihcrareih l gnituor slocotorp ni hcihw gnituor si derutcurts ni owt la .srey htoB slocotorp ylppa tnereffid elur s
ot gnol - dna trohs id s ecnat ,gnituor ylevitcepser . itacoL on- erawa gnituor is desu rof r gnituo no gnol ,secnatsid
otesolcsevirratekcapanehwsaerehw ecnatsidevitcaorpa,noitanitsedeht - rotcev emehcs si detpoda .
ortnoCnoissimsnarT7.4.1 l seussI)PCT(locotorP
CT P si na evitceffe noitcennoc - detneiro tropsnart ortnoc l locotorp taht sedivorp eht e laitness wolf lortnoc dna
noitsegnoc lortnoc eriuqer d ot erusne lbailer e tekcap eviled r .y N suoremu stnemecnahne dna tpo i noitazim s
weftsapehtrevodesoporpneebevah CTevorpmiotsraey P erutcurtsarfnirofecnamrofrep - dnasNALWdesab
ralullec gnikrowten orivne n .stnem rutcurtsarfnI e- desab sseleriw krowten s era poheno sseleriw skrowten erehw
a elibom cived e sesu eht w sseleri idem um ot ssecca the dexif .erutcurtsarfni ehT libom e pohitlum da coh
otsegnellahchserfsgnirbtnemnorivne T PC locotorp .
wollofehtedulcniseussinepodnasaerahcraeserniamehT :gni
fotcapmI m ytilibo
reyalCAMnoitcaretnisedoN
noitsegnocPCTfotcapmI w odni w ezis
slocotorpCAMneewtebnoitcaretnI
ytiruceSkrowteN8.4.1
T eh sseleriw da coh erutan fo MA EN T sgnirb wen iruces ty segnellahc to eht n krowte .ngised iW rel sse
ten skrow era yllareneg erom elbarenluv ot noitamrofni dna lacisyhp ytiruces staerht th na dexif deriw skrowten .
ygolopotgnignahcyllacimanyddna,erutcurtsarfnifoecnesba,sedondnaslennahcfoytilibarenluV ekam da
coh ’skrowten ytiruces a tluciffid .ksat tsacdaorB sseleriw slennahc wolla em s egas gnippordsevae dna
tcejni i .no ehT ecnesba fo erutcurtsarfni sekam eht cissalc iruces ty ulos t snoi desab no noitacifitrec seitirohtua
elbacilppanisrevresenilnodna .

ytiruceStnereffiD9.4.1 A kcatt s
gniruceS sseleriw da coh skrowten si a hgih ly ahc l gnignel .eussi erehT era niatrec cificeps skcatta ot hcihw ht e
da coh txetnoc si .elbarenluv P gnimrofre noitacinummoc ni eerf ecaps sesopxe da coh rowten sk ot pordsevae
ro tcejni .segassem Ad coh krowten skcatta nac eb deifissalc otni tca i ev dna evissap .skcatta A evissap kcatta
seod ton tcejni any ,egassem tub snetsil ot eht .lennahc A evissap kcatta seirt ot revocsid elbaulav ofni r itam no
dna seod ton ecudorp yna wen ciffart ni eht .krowten nI eht esac fo na evitca ,kcatta segassem era detresni otni
eht ;krowten hcus skcatta evlovni snoitca hcus sa ,noitacilper acifidom t ,noi dna noiteled fo degnahcxe .atad In
srepmieraskcattaevitca,skrowtencohda laineD,noitano O D(ecivreSf O ,)S erusolcsiddna kcatta .
:noitanosrepmI In iht s pyt e fo ,kcatta sedon may nioj eht krowten ,ylbatcetednu ro dnes eslaf nituor g
,noitamrofni gnidareuqsam sa emos rehto detsurt .edon A kcalb eloh kcatta sllaf in siht ogetac ry: ,ereh a
suoicilam edon sesu eht ro gnitu locotorp ot evda r esit flesti as gnivah eht setrohs t htap ot eht edon esohw
stekcap ti stnaw ot .tpecretni laineD fo :ecivres skcattA ekil gnituor elbat wolfrevo dna peels noitavirped llaf ni
siht .yrogetac csiD erusol :kcatta A noitacol erusolcsid kcatta nac laever gnihtemos tuoba eht yhp s laci noitacol
fo sedon ro eht erutcurts fo eht .krowten owT t epy s fo iruces ty inahcem s sm c na eb yllareneg :deilppa
itneverp v itceteddnae ve. P evitnever yterasmsinahcem p llaci yeknodesaby - cdesab r .yhpargotpy
gnituoReruceS01.4.1
suoicilaM sedon nac tpursid eht tcerroc gninoitcnuf fo a gnituor locotorp yb idom f gniy gnituor noitamrofni ,
gnitacirbaf eslaf gnituor amrofni t ,noi dna i gnitanosrepm rehto .sedon ehT eruceS R nituo g P locotor )PRS( si na
noisnetxe taht si deilppa ot lareves gnitsixe tcaer i ev tuor i gn .slocotorp RS P si desab no eht noitpmussa fo ht e
ecnetsixe fo a iruces ty ossa c noitai neewteb eht rednes and reviecer desab no a derahs terces key detaitogen ta
eht noc noitcen putes . RS P tahtskcattaehttsniagasthgif etuorehttpursid evocsid ry ssecorp . agnitaitiniedonA
fitnediotelbasiyrevocsidetuor y .noitamrofnignituoreslafdracsiddna
11.4.1 ecivreSfoytilauQ (QoS)
ytilibaehT fo a krowten edivorpot Q So nosdneped eht cisnirtni scitsiretcarahc fo lla eht krowten ,stnenopmoc
morf noissimsnart sknil ot CAM dna krowten la .srey sseleriW sknil evah a wol dna ylhgih elbairav ,yticapac
dna hgih ssol .setar seigolopoT era ylhgih d cimany and evah hgih tekcap ssol .setar modnaR ssecca – desab
onevahslocotorpCAM Q So troppus .
SoQ CAM slocotorp evlos eht smelborp fo idem um oc n ,noitnet troppus elbailer tsacinu ,snoitacinummoc dna
edivorp ecruoser noitavreser rof aer l-time fart f ci ni a detubirtsid w sseleri ivne ro .tnemn suoremuN CAM
slocotorp dna stnemevorpmi taht evah desoporp slocotorp taht nac edivorp SoQ seetnaraug ot laer - emit ciffart
ni a detubirtsid sseleriw tnemnorivne edulcni G puor A noitacoll elpitluM A ssecc htiw P kcabyggi R noitavrese
cotorp)RP/AMAG( sinahcemnoitnetnoc)BB(tsruBkcalBdnalo m.
W5.1 i tenretnIsseler
sseleriW tenretnI sah emoceb elbissop hguorht eht love u noit fo elbatrop retupmoc s a dn sseleriw snoitcennoc
revo a elibom enohpelet .krowten ,revewoH eht noitazilaer fo a elibom upmoc ti gn tnemnorivne seriuqer a
noitacinummoc erutcetihcra hcihw ton ylno si co elbitapm htiw eht tnerruc serutcetihcra tub osla sekat otni
tnuocca eht cificeps serutaef fo ytilibom dna .ssensseleriw nI eht tsal wef ,sraey ew evah nees na esaercni ni
eht esu of tenretnI s tsy e sm sa llew sa na esaercni ni elibom .snoitacinummoc ,woN am ny secivres fo hgih
ytilitu ot eht dne sresu era desab no eht tenretnI .ygolonhcet fI a ecnegrevnoc fo eht elibom dna In enret t
seigolonhcet nac eb ,deveihca ti dluow eb lufrewop in gnizilaer tsav seimonoce of elacs sa llew sa hgih ly
elbixelf secivres .smroftalp ,tuB ot eganam a elbailer sseleriw ,tenretnI eerht sdnik fo stniartsnoc evah ot eb
:deiduts ehT sseleriw gnitarepo ,tnemnorivne ehT gnitsixe tenretnI ,erutcetihcra ehT mil noitati fo eht dne
everaskrowtensseleriW,secived ry snosaergniwollofehtrofgnitseretni 8
boM i ytil
itnoitallatsnidecudeR me
ibailerdesaercnI l yti
gnoL - sgnivastsocmret

noitcennocretnI tenretnIehtdnaskrowteNcoHdAeliboMfo
ehT noitcennocretni fo elibom da coh skrowten ot fi dex PI en t ow r sk si eno of the t po i sc er ec ivi gn om er
noitnetta nihtiw eht ENAM T gnikrow gr puo of t eh I TE F as ew ll sa ni ynam r aese r hc orp j ce ts f dednu yb
eht uE r naepo .noinU lareveS snoitulos evah yltnecer neeb ,desoporp tub at t ih s it em ti is cnu l ae r hcihw
seno reffo eht seb t rep for cnam e pmoc era d to t eh othe .sr ehT tenretnI si a vitarepooc le y r nu oc ll ecti no fo
retupmoc owten r sk t ah t ps an the gl bo e. tI si osla a vast c lo l tce i no fo res secruo : ,elpoep i ofn r am it ,no dna
.aidemitlum T nnocdna,stnemegnarra,stnemeergaforebmunasebircsed”tenretnI“droweh ec it no s.
ennoctenretnI2.1erugiF itc no
In ,tcaf ti si a owten rk of n te ow rks— om re sicerp le ,y a en t ow rk of l aco l a er a en t ow rks. hcaE laudividni
krowten sah i st nwo amod in dna ah s ps ecific er s uo rc se dna bapac ilit ei .s erugiF 2.1 swohs a si elpm
tenretnI cennoc it .no T eh tenretnI sreffo a eirav ty of es rv ci es hcus as e- am li , aobyek rd-to- obyek ra d
hc ,gnitta laer - emit eciov dna vi oed nummoc i tac i ,no a dn t eh rt fsna re , stor ,ega dna er trie av l of fi .sel ehT
tenretnI sesu a metsys of pa kc te s iw t hc i gn rof ad ta rt na s ef r. ehT enretnI t saw ed is deng to eb hi hg ly
.tsubor nI esac eno noitces fo eht krowten emaceb i ,elbarepon stekcap dluoc ylpmis eb se tn evo r ona t reh
tsedriehthcaerdnaetuor i an t .noi

TINU – 2 M CA – 1
krowteNsseleriWcoHdArofslocotorPreyaLCAM1.2 s
muideM A ssecc lortnoC )CAM( slocotorp pl ya an opmi tr na t ro el in t eh rep f mro ance of t eh M ibo le dA
coh owteN r sk ENAM( Ts). A CAM locotorp senifed woh hcae bom eli inu t c na erahs the il m ti de wir le sse
htdiwdnab cruoser e in na e ff ici ent nnam re . T eh s uo r ec a dn des it tan i no uoc ld be far ,yawa dna hcae it me
stekcap deen to eb rel deya f mor eno edon to ona th re ni um itl poh af hs i ,no a muidem has to eb ac ec ssed.
vehtnihtiwsedonehtgnimrofniylnoseriuqerylreporpmuidemagnisseccA icini oyt artf nsm si si .no MAC
slocotorp oc lortn ssecca ot eht noissimsnart dem i ehT.mu ri aim si to pr vo i ed na or red ly dna fe f neici t esu
fo eht ommoc n ceps t mur . T eseh slocotorp era elbisnopser of r ep r- il kn c enno tc noi lbatse i nemhs t (i.e ,.
gniriuqca eht )muidem dna rep - knil noitcennoc noitallecnac ( ,.e.i gnisaeler eht .)muidem enO fo eht
latnemadnuf segnellahc ni TENAM hcraeser si woh ot esaercni eht llarevo krowten thr tuphguo elihw
gniniatniam wol ygrene noitpmusnoc rof tekcap pr co ess gni a dn nummoc ci a it no s. ehT wol tuphguorht si
detubirtta ot eht hsrah hc a ar tc er tsi i sc of the r da io nnahc le bmoc i den iw th the c no t ne it no - ab s de an t eru fo
ylnommocslocotorpCAM ENAMnidesu sT .
gnidrageR eht CAM locotorp rof a sseleriw ENAM T, eht fo ll wo i gn performance meas ru es dluohs eb
:deredisnoc T tuphguorh dna led :ya tuphguorhT si yllareneg derusaem as the ep r nec t ga e of us c ec ssf lu ly
dettimsnart oidar - knil vel le rf ma es rep nu ti it .em noissimsnarT yaled si denifed sa the i etn r av l eb t neew
eht emarf lavirra emit ta eht CAM reyal of a t msnar ti t re dna the it me at hw ci h the art msn ti ter r ae il sez t tah
eht dettimsnart emarf sah neeb ccus e ss f lu ly r ce ie dev yb t eh r ce ie v re . :ssenriaF ,yllareneG ssenriaf
serusaem woh riaf eht nnahc le al acol it no si a gnom t eh lf wo s in t eh diff re ent bom eli .sedon ehT edon
ytilibom dna eht lernu ytilibai fo radio hc a enn ls are eht t ow am in f ca t sro t ah t pmi act f ia r sen s. nE er yg
ffe i :ycneic ,yllareneG ygrene ycneiciffe si derusaem sa t eh fra tc i no of t eh us ufe l ne re yg c pmusno it no rof(
lufsseccus emarf t otehtot)noissimsnar at l ene r yg neps t. demitluM i sihT:troppusa ehtsi iliba ty fo a M CA
uphguorhtsahcus,stnemeriuqerecivrestnereffidhtiwciffartetadommoccaotlocotorp t, de dna,yal
emarf l so s ar te.
2.2 tnatropmI sI s eu s dna eht deeN rof muideM sseccA lortnoC )CAM(
slocotorP
erehT era reves la i opm rtant i euss s in da coh wir ele ss en t ow r .sk tsoM da coh sseleriw owten rk
snoitacilppa esu eht ,lairtsudnI cifitneicS dna lacideM ( SI )M dnab t ah t is free fr mo il gnisnec of r am il ties.
esuaceB sseleriw si a ylthgit noc rt lo l de medi ,mu ti sah a il m ti de hc a enn l wdnab idth t ah t is t py i ac ll y hcum
rellams naht taht of iw r de en t ow rks. ,sediseB eht sseleriw muidem si yltnerehni orre r pr no e. nevE hguoht
a oidar may evah ffus i tneic lennahc ,htdiwdnab fact ro s such as um itl ple ca c se s, is ang l f da i ,gn a dn esion
dna ecnerefretni nac esuac eht evitceffe tuphguorht ni eriw el ss en t ow rks ot eb is ing fic na tly l ewo r.
esuaceB sseleriw sedon may eb ,elibom eht krowten ygolopot nac egnahc f uqer e tn ly w ti uoh t yna
elbatciderp patter .n yllausU eht l skni b te neew edon s uow ld be bidirec it ano l, ub t ereht yam be cases nehw
secnereffid ni noissimsnart ewop r gi ev ir se to idinu er tc i ano l il kn s, hw i hc secen sitate ceps ial t aer t nem t yb
eht CAM protoco sl . dA coh krowten sedon tsum evresnoc ygrene sa yeht som lt y ler y no tab t re ies as t rieh
op rew .ecruos ytiruceS seussi dluohs eb deredisnoc ni eht llarevo krowten ,ngised sa ti is rel ta i ev ly ae sy
ot pordsevae no sseleriw transm issi .no gnituoR slocotorp eriuqer noitamrofni tuoba t eh ruc er nt t opo l ,ygo
os taht a r uo te fr mo a ecruos to a tsed i an it no may be .dnuof ,revewoH eht gnitsixe gnituor s emehc s, s hcu

sa ecnatsid - rotcev dna knil - etats - desab prot oco l ,s lead to oop r r uo et evnoc r ecneg a dn l wo t uphguorh t rof
anyd m ygolopotci . T ereh eleriwcohdaehtnidedeensisemehcsgnituorfoteswena,erof s tnocs ext. The
CAM ,reyal semitemos osla derrefer ot sa a bus - reyal fo t eh ad ta- il kn l eya r, ovni lv se t eh cnuf it no s dna
serudecorp yrassecen ot refsnart atad owtneewteb eromro sedon fo the en t .krow tI ehtsi foytilibisnopser
eht CAM reyal ot ep fr mro e rr or oc r tcer i no for amona il es rucco ir gn in the yhp is lac al ey r. ehT reyal
smrofrep cificeps seitivitca rof fr ma i ,gn syhp i ac l a dd r se is ,gn dna f wol a dn er or r noc rt o sl . elbisnopsersitI
rof r gnivlose stcilfnoc a gnom d fi ef r ne t edon s for hc a enn l ecca s .s esuaceB eht CAM reyal h sa a id r tce
gniraeb no woh ylbailer dna yltneiciffe atad nac eb rt na sm etti d eb t neew t ow sedon gnola the r uo it gn ap th
ni eht ,krowten ti stceffa eht ilauq ty of servi ec ( oQ S) of t eh en t ow r .k T eh ngised fo a CAM locotorp
ybdesuacseussisserddaosladluohs mitelbailernunadnasedonfoytilibom e- av r lennahcgniy .
neddihfonoitartsullI1.2erugiF - desopxedna - melborplanimret
torPCAMfonoitacifissalC3.2 oc slo
suoiraV CAM semehcs depoleved rof sseleriw da coh owten rks nac eb c al iss f dei as nwohs in Fi ug re 2.2 .
In noitnetnoc - eerf semehcs ,.g.e( emiT Di noisiv elpitluM eccA ss [T AMD ], rF e uq e ycn Div isi no luM it ple
sseccA ,]AMDF[ dna edoC noisiviD elpitluM Ac ec ss AMDC[ )] , certain a ss i mng en st era us de to diova
noc t tne i .sno noitnetnoC -ba des ,semehcs no t eh ehto r ,dnah are awa re of eht sir k of collisi no s fo
dettimsnart ad t .a noitnetnoC - eerf CAM semehcs era erom elbacilppa ot citats skrowten rat eh r t nah
wkrowten ortnocdezilartnecehthti l.
orpCAMfonoitacifissalC2.2erugiF t oco ls

rehtonA yrogetac sdneped no ygrene - ciffe ei nt prot oco ls ta a ll l eya rs of the en t ow rk edom l. ,ecneH CAM
orp t sloco t ah t era ewop r wa era are .dedeen rehtonA salc s of M CA pr ocoto ls esu s di er cti ano l na t anne s.
ehT egatnavda fo siht dohtem si taht eht angis ls are nart sm tti de ni no ly eno d ri ce it .no T eh sedon ni rehto
snoitcerid ,era ,erofereht on regnol enorp ot ecnerefretni ro lloc i nois ef tcef s, dna taps ial er su e is
.detatilicaf sresU liw l de dnam s emo l eve l of SoQ rf mo a ENAM T ager rdi gn s hcu si us es sa dne -to-e dn
,yaled elbaliava wdnab idt ,h dna borp abi il ty of ekcap t l so s. ,revewoH eht kcal fo tnec ra il dez c no t or l,
detimil htdiwdnab ,slennahc edon ,ytilibom dna rewop ro lanoitatupmoc ,stniartsnoc dna eht re or r-pr eno
erutan fo eht sseleriw me ,muid ma sek it v re y d iffi uc tl to pr vo ide fe ef c it ev SoQ in ad coh n te ow rks.
esuaceB eht CAM yal re ah s a d ri e tc raeb i gn no oh w r le iably a dn fe if ci tne ly ad ta c na eb t msnar it et d fr mo
eno edon ot eht txen gnola eht gnituor htap ni eht ,krowten it a ff ec st eht SoQ fo the en t ow r .k ehtonA r
noitacifissalc si desab no eht rebmun fo ennahc ls desu for atad rt msna is is .no elgniS - lennahc rp slocoto tes
pu snoitavreser rof ,snoissimsnart dna yltneuqesbus timsnart rieht atad gnisu eht emas lennahc ro
.ycneuqerf Ma yn M CA sche em s su e a si gn le ennahc l. elpitluM - lennahc ,slocotorp sa ieht r na em i pm il es,
ocetanidroocotlennahcenonahteromesu ettimsnartehtgnomasnoissesnoitcenn r dna r ce ie ev r don se .
noitnetnoC1.3.2 - CAMdesaB P ocotor ls
esehT slocotorp etartnecnoc no eht loc l si i no s of tr msna tti de ad t .a sihT sedulcni owt ogetac ir es, modnaR
noitavreseRcimanyDdnaslocotorPsseccA – noisilloC uloseR t Pnoi rot oco ls.
1. htiW modnar ssecca - sab ed sc ,semeh such sa ,AHOLA a don e may a cc ess t eh ennahc l as noos as it si
.ydaer ,yllarutaN erom naht eno edon yam timsnart ta eht s ma e ti ,em ca su i gn loc l si i no s. AHOLA si erom
elbatius rednu wol metsys aol sd htiw a al rge bmun er of op t ne t ai l ednes r ,s dna ti fo f re s re tal i ev ly l wo
uphguorht t. A noitairav fo ,AHOLA dettolS ,AHOLA secudortni dezinorhcnys t msnar i ss i no it em ls sto
ralimis to TDMA. aylnotimsnartnacsedon,esacsihtnI t t gebeh i nn i ogn f a it em slot. fonoitcudortniehT
emit stols selbuod eht tuphguorht sa derapmoc ot t eh up re AHOLA s mehc e, iw th the oc ts of ecen s as ry
emit s ny chr no i taz i .no ehT AMSC - desab semehcs htruf re er ud ce the op ssi lib ti y of ap c ek t lloc i nois s dna
ehtevorpmi thr uphguo t.
2. nyD a cim noitavreseR – noisilloC noituloseR :slocotorP oT evlos the hi nedd dna e sopx ed- ret mi lan
smelborp ni ,AMSC srehcraeser evah emoc pu htiw ynam slocotorp taht are tnetnoc i no sab ed ub t i ovn lve
tulosernoisillocdnanoitavresercimanydfosmrofemos i no . tseuqerehtesusemehcsemoS - ot - /dnes
raelc - ot - dnes R( T C/S T )S lortnoc stekcap ot tneverp ,snoisilloc rof elpmaxe um itl ple secca s collisi no
ova i cnad e ACAM( ) dna ACAM for w ri le se s NAL s ACAM( )W . ehT tnetnoc i no - ab s de CAM sche em s c na
osla eb deifissalc sa es redn - detaitini susrev reviecer - aitini t ,de si gn le- ennahc l rev s su um itl ple- ennahc l,
rewop - awa r ,e erid c noit al na t anne – ab s ,de oitceridinu n la knil – sab e ,d and oQ S- erawa ehcs m ,se sa
denoitnem .evoba enO gnihsiugnitsid rotcaf rof CAM slocotorp si rehtehw they er ly no t eh rednes
ini t emasehtgnitseuqerreviecerehtro,refsnartatadehtgnitai .
noitnetnoC2.3.2 - CAMdesaB P eMnoitavreseRhtiwslocotor c inah s sm
ehT cimanyd noitavreser hcaorppa sevlovni gnittes pu emos tros fo a ser re vati no oirp r to ad ta
simsnart .nois fI a edon taht stnaw ot dnes atad sekat eht taitini ive of tes it gn pu this eser r tav i ,no t eh
locotorp si disnoc e der to eb a s redne -initia et d orp t oco l. tsoM semehcs era s redne i in it a et .d nI a reviecer -
ini t detai ,locotorp eht viecer i gn edon op lls a op t ne ti la t nar smit it gn edon for ad at . fI eht gnidnes edon
deedni sah emos atad for eht ecer i ev r, it is a ll dewo ot art msn ti ti fa ter gnieb op lle .d ehT M ACA — yb
In noitativ ACAM( - IB ) dna revieceR - detaitinI — ysuB T eno M lu t pi el ccA e ss ( IR -BT AM ) are pmaxe les fo
us emehcshc s.

TINU – 3 M CA – 2
pitluM1.3 l loCsseccAe l ACAM(ecnadiovAnoisi )
ehT ACAM locotorp semocrevo eht neddih - dna opxe s de -termi an l pr bo l me s. ACAM sesu t ow s troh
gnilangis cap stek . ehT yek aedi fo ACAMeht emehcs ynatahtsi gnirobhgien edon taht aehrevo rs na STR
tekcap sah ot refed sti nwo snoissimsnart litnu emos it me a tf er t eh a ss co ia et d CTS ap c ek t uow ld evah
nif i refeddluowtekcapSTCagniraehrevoedonynatahtdna,dehs detcepxeehtfohtgnelehtrof ad ta
.noissimsnart nI a neddih - lanimret ,oiranecs C will on t eh ra the RTS s ne t yb ,A ub t ti uow ld aeh r t eh CTS
tnes yb .B ,ylgnidroccA C lliw refed sti noissimsnart gnirud s’A ad ta rt msna is is .no ,ylralimiS ni eht
desopxe -t lanimre ,noitautis C dluow raeh eht RTS tnes yb ,B tub ton eht CTS s tne yb .A eroferehT C lliw
redisnoc flesti rf ee to msnart ti ud ir gn B’s tra msn i ss i .no tI si tnerappa taht ht si RTS–CTS e egnahcx
selbane ybraen sedon ot ecuder t eh oc ll si noi s ta t eh ecer iver, on t eht s .redne snoisilloC nac llits rucco
neewteb tnereffid RTS pa ekc t ,s t .hguoh fI owt STR stekcap edilloc for yna r ae s ,no hcae s dne i gn edon
stiaw rof a ylmodnar nesohc lavretni erofeb tryi gn ga ia .n sihT ssecorp seunitnoc litnu eno fo eht STR
nart snoissims sticile ht e d se deri CTS f mor t eh r ece i ev r. ACAM si evitceffe esuaceb RTS dna STC
stekcap era yltnacifingis retrohs naht eht lautca ad ta ap c ek t ,s dna the er fo er collisi sno gnoma t meh era l sse
atadregnolehtgnomasnoisillocotderapmocevisnepxe pa kc ets.
,revewoH eht RTS–CTS hcaorppa seod ton syawla evlos eht neddih - mret inal pr bo l me
,yletelpmoc dna oc llisi no s c na oc uc r nehw id ff re ne t don es s dne the RTS a dn ht e CTS ap c tek s. teL su
edisnoc r na e pmax el iw th uof r sedon — ,A ,B ,C a dn D—in Fi erug .2 .3 edoN A sdnes na RTS ottekcap ,B
kcapSTCasdnesBdna te ba kc to A. htiwsedilloctekcapSTCsiht,revewoh,CtA a Rn T pS a kc te s ne t yb
D. T ,erofereh C sah on egdelwonk fo eht sbus e neuq t ad at tr na sm si si no fr mo A to .B elihW t eh tad a
tekcap si gnieb t ,dettimsnar D sdnes tuo ona th re RTS ceb a su e it did on t r ce ie ve a CTS ap c ek t ni i st f tsri
etta m .tp T sih ,emit C seilper ot D iw th a STC ap c ek t ht ta c lo il sed iw th ht e ad ta pa kc te ta .B ,tcafnI nehw
neddih slanimret era neserp t a dn the en t ow rk rt affic is hi ,hg the ep fr or ecnam of M ACA ged e en r ta es to
taht fo .AHOLA rehtonA ssenkaew fo ACAM si taht ti seod ton edivorp yna tnemgdelwonkca of ad ta
snoissimsnart ta t eh tad a- il kn al ey r. fI a noissimsnart sliaf of r a yn rea ,nos r rte ansm si si no ah s ot be
bdetaitini reyaltropsnartehty . T atadfonoissimsnartehtnisyaledtnacifingisesuacnacsih .
I3.2erugiF l STRfoeruliaffonoitartsul – neddihgnivlosnimsinahcemSTC - desopxedna -t re im an l
p or lb em
)WACAM(sNALsseleriWrofACAM1.1.3
hT is emehcs u ses a evif -s pet (RTS–CTS– SD – ATAD – CA )K e .egnahcx WACAM swolla hcum retsaf
rorre yrevocer ta eht atad - knil reyal yb gnisu eht tnemgdelwonkca kcap te CA( )K ht ta si r ute rned fr mo the
gniviecer edon to t eh s dne i gn edon as s noo sa ad at er c pe it no si pmoc let .de T eh kcab - ffo dna iaf r ssen

seussi gnoma evitca sedon erew osla i evn stig ta .de WACAM seveihca yltnacifingis rehgih tuphguorht
derapmoc t ACAMo . neddihehtevlosylluf,revewoh,tonseodtI - dna borplanimretdesopxe el sm .
mehcSCAM11.208EEEI2.1.3 e
ehT EEEI 11.208 dradnats seificeps t ow dom se of CAM protoc lo : Distri detub ooC rdinati no cnuF it no
)FCD( edom rof( da coh )skrowten dna tnioP noitanidrooC noitcnuF ( FCP ) edom f( ro tnec ra ll y
nidrooc deta utcurtsarfni re-ba des en t ow r sk ). ehT FCD in EEEI 11.208 si ab s de no AMSC w ti h oC llisi no
ecnadiovA )AC/AMSC( ,locotorp hcihw nac eb nees sa a bmoc i an t noi fo ht e SC MA a dn ACAM
.semehcs ehT locotorp sesu the RTS–CTS– AD TA– CA K s cneuqe e of r ad at tr na smis is .no toN ylno seod
eirraclautrivfotpecnoclevonehtsecudortnioslatitub,gnisnesreirraclacisyhpesulocotorpeht r gnisnes .
hT is si detnemelpmi ni eht mrof fo a krowteN lA loca it no ceV t ro ( VAN ), hw i hc is am i tn ia ned yb eve ry
don e. T asniatnocVANeh leriwehthcihwotpunoitarudehtstneserpertahteulavemit e demss i mu si
detcepxe ot eb ub sy eb c sua e of tr na sm si si no s yb ot reh don e .s esuaceB yreve tekcap niatnoc s t eh ud r ta i no
noitamrofni rof eht redniamer fo eht ,egassem yreve edon gniraehrevo a cap k te tnoc i uoun ls y adpu t se i st
nwo AN V. T emi stols era dedivid otni elpitlum ,semarf dna ereht era lareves sepyt fo nI ret F ar em apS ic gn
)SFI( ls .sto nI gnisaercni redro fo ,htgnel yeht era eht trohS SFI ,)SFIS( tnioP tanidrooC i no cnuF t noi FI S
,)SFIP( CD F IFS ,)SFID( dna dednetxE SFI (E SFI ). T eh edon aw ti s of r the dem i mu to eb rf ee for a
ierofebsemittnereffidesehtfonoitanibmoc t ca tually t msnar sti . eriuqernacstekcapfosepyttnereffiD the
muidem ot eb fr ee for a diff re ent bmun re or t epy of .SFI roF ,ecnatsni ni da coh dom e, fi t eh dem i mu si
eerf retfa a edon sah detiaw rof ,SFID ti nac tra msn it a deueuq ap c .tek ,esiwrehtO fi eht muidem si llits
,ysub a ffokcab ti rem si .detaitini ehT ni i lait ffokcab ”01“ eulav fo eht remit si c oh s ne ra modn ly rf mo
neewteb 0 dna WC - ,1 erehw WC is t eh width of t eh noc t tne i ,wodniwno ni mret s of it em ols st . retfA na
lufsseccusnu noissimsnart rehtona,tpmetta demrofrepsiffokcab htiw a delbuod ezis fo WC as ced i ded yb
a yraniB laitnenopxE fokcaB f BEB( ) al og rit .mh hcaE emit eht muidem si eldi retfa ,SFID eht ti em r si
tnemerced e .d nehW eht remit ,seripxe t eh ap c tek is transm ti .det retfA hcae lufsseccus ,noissimsnart
rehtona modnar ffokcab nwonk( sa )”ffokcabtsop“ si ep r of r dem yb t eh tr na sm si si no -co pm el ti gn .edon A
noc neebsahmuidemehtretfadettimsnartsiKCAro,STC,STRsahcustekcaplort f er e for SFIS .
3.1.3 F (sseccAelpitluMnoitisiuqcArool F )AMA
AMAF si rehtona ACAM - desab emehcs taht seriuqer yreve t ar nsm itti gn ts at noi to ac uq i er c tno rol of t eh
roolf .e.i( , t eh iw re el ss lennahc ) ofeb re it act lau ly s sdne yna ad ta kcap te . ekilnU M ACA ro M ,WACA
AMAF seriuqer taht noisilloc ova i cnad e eb rep f demro at ob th eht s edne r dna re ec iv re edon s. oT eriuqca“
eht ”,roolf eht gnidnes edon sdnes tuo an RTS su i gn e ti eh r pnon ersist ne t ekcap t s sne i gn ( SPN ) ro
tnetsisrepnoN reirraC gnisneS SCN( ). ehT reviecer sdnopser htiw a STC ,tekcap hcihw sniatnoc eht
sserdda fo t eh dnes i gn .edon ynA noitats raehrevo i gn siht STC ekcap t swonk uoba t the sta it no t ah t sah
deriuqca eht fl oo r. ehT STC stekcap era detaeper gnol hguone rof eht tifeneb fo a yn hi nedd se edn r taht
s’edongnidnesrehtonaretsigertondid RT .S
nisUslocotorPCAM2.3 g tnAlanoitceriD e sann
CAM slocotorp rof da skrowtencoh yllacipyt emussa eht su e of nmo i id er c it ano l an et nn a ,s hw i hc tr na smit
oidar slangis ot dna recei ev t meh fr mo a ll d ri tce i .sno esehT CAM slocotorp riuqer e a ll ot eh r sedon in t eh
ytiniciv ot r me ia n is l ne t. htiW anoitcerid l ,sannetna ti si elbissop ot achi eve hgih re ag in dna r se trict t eh
noissimsnart to a ap rt ci ul ra di tcer i .no ,ylralimiS tekcap noitpecer ta a edon w ti h a di er cti ano l na t anne is
on t ecnerefretniybdetceffa rf mo ot eh r id r tce i sno . osriapowttahtelbissopsiti,tluserasA f edon s acol t de
ni hcae s’rehto ytiniciv etacinummoc uoenatlumis ,yls dneped i gn no the direc it no of t msnar iss .noi Th si
htoehtniesuerlaitapsrettebotdaeldluow re , nu af ef ct de d ri ecti sno . tonsi,revewoh,sannetnaesehtgnisU
a ksatlaivirt as t eh oc r cer t d ri ecti no dluohs eb pr vo i ded dna tur den to in re la it me. seB wen,sedi slocotorp
dluow deen ot eb dengised rof gnikat egatnavda fo t eh new f ae t ru es ne a lb ed yb d ri ecti ano l na t sanne
esuaceb eht current pr oto cols ,.g.e( EEEI 11.208 ) onnac t eneb fit fr mo t eh se f ae tu er .s erruC n lt y,
lanoitcerid annetna erawdrah si isnoc ylbared reiklub dna erom e snepx i ev t nah nmo idirec it no al na t sanne

fo elbarapmoc ca ibap lit .sei snoitacilppA gnivlovni egral ilim tary hev lci es ra e, evewoh r, suita lb e
setadidnac of r w ri eless ved ices su i gn hcus tna e ann ys ts me s. The esu of hi ehg r rf ycneuqe sdnab ( ,.g.e
ediwartlu dnab )noissimsnart will ecuder t eh is ze of d ri tce i ano l na t anne s. ynaM semehcs era desoporp
:aedisihthtiw
1. A dettolS AHOLA emehcs htiw tekcap oidar skrowten dna erid cti ano l an et ann pa kc te ar dio en t skrow
gnivlovni elpitlum dna anoitcerid l na et nn a .s lennahC - ssecca sledom knil rewop lortnoc dna dire tc i lano
maebfotxetnocehtniyrevocsidrobhgien - of r lanoitceridgnim na t nne as.
2. A emehcs ni hcihw yreve edon yllacimanyd serots emos ofni r am it no a uob t ti s en i obhg rs dna rieht
noissimsnart seludehcs ht r hguo t eh use of ps ecial ortnoc l kcap te .s T sih swolla a edon ot st ree its na t anne
snoissimsnartgniognoehtnodesabyletairporppa in t eh n ie doohrobhg . A m tgnisurofdohte he erid c lanoit
knilfomrofwenatnemelpmiotsannetna - etats - asignituordesab sl o pr desopo .
3. A lanoitceriD CAM D( - )CAM emehcs gnisu id er ct noi la na t anne s su es eht f ima il ra RTS– STC – AD TA–
KCA ecneuqes erehw ylno eht STR tekcap si tnes gnisu a direc it lano na t .anne yrevE edon si demussa ot
eb deppiuqe htiw lareves lanoitcerid ,sannetna tub ylno eno fo meht is all wo ed ot t nar sm ti at yna gi nev
,emit gnidneped no eht l co ta noi fo t eh int dedne r ce e evi r. nI siht ,emehcs yreve edon si sa demus to eb
erawa fo sti nwo noitacol sa llew sa t eh l aco t noi s of ti s i demm etai en i .srobhg sihT emehcs sevig retteb
tuphguorht naht EEEI 08 2 11. yb gniwolla lumis t suoena t msnar i ss i sno t ah t era on t ssop ib el ni ruc r tne
emehcsCAM s.
4. desaB no eht EEEI 11.208 ,locotorp a is pm le cs emeh was pr desopo in hcihw eve ry edon ah s um itl ple
ant .sanne ynA edon taht sah atad ot dnes tsrif sdnes tuo na RTS ni all id er ct snoi u is gn eve ry nnetna a. ehT
tuosdnesoslareviecerdednetni t Ceh T ehtllagnisusnoitceridllanitekcapS ant anne s. Th roe ig ni al
rednes si won elba ot nrecsid hcihw ant anne pi kc ed pu t eh ts r egno ts CTS si ng la dna can el arn the re al tive
noitcerid fo eht re ec i ev r. ehT atad tekcap si tnes gnisu eht rroc e gnidnops di er cti ano l na et nn a ni t eh
noitcerid of t eh i dednetn r ce ie ev r. hT ,su eht gnitapicitrap sedon deen ton wonk t eh ri l aco t noi inform ta noi
in cnavda e. esaelP eton taht no ly eno r da io trans ec i rev in a don e nac t ar msn ti dna r ece i ev at a it .em Th si
emehcs nac eveihca pu ot 2 ot 3 semit retteb egareva tuphguorht naht SC M AC/A w ti h t eh RTS–CTS
nalanoitceridinmognisu(emehcs t sanne ).
5. A pohitluM STR CAM M( - )CAM hcs e em f ro tr na sm si si no no um lti poh .shtap esuaceB lanoitcerid
sannetna evah a rehgih ag in dna art msn is is no egnar than nmo id ri tce i ano l a tn e nn a ,s ti is ssop ible for a
edon etacinummocot tcerid ly w ti h ona th re edon t ah t is far .yawa M- CAM rofereht e esu s um tl pi l otspohe
dnes RTS ekcap st to se t ba il hs il skn eb t ew en sid t na t edon s, ub t the sbus e uq ent CT ,S AD T ,A dna KCA
gnisanitneserastekcap el .poh anaclocotorpsihT dnednatuphguorhtrettebeveihc - ot - ehtnahtyaleddne
cisab EEEI 11.208 a dn D- CAM s mehc es ( voba )e . ehT rep formance al os dneped s no t eh t opo l ygo
tarugifnoc i no dna lf wo tap ter sn in eht s tsy e .m ehT esu fo lanoitcerid sannetna can i tn r ecudo three wen
lborp nilanoitceridrehgih,slanimretneddihfosdnikwen:sme terf re cne e senfaeddna, s.
pitluM3.3 le- ocotorPCAMlennahC ls
A am j ro melborp fo si elgn derahs - lennahc semehcs si taht eht borp abil ti y of coll si noi i cn r ae s se w ti h t eh
rebmun of .sedon tI si ssop elbi ot evlos t sih borp l me w ti h um l cit ha nn le ehcaorppa s. sA nees ni t eh
,noitacifissalc emos lennahcitlum semehcs esu a detacided lennahc rof c no rt ol ap c ek ts o( r si lang i gn ) dna
imsnartatadroflennahcetarapeseno ssi no s. ocehtnosenotysubputesyehT htiweno,lennahclortn
gniognofoerawaerasedontahtos,noitpmusnochtdiwdnabllams tra msn i ss i sno .
rehtonA hcaorppa si ot esu um itl p el cha enn ls of r ad ta kcap te transm si .snois sihT hcaorppa sah t eh
:segatnavdagniwollof
1. esuaceB eht mixam um guorht tuph fo a elgnis - lennahc hcs e em si lim ti de yb t eh wdnab i htd of t tah
htehtesaercniyllaitnetopnacyletairporppaslennahceromgnisu,lennahc r tuphguo .
2. ataD dettimsnart no tnereffid slennahc seod ton erefretni htiw hcae ,rehto dna um itl elp rt na smis is o sn
uoenatlumisnoigeremasehtniecalpekatnac ls y. rewefyltnacifingisotsdaelsihT oisilloc ns.

3. tI si reisae ot s oppu tr SoQ yb u is gn um itl p el c nnah e .sl nI ,lareneg a elpitlum - atad - nahc len CAM
locotorp sah ot ssa i ng diffe er nt ennahc ls ot differ ne t don se in aer l it me. T eh eussi fo dem i mu ca cess st lli
sdeen to be r ose lved. sevlovnisihT ,gnidiced rof ,ecnatsni eht emit stols at ihw ch a edon uow ld eg t ac ssec
ot a rap it uc lar cha nn e .l In c niatre ,sesac ti may eb ne ec s as ry of r la l t eh don es ot eb s ny c norh i dez htiw
hcae ,rehto saerehw ni ot eh r i tsn anc ,se it yam eb op ssib el for the sedon to ogen t ai et s eludehc s gnoma
evlesmeht s.
uMenoTysuBlauD4.3 l )AMTBD(sseccAelpit
In t eh semehcs ab des no eht egnahcxe fo RTS–CTS aid l ,eugo t seh e c no t or l pa ekc ts the sm le ev s era pr eno
ot silloc i .sno ,suhT ni eht ecneserp fo neddih nimret la ,s t eh er r ame i sn a ri ks fo s bu s neuqe t ad at stekcap
gnieb deyortsed uaceb se of c lo il si no s. T eh AMTBD emehcs sesu tuo -of- dnab is lang i gn to ffe tce i ev ly
neddihehtevlos - desopxeehtdna - lborplanimret e sm . ahselgnisehtno,revewoh,sinoissimsnartataD er d
sseleriw ennahc l. tI sdliub nopu reilrae krow no eht ysuB T no e uM lti elp ccA e ss (BT AM ) dna t eh IR -
BT AM s .semehc TBD AM sezilartneced t eh ytilibisnopser fo ganam i gn ecca ss to ht e nommoc medi mu
dna od es on t re uq ri e ti em s hcny r no i taz i no a gnom the edon s. sA ni lareves semehcs d si ssuc ed earlie ,r
MBD T RsdnesA T noissimsnartputesotslennahcatadnostekcapS r seuqe ts. sbuS owt,yltneuqe ffid e er nt
ysub senot no a etarapes an rr wo ennahc l ra e us de to orp et ct t eh snart fer of t eh STR a dn atad kcap e .st ehT
rednes fo eht STR s te s pu a T msnar ti - ysuB T eno ( TB )t . ,ylgnidnopserroC eht reviecer stes pu a evieceR -
ysuB enoT )rTB( ot ca egdelwonk eht RT ,S iw t tuoh u is gn yna CTS ekcap t. ynA edon taht sesnes na
gnitsixe rTB ro tTB srefed morf dnes i gn ti s nwo STR evo r t eh c ennah l. T ofereh r ,e ob th of t eseh ysub
senot rehtegot eetnaraug noitcetorp morf noisilloc morf rehto nisedon t eh v ici ni hT.yt r hguo t sueh e of t eh
dnatTB rTB ,noitcnujnocni sopxe ed et rmi slan are lba e to i in t tai e ad at kcap te t ar msn is is sno . ddih,oslA ne
slanimret nac ylper ot STR stseuqer sa suoenatlumis atad rt a msn i ss i no ucco rs eb twe ne t eh r ce ie v re dna
.rednes ,revewoH eht AMTBD emehcs seod ton esu CA K to ac wonk l egde the re ec i dev tad a ekcap st . It
ytixelpmocerawdrahlanoitiddaseriuqerosla .
torPCAM)AMSC(sseccAelpitluMesneSreirraClennahcitluM5.3 o loc
ehT um l lennahcit AMSC locotorp vid i sed eht t ato l a av i elbal wdnab idth (W) into N tcnitsid slennahc of W
/N diwdnab th ae c .h ,ereH N yam eb rewol t nah the ebmun r of don es in t eh owten r .k ,oslA eht slennahc
may eb dedivid desab no ehtie r an DF MA ro a .AMDC A rettimsnart dluow esu c rra i re snes i gn to see if
eht nnahc le ti last su ed si f er e or on t. tI sesu eht sal t desu ennahc l fi it si dnuof rf ee. ,esiwrehtO rehtona
eerf lennahc si nesohc ta .modnar fI on eerf lennahc si f ,dnuo t eh edon uohs ld ba kc o ff dna re rt y lat re .
nevE nehw eht ciffart l dao is hi hg dna sufficient c lennah s era on t ava li ba l ,e ecnahc s of c lo l si i no s era
tahwemos decuder esuaceb hcae edon sdnet ot prefer ti s l sa t- su ed ennahc l i tsn e da of si pm ly soohc i gn a
wen cha enn l at .modnar sihT locotorp sah neeb nwohs to eb om re e iff c ei nt t nah is gn le-c nnah le SC AM
.semehcs tseretnI i ,ylgn eht ecnamrofrep fo siht emehcs si rewol naht taht of ht e s gni lennahc le AMSC
emehcs ta rewol t ciffar daol ro nehw t eh re era no ly a s am ll bmun re of ac it ev edon s f ro a l gno doirep fo
it m sihT.e si eud to t eh saw te of i ld i gn nahc en l .s ehT silocotorp dednetxe ot celes t t eh seb t c ennah l desab
ednesehttadevresborewoplangisehtno r is .ed
rewoP6.3 - wA a ygrenEroer - slocotorPCAMtneiciffE
esuaceB elibom secived era yrettab ,derewop ti si laicurc ot esnoc rve e ygren dna tu ilize ewop r sa
ffe i yltneic as ssop i lb e. nI f ,tca eht eussi fo ewop r esnoc r tav i no uohs ld be noc is d ere d ca r so s la l the l sreya
fo t eh locotorp .kcats ehT gniwollof selpicnirp yam evres sa lareneg senilediug rof rewop noc serv ta noi in
ocotorpCAM ls.
De tp . Ifo ,ES TIBJS 61

1. amaerasnoisilloC j opsarafsadediovaebdluohsdnasnoissimsnarterevisnepxefoesuacro ssi elb .
2. ehT sreviecsnart dluohs eb tpek ni ybdnats edom (or s iw t dehc fo )f venehw re op s bis le sa they c no s mu e
tcaninehwygrenetsomeht i domev e.
3. daetsnI fo gnisu eht mixam um ,rewop eht timsnart ter uohs ld s iw t hc to a l wo re ewop r edom t ah t si
msnartehteviecerotedonnoitanitsedehtroftneiciffus is is .no
rewoP1.6.3 - )AMCP(sseccAelpitluMdellortnoC
P AMC seiler no gnillortnoc noissimsnart rewop fo eht rednes os taht eht dednetni receiv re is j su t elba to
ed ic ehp r the ekcap t. T sih spleh ni gnidiova efretni r ecne w ti h ehto r en i robhg i gn don se t ah t era ton
devlovni ni t eh kcap te hcxe a .egn AMCP sesu t ow ahc enn l ,s no e of r s dne i gn uo t ysub t eno s a dn eht ot reh
ekcaplortnocrehtodnaatadrof st . saercnirofdesuneebsahAMCPnimsinahcemlortnocrewopehT i gn
lennahc ciffe i ycne thr hguo sp ta i la f er ycneuq uer se ehtar r t nah no ly inc er asi gn ab tt yre il .ef roferehT ,e na
tnatropmi eussi si rof eht rettimsnart dna reviecer riap ot enimreted eht mini mum ewop r el lev secen sary
rof eht reviecer ot edoced eht ,tekcap elihw gnihsiugnitsid it fr mo on si e or in et efr r ne c .e eht,oslA reviecer
sah ot esitrevda sti esion arelot secn os taht on ehto r op t ne it al t ar msn tti er w lli disr pu t i st ogno i gn
tpecer i .no nI eht lanoitnevnoc sdohtem fo noisilloc ,ecnadiova a edon si rehtie dewolla ot imsnart t ro on t,
sreirracfotluserehtnognidneped e sn i .gn
In ,AMCP this em t doh is lareneg ized to a dnuob ed ewop r edom l. erofeB atad imsnart iss ,no t eh
rednes sdnes a seuqeR t ewoP_ r_T dneS_o ( PR TS) ekcap t no t eh ad at ennahc l to eht er ec i ev r. ehT reviecer
sdnopser htiw na ccA ept ewoP_ r_T S_o e dn PA( TS) ekcap t, la so no the ad ta ennahc l. sihT STPR – TPA S
egnahcxe si desu ot enimreted eht minim um art nsm si si no ewop r l ve le t ah t will c esua a eccus ssful tekcap
noitpecer ta the er ceiv re . retfA siht ,egnahcxe eht autca l tad a si t ar msn tti de dna ac wonk l degde w ti h na
KCA ekcap t. nI a etarapes ,lennahc yreve cer revie stes pu a laiceps ysub t eno as a rep i do ci up l .es The
langis st htgner sihtfo ysub evdaenot rti es s to t oeh th re sedon t eh idda t anoi l ewopesion r eht ecer i ev r edon
nac ot ler ta e. nehW a rednes srotinom eht ysub enot ,lennahc it is essentially gniod so em thi gn is m rali to
reirrac se sn i ,gn as in eht AMSC / AC edom l. nehW a reviecer se dn s uo t a ysub t no e up sl ,e it si od i gn
gnihtemos mis li ar to s gnidne uo t a CTS ekcap t. T eh PR TS– PA TS egnahcxe si ana l suogo to the RTS–
CTS e .egnahcx ehT am j ro ,ecnereffid vewoh ,re si aht t t eh PR TS– PA TS e gnahcx e eod s on t fo cr e ot reh
abotsrettimsnartneddih c fok f.

TINU – 4 UOR IT NG – 1
htiW eht secnavda fo eriw l sse noitacinummoc ,ygolonhcet low- oc ts dna ewop r uf l wire el ss rt csna ie srev
era ylediw desu ni elibom acilppa it no s eliboM. skrowten evah detcartta tnacifingis tseretni ni tnecer sraey
esuaceb fo rieht devorpmi xelf ibil ti y dna r decude soc st . derapmoC ot deriw ,skrowten elibom skrowten
evah euqinu siretcarahc it .sc nI bom i el ,skrowten edon ytilibom may esuac f neuqer t en t krow t opo l ygo
,segnahc hcihw era erar in w ri de n te ow r .sk nI tsartnoc ot eht elbats knil c capa ti y of iw er d n te ow rks,
sseleriw knil yticapac yllaunitnoc seirav be esuac fo the i pm acts morf rt msna i ss i no ewop r, r ce ie rev
dna,gnidaf,esion,ytivitisnes int efre r ecne .
,yllanoitiddA sseleriw mo elib skrowten evah a hi hg e rr or rat ,e wop re rest ir tc ,snoi dna wdnab idth
noitatimil s. eliboM skrowten nac eb deifissalc otni tcurtsarfni eru skrowten dna libom e ad coh en t ow r sk
)sTENAM( gnidrocca ot t eh ri ped e nedn ce no fi dex ni rf astr cu t .seru nI na sarfni t erutcur bom eli n te ow r ,k
elibom sedon evah deriw ssecca stniop ro( esab st ta i sno ) iw t nih ieht r rt na sm si si no ar gn e. ehT ssecca
mocstniop rowtenerutcurtsarfninarofenobkcabehtesop k raskrowtencohdaelibom,tsartnocnI. e
ylsuomonotua fles - dezinagro en t skrow uohtiw t rfni a ts r utcu re roppus t. nI a elibom da coh ,krowten sedon
mo mkrowtenehterofereht;ylirartibraev a adiparecneirepxey gnahcygolopotelbatciderpnudn se .
,ecneH gnituor shtap ni elibom da coh krowten s tnetop ai lly c atno in um lti elp ,spoh a dn e yrev edon in
elibom da coh skrowten sah eht er s snop i ib lity to ca t sa a r uo ret . eliboM da coh skrowten era etairporppa
rof elibom a snoitacilpp ni rehtie itsoh el vne ri mno ents rehw e on in rf tsa r cu t ru e is ava li ba l ,e or t opme rarily
dehsilbatse elibom ,snoitacilppa hw ci h a er soc t rc uc .lai nI tnecer ,sraey noitacilppa mod ia ns of bom li e da
coh skrowten evah deniag erom dna om re i opm tr cna e in mnon ili at ry cilbup nagro i az t snoi dna in
laicremmoc dna airtsudni l a er .sa T eh lacipyt noitacilppa soiranecs i cn l edu r ucse e m si si ,sno wal
tnemecrofne ,snoitarepo gnitarepooc lairtsudni ,stobor ciffart ganam e nem t, a dn cude ati ano l po re at noi s in
ac m .sup cA evit hcraeser krow rof elibom da coh en t ow r sk is rac ryi gn no am inly in ht e if el sd of deM i mu
sseccA lortnoC ,)CAM( ,gnituor uoser cr e ganam ement, wop re tnoc r ,lo dna se ruc ti .y esuaceB fo eht
ecnatropmi fo gnituor slocotorp ni cimanyd itlum - poh ,skrowten a l to fo bom li e ad coh en t ow rk tuor i gn
slocotorp evah neeb oporp s de ni t eh last f we ye ra s. erehT era emos segnellahc aht t ma ek t eh sed i ng fo
elibom da coh krowten gnituor slocotorp a t hguo tas .k ,yltsriF ni elibom da coh n te ow r ,sk edon bom il ti y
sesuac qerf neu t ygolopot segnahc dna en t ow rk ap rtiti .sno dnoceS l ,y esuaceb fo eht rav i ba le dna
elbatciderpnu yticapac fo sseleriw ,sknil kcap et los es s may ha nepp f uqer en lt .y ,revoeroM eht tsacdaorb
secudortnimuidemsseleriwehtfoerutan t xednalanimretneddiheh planimretdesop r bo l me s.
eussIngiseD1.4 s Rfo o tu i skrowteNcoHdArofslocotorPgn
erutcetihcrAgnituoR1.1.4
ehT gnituor erutcetihcra fo a fles - dezinagro krowten c na be eit eh r h ei rar c ih c la or f al t. nI tsom fles -
dezinagro ,skrowten eht stsoh lliw eb gnitca sa tnednepedni a r uo ter, ihw ch i pm l sei t ah t r tuo i gn
erutcetihcra dluohs yllautpecnoc be lf at, t ah t i ,s ea hc dda r se s ser sev no ly as an i tned ifier dna seod ton
yevnoc yna i noitamrofn tuoba eno tsoh t ah t is t opo l go i ac ll y loca et d iw th er ps ect to a yn ot eh r .edon nI a
alf t fles - dezinagro ,krowten eht ytilibom ganam e tnem si ton cen e ss ra y be uac se la l of t eh sedon are v isi ble
ot hcae ot eh r via r uo t gni prot .sloco nI talf gnituor smhtirogla hcus as Des it tan i no - uqeS enc de Dist ecna
rotceV )VDSD( dna sseleriW gnituoR Protocol ( PRW ), the r uo t gni at bles ha ev ne tries to all oh s st in eht
fles - dezinagro owten r .k ,revewoH a alf t r tuo i gn al og rit mh eod s on t evah doog sc la a lib ti .y ehT gnituor
emocebkrowtenehtnehwyldiparsesaercnidaehrevo s larg re . ortnocot,ecneH l c esuerlennah ps a llait y ni(
smret fo ,ycneuqerf ,emit ro gnidaerps )edoc dna ecuder gnituor noitamrofni evo r eh a ,d s mo e form fo

lacihcrareih emehcs s dluoh be pme l .deyo gniretsulC si eht som t nommoc euqinhcet pme l deyo in
lacihcrareih tuor i gn ra ihc te tc .seru ehT aedi dniheb lacihcrareih gnituor is to divide ht e soh ts of a se fl -
dezinagro krowten otni a rebmun fo gnippalrevo ro sid joint cl etsu r .s enO edon si detcele sa ulc s et r daeh
lchcaerof tsu re . memehtsniatniamdaehretsulcsihT b amrofnipihsre it rofno t ceh l su ter.
RfonoitacifissalC2.4 o tu i slocotorPgn
ehT detimil secruoser ni sTENAM evah edam gningised na tneiciffe dna er l elbai r tuo i gn s art t yge a v re y
gnignellahc .melborp nA illetni tneg gnituor ygetarts si deriuqer ot yltneiciffe use eht il m ti de re uos r sec
elihw ta eht emas it me eb a elbatpad to the hc a gn i gn n te ow rk dnoc iti sno such as en t ow rk si ,ez t ciffar
,ytisned dna owten rk ap rti noit i .gn nI lellarap htiw ,siht eht gnituor locotorp yam ne de to pr vo ide id ff er ne t
evel ls of SoQ to di tnereff t epy s of a lpp ci at snoi dna user .s roirP ot eht desaercni stseretni in iw rel sse
,gnikrowten ni w ri de en t ow r sk t ow am in al irog t mh s ew re us .de esehT smhtirogla era co ylnomm er ref der
knilehtsaot - ts ecnatsiddnaeta - iroglarotcev t smh . I kniln - punasniatniamedonhcae,gnituoretats - ot - etad
weiv fo eht krowten yb yllacidoirep gnitsacdaorb eht knil ts ate oc s st of i st en i obhg ir gn edon s to la l ot reh
rtsgnidoolfagnisusedon a et gy.
nehW hcae edon cer sevie na etadpu ,tekcap ti setadpu sti weiv of t eh ne owt rk a dn its il kn - ts eta
noitamrofni yb gniylppa a tsetrohs - htap al mhtirog ot esoohc eht txen - poh edon of r ae ch sed t ni ati .no ehT
lanoitidart knil - etats dna ecnatsid - rotcev smhtirogla od ton cs la e ni al rge ENAM sT . sihT si esuaceb
ehtfotraptnacifingisaemusnocyamskrowtenegralnisetadpuetuortneuqerfrocidoirep a iav l ba le
tiegrahceryltneuqerfotedonhcaeeriuqerdna,noitnetnoclennahcesaercni,htdiwdnab s ewop r s ppu ly.
oT emocrevo eht lborp sme detaicossa iw th the li kn -state a dn tsid ance- ev tc or al og ir mht s, a nu ebm r of
gnituor slocotorp evah neeb oporp s de f ro TENAM s. T eseh slocotorp nac eb deifissalc otni eerht id ff er tne
:spuorg labolg ro pr cao it ,ev no med a dn or r ae cti ,ev dna byh ri .d nI aorp evitc gnituor ,slocotorp eht uor t se
ot lla eht snoitanitsed ro( ap rts of t eh en t ow rk) a er de et rmi den ta the ts a tr - pu a dn am intained yb u is gn a
cidoirep etuor etadpu pr seco s. nI evitcaer ,slocotorp setuor era denimreted nehw yeht era deriuqer yb eht
ruos yrevocsidetuoragnisuec pr eco s .s
gnituoRdirbyHdna,evitcaeR,evitcaorP3.4
enO fo eht tsom ralupop sdohtem ot hsiugnitsid elibom da coh krowten gnituor prot sloco si sab ed no woh
gnituor noitamrofni is uqca ri de dna m ia n at ni ed yb bom li e edon s. gnisU siht ,dohtem ibom le da coh
debnacslocotorpgnituorkrowten ivided.
A evitcaorp gnituor locotorp si osla llac ed a “t ba le-d ir ven” r uo it gn orp tocol. gnisU a evitcaorp gnituor
,locotorp sedon ni a elibom da coh krowten ylsuounitnoc etaulave setuor ot all r ae c bah le edon s dna
tpmetta ot niatniam ,tnetsisnoc pu -to- etad tuor i gn infor am it .no ,eroferehT a ecruos edon nac g te a tuor i gn
htap yletaidemmi if it en e sd .eno nI evitcaorp gnituor ,slocotorp lla sedon deen ot am int nia a snoc ist tne
weiv fo t eh en t ow rk t .ygolopo nehW a krowten t ygolopo egnahc ,srucco r pse e tc i ev etadpu s um ts eb
detagaporp tuohguorht eht owten rk to ton fi y the .egnahc tsoM evitcaorp gnituor locotorp s pr sopo ed rof
elibom da coh skrowten evah detirehni seitreporp morf irogla t mh s su ed in w ri de en t ow r .sk oT tpada ot
eht cimanyd serutaef fo elibom da coh ,skrowten yrassecen snoitacifidom evah neeb edam no rt ida ti lano
deriw krowten gnituor ocotorp l .s gnisU evitcaorp gnituor ,smhtirogla sedonelibom ylevitcaorp adpu et t eh
krowten etats dna m niatnia a etuor sseldrager fo rehtehw atad art ffic xe is st ro on t, a dn t eh evo r eh ad to
puniatniam -to- hgihsinoitamrofniygolopotkrowtenetad .
evitcaeR gnituor slocotorp rof elibom ad coh n te ow rks a er al os ca ll de “ no - med a ”dn uor t gni prot oco l .s In
a er evitca gnituor ,locotorp gnituor shtap are sea cr deh no ly nehw .dedeen A etuor yrevocsid noitarepo

sekovni a etuor - noitanimreted pr .erudeco ehT yrevocsid erudecorp setanimret nehw rehtie a r uo et sah
neeb dnuof ro on etuor si elbaliava tfa re xe ami an t noi for a ll r uo et ep r um at ti no s. nI a elibom da coh
,krowten evitca setuor yam eb tcennocsid ed eud to don e bom il ti .y ,eroferehT etuor ecnanetniam is na
tnatropmi noitarepo fo r cae ti ev r uo it gn pr oto oc sl . derapmoC ot eht evitcaorp gnituor protoco sl for bom li e
evitcaerehtfoegatnavdatcnitsidasidaehrevolortnocssel,skrowtencohda r tuo i pgn rot sloco .
,suhT evitcaer gnituor slocotorp evah retteb ytilibalacs naht caorp it ev r tuo i gn orp toco sl in om bile da coh
owten r .sk ,revewoH nehw gnisu evitcaer gnituor ,slocotorp ecruos sedon yam reffus morf gnol syaled rof
etuor gnihcraes erofeb yeht nac for aw rd ad ta pa kc e .st ehT cimanyD ecruoS gnituoR )RSD( ocotorP l dna
dA coH On-De dnam ecnatsiD otceV r ( DOA V) uoR it gn Pr oto col are exa pm l se of r ae ctive r tuo i gn
rowtencohdaelibomrofslocotorp ks.
dirbyH gnituor slocotorp era desoporp ot bmoc i en t eh em ir ts of ob th pr cao t evi dna caer it ve r uo it gn
slocotorp dna emocrevo th ie r rohs ct mo i .sgn mroN a ,yll dirbyh uor gnit slocotorp for bom eli da coh
skrowten tiolpxe lacihcrareih krowten hcra ti ce tu er .s ehT reporp evitcaorp gnituor ppa r hcao dna r ae ctive
cepser,slevellacihcrareihtnereffidnidetiolpxeerahcaorppagnituor it v le y.
itcaorP4.4 v slocotorPgnituoRe
A p evitcaor gnituor locotorp ,si sa ,denoitnem osla dellac a elbat“ - ”nevird uor it gn prot .loco gnisU a
tnockrowtencohdaelibomanisedon,locotorpgnituorevitcaorp i suoun l vey la au et r uo tes t ao ll re elbahca
sedon dna tpmetta ot niatniam ,tnetsisnoc pu -to-d eta r tuo i gn inform ta i .no ,eroferehT a uos cr e don e nac
teg a gnituor p ta h i mm edi eta ly fi ti sdeen no e. nI evitcaorp gnituor ,slocotorp la l edon s deen to m ia ntain a
tnetsisnoc vi we fo eht krowten opot l .ygo nehW a krowten ygolopot egnahc oc ,sruc r tcepse i ev etadpu
tsum eb detagaporp tuohguorht eht en t ow rk ot on tify the .egnahc tsoM evitcaorp gnituor slocotorp
desoporp rof elibom da coh skrowten evah detirehni pr trepo i se morf al rog ti smh us de in riw ed en t ow r sk .
oT tpada ot eht cimanyd ef ta seru of bom eli da coh owten rks, ssecen ra y dom ifi tac i no s ha ev eb en made no
lanoitidart iw er end t ow rk r uo t gni prot oco l gnisU.s evitcaorp gnituor irogla t ,smh bom eli sedon pr tcao i ev ly
dnaetatskrowtenehtetadpu retuoraniatniam e drag les os f ehw t eh r ad t ta raffic ex si ost r n to ; t evoeh r daeh
puniatniamot - ot - tamrofniygolopotkrowtenetad i no i hs i hg .
RW P
VDSD
locotorP)RSLO(gnituoRetatSkniLdezimitpO
SF R
SH R
)FRBT(gnidrawroFesreveRtsacdaorBygolopoT
gnituoRsseleriW1.4.4 P )PRW(locotor
PRW si a pr tcao i ev nu icast tuor i gn prot oco l of r bom li e da coh en t ow rks. PRW sesu na pmi r devo
eB l naml - droF ecnatsiD rotceV uor it gn al rog ti .mh To tpada ot eht cimanyd aef tures of bom i el ad coh
,skrowten emos smsinahcem era decudortni ot usne re the rel elbai hcxe a gn e of adpu te mess ga es dna
decuder r uo te l poo s. gnisU ,PRW hcae elibom edon sniatniam a ecnatsid ,elbat a gnituor t ba l ,e a l kni -c tso
bat l ,e dna a egasseM noissimsnarteR List (M LR ). nA yrtne ni eht tuor i gn lbat e noc tai sn t eh dist ecna ot a
ossecederpeht,edonnoitanitsed r a dn the s osseccu r gnola t apeh ths ot the ed sti an it dna,no a at g to ident yfi
ro,poola,htapelpmisatisi,.e.i(etatssti i lavn i ?d ). nirosseccusdnarossecederpgnirotS oreht u nit g lbat e
spleh ot tceted gnituor spool dna diova eht gnitnuoc - ot -i nifn yti ,melborp hw i hc si t eh am in ohs rtc mo i gn
fo eht lanigiro sid t ecna ev tc or r tuo i gn al og tir .mh A elibom edon etaerc s an ent yr for ae ch en i obhg r in sti

knil - tsoc bat l .e ehT yrtne sniatnoc eht tsoc fo eht knil c cenno it gn ot the en i obhg r a dn t eh ebmun r of
stuoemit esuaceb na rorre - eerf gassem e aw s re ec i dev f mor t ah t en i obhg r. nI ,PRW elibom sedon
egnahcxe gnituor selbat htiw rieht obhgien rs su i gn adpu te em ssa eg s. T eh etadpu segassem nac eb s ne t
rehtie yllacidoirep ro evenehw r il kn sta et egnahc s ppah e .n T eh LRM sniatnoc ofni rm ita no uoba t hw i hc
degdelwonkcatonsahrobhgien a tadpun e em ssa .eg otdettimsnartereblliwegassemetadpueht,dedeenfI
eht en i obhg r. ,yllanoitiddA fi ereht si on gnahc e in sti tuor i gn at ble si cn e the l sa t adpu t ,e a edon si
deriuqer to se dn a leH lo em ssa eg to usne er nnoc ec it v ti .y nO gniviecer na adpu te mess ,ega t eh edon
seifidom sti ecnatsid elbat a dn l koo s for better uor t gni ap ths occa rdi gn to t eh dpu a det infor tam i .no In
,PRW a edon skcehc ycnetsisnoceht stifo srobhgien retfa gnitceted yna li kn cha .egn ycnetsisnocA kcehc
spleh ot etanimile l poo s dna ps e de pu vnoc re cneg e. enO gnimoctrohs fo PRW si taht ti sdeen egral
me om ry egarots dna gnitupmoc secruoser ot am i tn a ni se arev l t ba el .s ,revoeroM sa a evitcaorp gnituor
elibomegralrofelbatiustonsidnaytilibalacsdetimilasahti,locotorp a cohd krowten s.
gnituoR2.4.4 - tadpUelbaT i gn
A edon nac ediced ot etadpu sti gnituor elbat retfa rehtie gniviecer na tadpu e mess ega rf mo a en i robhg ro
otknilafosutatsehtniegnahcagnitceted na ie obhg r. stimorfegassemetadpunasevieceriedonanehW
robhgien ,k ti orp c sesse hcae adpu et a dn CA K e tn ry of t eh adpu et em ssa eg ni or ed r. nI ,PRW a edon
skcehc eht tsisnoc ycne fo rossecederp noitamrofni detroper yb lla sti srobhgien hcae it em it pr co e ss es na
tneve gnivlovni a robhgien .k nI ,tsartnoc lla suoiverp htap - gnidnif smhtirogla kcehc eht ycnetsisnoc fo
eht rossecederp ylno rof eht en i obhg r a coss ai det iw th t eh i pn ut e nev t. T sih euqinu erutaef fo PRW
stnuocca rof sti tsaf ecnegrevnoc retfa a si gn el r uose rce f ia lu er or er yrevoc as ti e il mi an et s erom
htapsuoiverpnahtsnoitautisgnipoolyraropmet - mhtiroglagnidnif s.
noitanitseD5.4 - tceVecnatsiDdecneuqeS o VDSD(r )
VDSD si a pr ao ctive nu i ac ts bom eli da coh en t ow rk r uo t gni prot oco l. ekiL ,PRW DSD V si al os desab no
eht lanoitidart namlleB -Fo dr al rog ti .mh ,revewoH sti smsinahcem ot evorpmi r uo t gni p fre or ecnam in
elibom da coh skrowten era etiuq effid er nt. nI nituor g selbat fo ,VDSD na yrtne serots eht next poh
drawot a ,noitanitsed eht tsoc cirtem rof t eh r tuo i gn ap th to t eh sed t tani i ,no dna a ed sti an it no s ecneuqe
rebmun taht si detaerc yb ht e ed sti an it .no ecneuqeS srebmun era desu ni VDSD ot hsiugnitsid elats r uo set
morf hserf eno s dna ova id t eh for am t noi fo etuor .spool ehT etuor setadpu fo VDSD nac eb ie th re it me
nevird ro neve t d ir .nev yrevE edon yllacidoirep stimsnart ,setadpu gnidulcni sti tuor i gn i ofn r tam i ,no to its
taidemmi e en i robhg s. elihW a nacifingis t egnahc ucco rs fr mo t eh l sa t adpu et , a edon c na t msnar ti its
degnahc gnituor elbat ni na ve ent- irt egg r de ts yl .e evoeroM r, the DSD V ah s owt yaw s nehw se gnidn
gnituor t ba l adpue tes. sienO eht lluf“ -du ”pm etadpu epyt ni hcihw eht lluf gnituor bat le is i cn l dedu in is ed
t eh adpu t .e nA latnemercni ,etadpu ni ,tsartnoc sniatnoc ylno t esoh e tn ir es w ti h em irt sc t ah t ha ev neeb
ssawetadputsalehtecnisdegnahc ent. ekcapenonistifetadpulatnemercnieht,yllanoitiddA t.
nI ecnatsid - rotcev ,smhtirogla yreve edon i m ia nt nia s, for ae ch ed sti an it no ,z a set of dist ecna s d{ x
}
segnarjerehw vo re the ne obhgi rs fo i. edoN i staert robhgien k sa a txen arofpoh tekcap denitsed rof x fi
dx
slauqe jnim { xd ij .} T eh noisseccus fo txen spoh nesohc ni siht ennam r l sdae to x al gno t eh ohs r tset
ap t .h To peek eht sid t ecna setamitse pu - ot - ,etad hcae edon nom i srot the oc ts fo sti uo t og i gn l kni s dna
yllacidoirep ,stsacdaorb ot ae ch no e of its n ie robhg s, i st uc r ner t tse i am te of the ohs r et ts dist ecna to eve ry
donrehto krowtenehtnie . ecnatsidevobaehT - namlleBdetubirtsiDlacissalcehtsimhtiroglarotcev - oF rd
)FBD( irogla t .mh Co derapm ot knil etats ,dohtem ti si upmoc t ta i ano ll y om re fe fic ei nt, si e isa re ot
,tnemelpmi dna seriuqer hcum ssel egarots ;ecaps ,revewoh it si well- nwonk t ah t ht si al og rit mh c na ca esu
eht noitamrof fo htob trohs -li dev dna l gno - il ved l .spoo ehT yramirp esuac rof noitamrof fo gnituor l spoo
si taht sedon esoohc rieht txen spoh ni a pmoc letely distri tub ed fas noih ba des no inform ita no hcihw nac
ylbissop eb ts ale a ,dn t eh fer ,ero i ocn rr e tc . tsomlA lla desoporp tacifidom i sno to the FBD al og rit mh
ij
ik

etanimile eht gnipool melborp yb gnicrof la l sedon in the en t krow to itrap ic ap et in emos form of
ladomretni tanidrooc i no orp t oco l. hcuS ladonretni noitanidrooc smsinahcem mi thg eb vitceffe e nehw
opot l go i ac l c egnah s are ar r .e ,revewoH nihtiw na da coh elibom nemnorivne t, enf cro i gn a yn s hcu
ladonretni noitanidrooc msinahcem lliw eb tluciffid eud ot eht yldipar gnahc i gn t opo l ygo of eht
rowtengnituorgniylrednu k. uorynasekamhcihwsetubirttayramirpehtfoenosiyticilpmiS it pgn rot loco
derreferp revo srehto rof noitatnemelpmi iw t nih tarepo i lano en t ow r .sk gnituoR noitamrofnI locotorP
)PIR( si a clas is cal exa pm l .e etipseD eht gnitnuoc -to-i ytinifn ,melborp ti has pr nevo to eb v re y succ se lufs
nihtiw llams - ezis inter en t ow r .sk T eh ssenlufesu fo PIR nihtiw na da oh c e vn ri mno ent, vewoh re , is lim ti de
golopotdipareldnahotdengisedtonsawtisa segnahclaci . lpsfoseuqinhceteht,eromrehtruF ti roh i noz
dna denosiop - esrever era ton lufesu nihtiw eht eleriw ss e vn ri nemno t ud e to ht e br dao c sa t an t ru e of t eh
noissimsnart m uide m. orgnisuybkrowtenehtfosnoitatsehtneewtebdettimsnarterastekcaP tu i gn t ba l se
taht era derots ta hcae ats t noi fo the n te ow r .k hcaE gnituor ,elbat ta hcae fo eht ,snoitats sil st all a av i elbal
snoitanitsed dna eht bmun re of poh s ot ea .hc hcaE etuor lbat e ne t yr si t gga ed w ti h a se neuq ce ebmun r
hw i hc is ro i detanig yb ht e ed sti an it no ts at .noi oT niatniam eht ycnetsisnoc of r uo it gn t ba les ni a
nyd a yllacim gniyrav ,ygolopot hcae noitats rep i yllacido msnart ti s etadpu s, dna tr msna sti adpu t se
yletaidemmi nehw tnacifingis wen inform ita no is va lia ba l .e esuaceB ew od ton emussa aht t the bom i el
stsoh era gniniatniam yna tros fo emit hcnys r no iza ,noit we al os ma ek on as pmus it no a uob t t eh esahp
r le ati hsno ip of t eh adpu te ep r sdoi eb twe ne eht bom ile oh ts .s T eseh stekcap etacidni hw i hc stat snoi era
elbissecca morf hcae noitats dna ht e rebmun fo spoh yrassecen ot hcaer ht e es ca c se is ble s tat i no s, as si
netfo enod ni natsid t- ev tc or tuor i gn la og rit mh s. tI si ton eht up r sop e of th si pahc ret to pr sopo e yna wen
scirtem rof etuor noitceles rehto naht eht ssenhserf fo eht ecneuqes ebmun sr sa soc ai t de iw th t eh r uo t ;e
tsoc ro rehto scirtem thgim ylisae ecalper the ebmun r of spoh in ot eh r i pm el atnem t noi s. ehT stekcap yam
niatnocdettimsnarteb i reyalrehtiegn - reyalrosesserdda)CAM(2 - owten(3 rk) dda res es s.
gnituoR noitamrofni si desitrevda yb gnitsacdaorb or um itl cast gni t eh pa kc te s hw ci h ra e tr na sm tti de
yllacidoirep dna yllatnemercni sa lacigolopot segnahc era detceted ,.g.e( nehw snoitats evom w ti hin t eh
krowten ). ataD si osla tpek tuoba eht htgnel fo it em b te ew en ar ir av l of t eh if rst a dn the rra i av l of the tseb
ucitraphcaerofetuor lar ed ts tani i no . edamebyamnoisiceda,atadsihtnodesaB t gnisitrevdayaledo
setuor hcihw era tuoba ot egnahc ,noos suht gnipmad snoitautculf of t eh r uo te lbat e .s ehT VDSD locotorp
seriuqer hcae libom e noitats ot ,esitrevda ot hcae fo its uc rr ne t en i obhg sr , i st nwo r tuo i gn at lb e (f ro
sni t ,ecna yb tsacdaorb i gn sti tne r sei ). ehT seirtne ni siht tsil yam egnahc ylriaf nyd am ci a ll y vo re ti ,em os
eht tnemesitrevda tsum eb edam netfo hguone ot erusne taht e yrev elibom retupmoc can al som t al yaw s
foretupmocelibomrehtoyreveetacol t eh c lo l tce i no .
niLdezimitpO6.4 k locotorP)RSLO(gnituoRetatS
RSLO si depoleved rof elibom da coh en t ow r .sk tI asasetarepo elbat - ,nevird evitcaorp taht,locotorp is ti,
segnahcxe ygolopot noitamrofni htiw rehto sedon fo eht krowten re ug l ra l .y hcaE edon stceles a tes fo sti
robhgien sedon sa lum“ t opi int er l ya s” (M RP ). nI ,RSLO ylno ,sedon detceles sa s hcu ,sRPM era
gnidrawrofrofelbisnopser rofdednetni,ciffartlortnoc di suff i no into t eh entir owtene rk. naedivorpsRPM
ffe i tneic msinahcem rof gnidoolf lortnoc ciffart yb r cude i gn t eh ebmun r of t msnar i ss i no s r iuqe er .d Nod se ,
detceles sa ,sRPM osla evah a laiceps ytilibisnopser nehw alced r gni il kn ts a et ofni r am it no in the n te ow rk.
snoitanitsedllaotsetuorhtaptsetrohsedivorpotRSLOroftnemeriuqerylnoeht,deednI is t ah t M RP
sedon eralced knil s etat ofni r am it no f ro t ieh r RPM sel ce t ro s. lanoitiddA elbaliava knil etats noitamrofni
may eb ,dezilitu of r pmaxe el for re dnud a .ycn sedoN hcihw evah neeb celes t de as um itl op int rel ya s yb
semlortnocriehtniyllacidoirepnoitamrofnisihtecnuonna)s(edonrobhgienemos s ga se . na,yberehT o ed
secnuonna ot eht krowten t ah t it has r ae c ibah lity to t eh don es hw i hc ha ev s le ce t de it sa an M .RP nI etuor
,noitaluclac eht sRPM era desu to of rm the r uo te fr mo a gi nev don e ot yna sed it tan i no in the en t ow rk.
,eromrehtruF eht locotorp sesu eht sRPM ot caf ili at te ffe ic ei nt fl doo i gn of noc t or l m se egas s ni eht

owten r .k A edon stceles sRPM morf oma ng sti eno - poh srobhgien htiw rtemmys“ ci a ”l (i.e ,. bidire tc i )lano
.segaknil ,eroferehT gnitceles eht etuor hguorht sRPM motua ita lac ly ova i sd the pr melbo s sa icos ta de w ti h
atad tekcap refsnart revo lanoitceridinu sknil hcus( sa eht melborp fo on t gett gni il kn -l reya
stnemgdelwonkca rof atad tekcap tes ae ch ,poh f ro il kn l eya rs e pm l yo i gn th si tec nh i uq e for nu i tsac
.)ciffart RSLO si depoleved ot krow tnednepedni ly fr mo ot eh r protoc .slo L ,esiweki RSLO ma ek s on
snoitpmussa tuoba eht ednu lr yi gn il kn al ey r. RSLO si a evitcaorp gnituor locotorp of r bom eli da coh
owten r .sk tI si llew detius ot egral dna esned bom li e n te ow r ,sk as t eh tpo imiza it no ac ih e dev su i gn t eh
sRPM skrow w lle in th si noc t xe t. ehT regral dna erom sned e a en t ow r ,k t eh more tpo imiz ita no nac eb
deveihca sa derapmoc ot eht alc ssic li kn ts ate al og r .mhti RSLO sesu poh - yb -hop ,gnituor taht ,si hcae
edon sesu sti l aco l infor am it no to r uo te pa kc e .st RSLO si llew detius of r n te row ,sk ehw re the tr fa f ci is
modnar dna cidarops neewteb a regral tes fo sedon rehtar naht eb i gn tsomla evisulcxe ly b te we ne a s am ll
ceps ific set of .sedon sA a evitcaorp orp t ,loco RSLO si sla o suita lb e of r necs ari so hw e er t eh
gnitacinummoc sriap egnahc revo :emit on lanoitidda lortnoc fart f ci si areneg t de in ht is is t tau i no eb c esua
tllatasnoitanitsednwonkllarofdeniatniamerasetuor i sem .
iF7.4 s nituoRetatSeyeh g )RSF(
RSF si na cilpmi it lacihcrareih uor it gn protocol. tI sesu eht ”eyehsif“ uqinhcet e desoporp yb Kl ie nr kco
dna ,snevetS erehw eht euqinhcet saw desu ot uder ce t eh size of infor am it no er iuq er d ot er p er tnes
lacihparg ad t .a ehT eye fo a hsif serutpac htiw hgih ed ta li t eh pixe sl aen r eht acof l op i .tn ehT liated
sesaerced sa eht dist na ce fr mo t eh f co la op int i cn r ae ses. nI ,gnituor t eh eyehsif hcaorppa snart la set ot
gniniatniam etarucca ecnatsid dna htap ytilauq noitamrofni uoba t t eh i demm i ta e en i doohrobhg of a don e,
iw t cniecnatsidehtsaliatedsselylevissergorph r esae s.
RSF si tcnuf i yllano otralimis RSL tahtni it m ia ntai sn a t opo l ygo pam ta ea hc .edon ehT yek ecnereffid is
eht yaw ni hcihw gnituor noitamrofni is id ssemi .detan nI ,RSL knil etats stekcap era detareneg dna
dedoolf otni eht n te ow rk hw e reven a edon ed tec st a opot l ygo cha .egn nI ,RSF knil etats tekcap s era ton
fl .dedoo ,daetsnI sedon niatniam a knil etats tab el ab s de no t eh pu -to- ad te i ofn rm ita no ecer i dev rf mo
gnirobhgien ,sedon dna yllacidoirep egnahcxe ti htiw their l aco l en i obhg rs no ly ( on fl doo i gn ). uorhT hg
siht e egnahcx ,ssecorp eht elbat seirtne htiw regral ecneuqes srebmun re ecalp t eh eno s iw th ms lla re
ecneuqes bmun sre . T eh RSF batcidoirep le exc egnah res bme el s the vector hcxe a gn e in FBD ( ,ro om er
,ylesicerp ,VDSD rehw e eht dist ecna s a er detadpu ac oc rdi gn to the time st ma p or uqes e cn e ebmun r
dengissa yb eht edon ro igin ta gni the adpu te). ,revewoH ni RSF knil ats t se rehtar ht an sid t na ce vectors era
pr detagapo .
nI a sseleriw ,tnemnorivne a oidar knil neewteb elibom sedon yam irepxe e cn e fre neuq t d si nnoc ec st dna
cennocer st . ehT RSL locotorP sesaeler a li kn st eta adpu te of r hcae s hcu hc a gn e, hw i hc fl doo s the en t krow
dna sesuac vissecxe e vo e hr e .da RSF sdiova siht melborp yb gnisu ,cidoirep daetsni of neve t-d ir ,nev
egnahcxe fo eht ygolopot ma ,p g er a lt y cuder i gn the c no rt ol em ssa eg evo r .daeh nehW krowten is ze gr wo s
,egral eht etadpu egassem dluoc c emusno a noc is de bar el nuoma t of wdnab idt ,h hw i hc sdneped no t eh
etadpu rep i .do oT ecuder eht ezis fo etadpu segassem uohtiw t res i suo ly af ef c it gn r uo it gn arucca c ,y RSF
u eyehsifehtses t nhce i uq e. manieyehsiffonoitacilppaehtsetartsulli1.4erugiF o ensseleriw,elib t ow rk.
ehT selcric htiw tnereffid sedahs fo yarg enifed eht eyehsif sepocs w ti h r cepse t ot t eh nec t re edon edon(
11 ). ehT epocs si denifed sa eht tes fo sedon taht can be dehcaer w ti hin a given bmun re of poh s. nI ruo
,esac eerht sepocs are s nwoh of r ,1 ,2 dna > 2 ,spoh res ep ctiv le .y sedoN era oloc r c do ed as lb a ,kc gr ,ya
dna etihw ca c dro i gn l .y ehT rebmun fo l ve e sl dna t eh dar i su of hcae epocs will dneped no t eh size of t eh
owten r .k T eh noitcuder fo gnituor etadpu ehrevo ad is bo tai den yb su i gn differ ne t egnahcxe ep ir do s rof
ehtniseirtnetnereffid r gnituo t ba le.

S1.4erugiF hsiffoepoc e ey
eroM ,ylesicerp seirtne gnidnopserroc ot sedon wi ht in t eh lams rel s epoc era agaporp t de ot t eh en i srobhg
htiw eht hi hg est f .ycneuqer gnirrefeR ot erugiF ,2.4 ne tr ei s in dlob era gnahcxe ed som t erf neuq lt .y The
ser t tneseraseirtneehtfo uo t ta a l ewo r fre neuq cy. baredisnoca,tluserasA l etatsknilfonoitcarfe ne tri se
era pus desserp ni a lacipyt tadpu e, t suh cuder i gn t eh em ssa eg is .ez T sih ygetarts secudorp emit ly setadpu
morf ybraen ,snoitats tub setaerc egral lat cne i se fr mo ts ta i no s a af r. ,revewoH eht cerpmi i es wonk el gd e fo
eht tseb aothtap tnatsid noitanitsed si detasnepmoc yb eht tcaf ehttaht etuor emoceb s pr go er ss i ev ly om er
etarucca sa eht tekcap eg ts cl eso r to t eh sed it tan i .no sA eht krowten ezis sworg ,egral a “g ar ”ded
rf evoehtpeekotsepocselpitlumssorcadesuebtsumnalpetadpuycneuqe r eh a wold .
eyehsifgnisunoitcuderegasseM2.4erugiF
ehT RSF pecnoc t o ir gi tan es f mor the Gl abo l Sta et uoR it gn ( RSG ) Pr ocoto l. RSG c na eb vi dewe as a
laiceps esac fo SF ,R in ihw ch t reh e si no ly no e f yehsi e-s poc e l ve le . sA a ,tluser eht eritne t opo l ygo at ble
is xe c degnah a gnom en igh ob r .s ,ylraelC siht semusnoc a edisnoc r ba le nuoma t of ba wdn idth nehw t eh
krowten ezis semoceb lar .eg T hguorh gnitadpu knil etats noitamrofni wi ht differ ne t fre seicneuq
gnidneped no eht epocs cnatsid e, RSF sca el s ew ll to egral en t krow si ez a dn peek s evo r eh ad l wo w ti tuoh
gnisimorpmoc etuor upmoc ta it no ca cur yca nehw t eh ed sti an t noi si aen r. yB gniniater a gnituor yrtne f ro
hcae ,noitanitsed SF R sdiova eht txe ar ow rk of “f gnidni ” t eh dest tani i no (as in no -de dnam r uo t gni ) dna
suht atniam i sn wol elgnis - tekcap imsnart ssi no l ta enc .y sA ytilibom i cn r sae e ,s r etuo s to omer et
snoitanitsed emoceb le ss accurat .e ,revewoH nehw a tekcap sehcaorppa sti sed ,noitanit ti fi sdn
hgihahtiwsrotcessretnetisasnoitcurtsnignituoretaruccaylgnisaercni re er rf esh ar te.

TINU – 5 UOR IT NG – 2
evitcaeR1.5 R slocotorPgnituo
evitcaeR gnituor cotorp slo rof elibom da coh en t skrow are ,osla sa ucsid s des suoiverp l ,y ellac d
no“ - ”dnamed ituor ng slocotorp . nI a evitcaer gnituor ,locotorp gnituor p shta era ehcraes d no ly
nehw .dedeen A uor te yrevocsid op noitare sekovni a etuor imreted n noita .erudecorp The
evocsid ry erudecorp setanimret nehw rehtie a ro etu sah neeb dnuof ro no etuor si elbaliava retfa
ex noitanima rof lla uor te rep m .snoitatu In a m elibo da coh krowten , evitca uor t se may be
detcennocsid eud ot edon .ytilibom ,eroferehT r etuo ecnanetniam si na i tnatropm noitarepo of
evitcaer gnituor p ocotor ls.
derapmoC ot eht evitcaorp gnituor slocotorp rof m elibo da coh ,skrowten ssel lortnoc daehrevo si
a tcnitsid egatnavda fo the caer it ev uor it gn otorp co sl . ,suhT evitcaer ituor ng p slocotor ah ve tteb er
ilibalacs ty th na rp o itca ve ituor ng torp o sloc ni m ibo le da hoc en two .skr ,revewoH nehw isu ng
evitcaer gnituor ,slocotorp ecruos sedon yam su reff morf gnol led a sy rof etuor ihcraes ng erofeb
yeht ac n rof w ra d atad p stekca . nI siht s ,noitce ew lliw ssucsid s lareve t py i lac r tcae ive m ibo le da
coh krowten ituor ng orp t ,sloco hcus sa eht wollof i gn :
DOA V
SD R
yllaropmeT deredrO R gnituo Al rog ithm T( ORA)
RBC P
L RA
1.1.5 dA coH nO - meD a dn ecnatsiD tceV or (A VDO )
nA da hoc wten o kr si the evitarepooc en tnemegag fo a oc l cel it no fo mo ib le sedon wi uoht t t eh
deriuqer noitnevretni fo yna dezilartnec ssecca tniop ro ex gnitsi erutcurtsarfni . VDOA si a levon
mhtirogla rof eht op tare i no fo hcus da coh en two skr . hcaE elibom tsoh setarepo sa a ezilaiceps d
,retuor dna etuor s era ob deniat sa dedeen i( . ,.e on dnamed htiw til lt e ro on er il na ce no idoirep c
stnemesitrevda ). ehT VDOA gnituor mhtirogla si etiuq elbatius rof a d cimany fles - itrats ng
krowten as deriuqer by sresu ihsiw ng ot ilitu ze da oh c en t krow .s AO VD sedivorp ool p-free
setuor neve elihw er p ria i gn nekorb sknil . esuaceB eht locotorp seod ton eriuqer labolg idoirep c
gnituor esitrevda m ,stne eht named d no the vo e llar htdiwdnab ava i bal le to t eh bom i el on d se is
laitnatsbus ly ssel naht ni esoht slocotorp taht od ecen s is tate hcus vda e tr i tnemes s.
VDOA us se s cirtemmy sknil eewteb n en i robhg i gn on d .se It seod on t at tpmet ot of ll wo ap ths
neewteb sedon wh ne eno fo eht sedon tonnac h rae eht rehto .eno oN d se od ton eil no ca t evi
;shtap yeht rehtien niatniam any ituor ng fni o mr noita ron etapicitrap ni any cidoirep ituor ng bat el
egnahcxe s. Fu ,rehtr a no ed seod ton h eva ot id s revoc na d niatniam a uor te ot htona er don e tnu il
eht owt deen ot etacinummoc selnu s eht fo remr n edo si ireffo ng sti s ivre c se sa na i tn erm de i ta e
gnidrawrof noitats ot niatniam ytivitcennoc neewteb owt rehto .sedon nehW eht lacol
ivitcennoc ty fo eht elibom edon si fo ,tseretni hcae elibom edon nac emoceb erawa fo eht ehto r
sedon ni sti en i hrobhg o do by eht esu of es v lare ,seuqinhcet incl gnidu lacol on( t s sy temwide)
tsacdaorb s nwonk sa eH ll o m segasse . The ituor ng t selba of eht sedon w ti nih eht en i oohrobhg d

era dezinagro ot ezimitpo esnopser emit ot lacol stnemevom dna edivorp kciuq esnopser it em for
stseuqer rof tnemhsilbatse fo wen uor t se . The al s’mhtirog amirp ry cejbo t sevi era sa lof l swo : oT
tsacdaorb evocsid ry stekcap no ly nehw .yrassecen oT hsiugnitsid neewteb lacol noc n ivitce ty
,tnemeganam en i doohrobhg noitceted dna lareneg olopot gy etniam na .ecn oT messid i an te
noitamrofni tuoba ahc n seg ni lacol ivitcennoc ty ot esoht bhgien o gnir om b eli sedon taht si li ek ly
ot deen eht noitamrofni .
VDOA sesu a tsacdaorb etuor yrevocsid ahcem n msi sa si osla desu htiw snoitacifidom ni t eh
RSD mhtirogla . nI daets fo ecruos ,gnituor ,revewoh VDOA seiler no d lacimany ly gnihsilbatse
etuor elbat seirtne ta etaidemretni edon s. sihT ecnereffid pa sy ffo ni skrowten htiw am ny on d se
erehw a regral daehrevo si derrucni by rac r iy ng s ecruo setuor ni cae h ad ta cap k .te To iatniam n
eht tsom tnecer gnituor noitamrofni neewteb n ,sedo ew bo worr eht c tpecno fo d noitanitse
ecneuqes srebmun morf DS .VD ekilnU ni ,VDSD ,revewoh e hca da coh edon sniatniam a
yllacinotonom gnisaercni ecneuqes rebmun oc u retn hcihw si desu ot srepus ede elats ehcac d
tuor es.
2.1.5 htaP yrevocsiD
ehT htap evocsid ry ssecorp si detaitini revenehw a ecruos edon deen s ot etacinummoc htiw
rehtona edon rof hw ich ti sah on gnituor fni ormati no in sti bat l .e yrevE on de sniatniam t ow
arapes te :sretnuoc a on de euqes n ec mun b re na d a aorb d tsac ID. ehT os u ecr on de aitini t se tap h
evocsid ry by tsacdaorb i gn a etuoR QER u tse )QERR( tekcap ot sti en i .srobhg T eh RR QE
sniatnoc eht gniwollof :sdleif
rdda_ecruos< ecruos #ecneuqes tsacdaorb di rdda_tsed tsed #ecneuqes h po >tnc ehT riap
,rdda_ecruos< >di_tsacdaorb euqinu ly seifitnedi na .QERR di_tsacdaorb si etnemercni d
revenehw eht ecruos ssi u se a new RR QE . caE h n obhgie r rehtie s seifsita the QERR by s idne ng a
etuoR PER ly )PERR( b kca to eht uos r ec , or tsacdaorb s ht e RR QE ot its nwo nei bhg o sr a etf r
gnisaercni eht tnc_poh . ecitoN taht a edon m ya eviecer elpitlum seipoc fo eht emas tuor e
tsacdaorb p tekca f mor suoirav bhgien o sr .
nehW na etaidemretni edon iecer v se na ,QERR fi ti sah aerla dy iecer v de an QERR htiw eht emas
di_tsacdaorb dna ecruos ,sserdda ti pord s eht er d tnadnu QERR dna do se ton aorber d sac t it. If a
edon tonnac sitas fy eht ,QERR ti speek kcart of eht gniwollof fni o amr t noi ot nemelpmi t t eh
rever se- tap h putes as ew ll sa eht drawrof p hta es t pu taht lliw cca apmo ny t eh t snar sim nois fo ht e
autneve l RR EP.
noitanitseD aPI dd ser s
ecruoS sserddaPI
tsacdaorB ID
noitaripxE emit rof er v esre - htap uor te en yrt
ecruoS s’edon cneuqes e un mber
esreveR - htaP uteS p
erehT era owt ecneuqes srebmun ni( noitidda ot eht rb )di_tsacdao dedulcni ni na :QERR eht
ecruos s ecneuqe ebmun r dna eht tsal oitanitsed n neuqes ce un mber onk wn to t eh uos r .ec The
ecruos qes u ecne rebmun si desu ot niatniam serf h ssen noitamrofni tuoba t eh er v esre r etuo to t eh
,ecruos dna eht tanitsed i no qes ecneu rebmun seificeps woh hserf a etuor to eht noitanitsed tsum
eb ofeb re ti nac be detpecca by eht .ecruos As eht QERR slevart rf om a ecruos ot vari uo s

,snoitanitsed ti lacitamotua ly stes up eht er v esre p hta morf lla sedon kcab to eht ecruos . oT set up
a esrever ,htap a edon sdrocer eht sserdda fo eht robhgien morf hcihw ti deviecer eht tsrif oc py of
eht .QERR esehT esrever - htap etuor seirtne era deniatniam rof ta sael t one u hg time rof the
QERR ot esrevart eht krowten dna ecudorp a per ly ot eht rednes .
3.1.5 drawroF - htaP puteS
lautnevE l ,y na QERR lliw evirra ta a edon (p bisso ly eht d noitanitse )flesti taht sessessop a
nerruc t etuor ot eht d se it an t noi . ehT gniviecer no ed tsrif skcehc ht ta the RR QE aw s re ec i ev d evo r
a lanoitceridib .knil fI na etaidemretni on de ah s a etuor tne ry rof ht e d derise ,noitanitsed it
senimreted wh rehte eht etuor si cu nerr t by moc p gnira eht d se it an it no s qe u cne e un m eb r ni ti s nwo
etuor tne ry ot eht noitanitsed ecneuqes bmun er in t eh R .QER fI eht s’QERR ecneuqes ebmun r
rof eht noitanitsed si retaerg naht taht cer o dedr by eht etaidemretni on d ,e eht demretni iate don e
tsum ton esu sti dedrocer etuor ot dnopser ot eht .QERR ,daetsnI eht etaidemretni edon
acdaorber sts eht QERR . ehT aidemretni te edon nac per ly no ly nehw it sah a etuor iw th a
ecneuqes rebmun th ta si gr retae naht or qe u la ot aht t deniatnoc in the .QERR fI ti seod h eva a
tnerruc etuor ot eht sed t noitani dna fi eht QERR sah ton neeb p secor s de suoiverp l ,y eht on de
neht stsacinu a etuor per ly tekcap )PERR( kcab ot sti robhgien morf hcihw it deviecer the RR QE .
nA PERR sniatnoc eht of l gniwol noitamrofni :
,rdda_ecruos< ,rdda_tsed ecneuqes_tsed ,# c_poh n ,t >emitefil
By eht emit a tsacdaorb tekcap ar sevir ta a on de taht nac ppus ly a etuor ot eht tsed i an t ,noi a
rever se htap sah neeb es dehsilbat ot eht ecruos of t eh RR .QE sA eht PERR slevart kcab ot t eh
,ecruos hcae edon gnola eht htap stes pu a drawrof etniop r ot the don e f mor hw ich t eh RR EP
,emac etadpu s sti tuoemit noitamrofni rof etuor seirtne ot eht ecruos dna d ,noitanitse dna drocer s
eht tsetal noitanitsed es q ecneu mun b re for eht detseuqer ed its an t noi . ehT drawrof htap s pute as
eht PERR slevart morf t eh noitanitsed D ot ht e s ecruo on de S. edoN s aht t era ton ola ng eht p ta h
denimreted by eht PERR lliw emit tuo retfa CA T TUOEMIT_ETUOR_EVI 0003( )sdnocesillim
dna lliw eteled eht esrever sretniop . A edon ecer i gniv na PERR setagaporp eht tsrif PERR rof a
nevig ecruos on de ot w dra t ah t ruos c .e fI ti r iece sev rehtruf ,sPERR ti setadpu its gnituor
noitamrofni dna gaporp a set eht PERR no ly fi the PERR sniatnoc rehtie a aerg t re noitanitsed
ecneuqes bmun er naht eht suoiverp PERR ro eht emas noitanitsed ecneuqes rebmun iw th a
rellams poh .tnuoc tI s sesserppu a ll rehto sPERR it .seviecer sihT aerced s se eht rebmun of
sPERR itagaporp ng drawot eht ecruos elihw al os gnirusne eht uq i ekc st dna tsom pu -to- ad te
gnituor fni orma it no . ehT ecruos edon nac b nige atad noissimsnart as os on sa eht fi sr t RR EP is
iecer v de dna nac retal up etad sti gnituor rofni m noita fi ti snrael fo a be tt re r uo te.
4.1.5 etuoR elbaT nemeganaM t
nI noitidda ot eht ecruos dna noitanitsed ecneuqes ,srebmun rehto esu f lu noitamrofni is al os
derots ni eht etuor elbat seirtne dna si dellac eht “s fo t ”etats aicossa t de htiw eht tne ry. etaicossA d
htiw esrever - htap ituor ng rtne i se si a remit lac l de eht etuor“ tseuqer ex noitarip it m ”.re ehT
esoprup fo siht remit si ot egrup esrever -p hta gnituor seirtne morf esoht sedon taht od ton eil no
eht htap morf eht ecruos ot eht noitanitsed . ehT ex noitarip emit sdneped nopu eht ezis fo t eh da
coh krowten . rehtonA i tnatropm retemarap detaicossa htiw gnituor rtne i se si eht etuor - ihcac ng
,tuoemit ro eht emit retfa hcihw eht etuor is snoc i dered ot eb i avn il d. nI e hca gnituor bat le tne ry,
eht serdda s fo evitca en i srobhg th or u hg hcihw p stekca for eht ig v ne sed t noitani era er cei dev is

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