MICROWAVE AND RADAR

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
ALLYS B SU
IM ORC WAVES A DN RADAR
doCtcejbuS e : 01 EC 45 IA raM sk 52:
No. keeW/srHerutceLfo 40: axE m sruoH 30:
T onlato . erutceLfo srH : 25 skraMmaxE : 100
PA TR - A
TINU - 1
ORCIM WAVE TR SNA M NOISSI SENIL : ,noitcudortnI noissimsnart senil snoitauqe dna
,snoitulos er f noitcel dna noissimsnart ,stneiciffeoc gnidnats sevaw dna SW ,R enil
ecnadepmi dna nil e a md i tt ecna . htimS ,trahc ecnadepmi gnihctam nisu g nis g el st ,sbu
laixaocevaworciM srotcennoc .
sruoH7
TINU - 2
RCIM WO A EV SEDIUGEVAW A DN :STNENOPMOC tnI r cudo t noi , atcer n ug lar
evaw g ,sediu ralucric evaw g ,sediu worcim a ev ,seitivac evaworcim dirbyh ,stiucric
srotalucric,srelpuoclanoitcerid alosidna t sro .
sruoH7
TINU - 3
ORCIM WAV SEDOIDE ,
snarT f re nortcele secived : noitcudortnI , NNUG tceffe sedoid – G sAa edoid , RWH t oeh r ,y
sedoM of noitarepo , ehcnalavA tisnart time secived : AER D edoid , I APM TT ,edoid
TTIRAB ,edoid emaraP t cir ilpma f srei rehtO :sedoid NIP ,sedoid ttohcS ky rab r rei
doid es.
sruoH7
TINU - 4
worciM a ev en t row k yroeht dna evissap secived . lacirtemmyS Z dna Y ,sretemarap f ro
rowtentropitlumfonoitatneserperxirtamS,skrowteNlacorpicer ks.
6 sruoH
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aP ge 1

PA TR - B
TINU - 5
evaworciM ,sretpadadnasrotcennoclaixaoC,secivedevissap ihsesahP f ,sret
,srotaunettA W .seetcigaM,seeTediugeva
sruoH4
TINU - 6
ENILPIRTS S: lellaraP,senilpirtsorciM,noitcudortnI ,senilpirts ,senilpirtsranalpoC
dedleihS pirts seniL .
sruoH6
NU IT - 7
NA NOITCUDORTNI OT RAD :RA aB s ci ,radaR T eh is m elp f ro m of t eh adaR r eq au t ,noi
osnigiroeht,radaRfonoitacilppa,seicneuqerfradaR,margaidkcolbradaR f radaR .
sruoH8
TINU - 8
ITM ARRELPPODESLUPDNA D :RA noitcudortnI t relppoDo Mdna TI daR ,ra yaled enil
,srellecnaC id g ITMlati nivoM,gnissecorp g eslup,rotcetedtegrat .radaRrelppoD
sruoH7
T SKOOBTXE :
1. orciM w stiucricdnaseciveDeva - nosraeP/oaiL noitacudE .
2. sradaRotnoitcudortnI y smets -M Illirre S 3,kinlok dr
T,dE MH, 2001.
3. orciM w eva gnireenignE – anrupannA ,saD risiS K saD T HM
02 01.
KOOBECNEREFER :
1. gnireenignEevaworciM – 4002,e2,yeliWnhoJ,razoPMdivaD
itacilbuP o ,n

HSXEDNI E TE
N.LS O OT P CI
TINU – 1 RTEVAWORCIM A SENILNOISSIMSN
1 noitcudortnI senilnoissimsnartot eq snoitau snoitulosdna
2 eR f feocnoissimsnartdnanoitcel f stneici
3 dnasevawgnidnats S RW
4 daenildnaecnadepmienil ecnattim
5 sbutselgnisgnisugnihctamecnadepmi,trahchtimS
dednemmoceR q snoitseu
TINU - 2: DNASEDIUGEVAWEVAWORCIM STNENOPMOC
1 noitcudortnI sediugevawralugnatcer
2 sediugevawralucric
3 evaworcim,seitivacevaworcim stiucricdirbyh
4 elpuoclanoitcerid rs,
5 srotalucric dna alosi t sro
TINU – 3 ORCIM W DEVA OI SED
1 NNUG,noitcudortnI tceffe sedoid – G idsAa edo
2 RW noitarepofosedoM,yroehtH
3 edemittisnartehcnalavA v edoidDAER:seci
4 doidTTAPMI e edoidTTIRAB,
5 sreifilpmacirtemaraP
6 hcS,sedoidNIP:sedoidrehtO o sedoidreirrabyktt
TINU – 4 orciM w teneva w edevissapdnayroehtkro v seci
1 ZlacirtemmyS dna rowteNlacorpicerrofsretemarapY ks
2 onoitatneserperxirtamS f rowtentropitlum ks
3 seitreporP fo S- emarap ret
ONEGAP .
6 to 22
6 to 01
01 to 51
51 to 71
71 to 91
91 to 22
32
42 to 85
52 to 13
23 to 14
24 to 05
05 to 25
25 to 75
85
95 ot
95 to 36
36 to 07
07 to 27
27 to 87
87 to 38
38 to 98
09
19 to 401
29 to 49
49 to 79
89 to 301
401

OT P CI
secivedevissapevaworciM
ixaoC a srotcennocl etpadadna rs,
aunettA tors
ihsesahP f sret
W eva g seetcigaM,seeTediu .
ceriD t relpuoclanoi
ST NILPIR ES
sorciM t pir senil
lellaraP senilpirts
senilpirtsranalpoC
S pirtsdedleih seniL
sessoL
TINU - TINU -7 AN NOITCUDORTNI OT AR D RA
1 mrofelpmisehT eradaRehtfo q noitau
2 colbradaR k gaid ram
3 radaR f er q seicneu
4 O ir g radaRfosni
5 onoitacilppA f radaR
TINU – 8 ITM DNA ESLUP RELPPOD AR D RA
1 otnoitcudortnI relppoD radaRITMdna
2 srellecnaCenilyaleD
3 id g lati MT ssecorpI gni
4 ,rotcetedtegratgnivoM
5 esluP relppoD radaR
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE
ONEGAP .
501 to 921
01 6 801ot
801 to 111
111 to 411
811 to 121
221 to 721
821
921 to 241
031 to 131
231 to 531
531 ot 631
731 to 931
931 141ot
241
341 to 851
641 to 941
941 to 151
151 to 351
451 to 55
551 to 751
851
951 ot
061 to 571
571 to 181
281 to 381
1 38 to 881
981
091
egaP 4
ON.LS
INU T – 5
1
2
3
4
5
INU T – 6
1
2
3
4
5

TINU - 1
IM ORC W VA E T SNAR IM SI NO LIN SE
:NOITCUDORTNI
Any riap of w seri na d srotcudnoc c ra r gniy c stnerru ni op etisop dir noitce s
f mro art ns ssim i no il n .se narT s issim on nil es a er es aitnes l comp stneno in any
c/lacirtcele o cinumm ati no syste .m hT ey cni l edu laixaoc ,selbac t ow - eriw senil ,
im c pirtsor senil on irp n det - tiucric -boa sdr (PC )B .
ehT carahc t citsire s of nart s issim on nil es can be iduts ed by eht ele tc cir na d
ma citeng f sdlei p apor g gnita ola ng eht enil . B tu ni mo ts arp c lacit ap snoitacilp , ti si
reisae ot ts udy eht lov t sega dna uc rre stn ni ht e enil etsni ad.
tnereffiD typ se fo snart m noissi senil

A t acipy l enigne e nir g lborp em lovni v se the nart s im s nois of a s langi f mor a
rotareneg ot a ol ad. A nart s ssim i no li en is ht e trap of ht e ric cuit aht t divorp es the
tcerid knil neewteb eg n rotare dna lo da .
narT s ssim i no li sen ac n eb ezilaer d ni a nu ebm r of ways. Co omm n examp sel
era eht llarap el- eriw line dna eht c laixao ca .elb roF si icilpm ty, we su e ni most
rgaid ams eht lellarap - eriw nil e to rper esent iucric t ennoc c snoit , tub ht e oeht ry
seilppa ot a ll t sepy of nart s issim on senil .
fI uoy era no ly f ilima ra htiw wol f neuqer cy ic r ,stiuc you era desu ot taert lla
senil ennoc c gnit eht va suoir tiucric ele tnem s as perf tce eriw ,s htiw on egatlov pord
dna on imp ecnade as os c detai ot them l( mu dep i depm a cn e ucric it .)s sihT si a
elbanosaer p rudecor e as gnol sa t eh gnel th of ht e seriw is cum h s rellam naht the
tgnelevaw h of eht gis n la . tA any evig n ti ,em t eh rusaem ed tlov age a dn ruc tner ra e
eht sa em f ro ae ch ol cat noi no eht same wire.

roF us ff tneici ly ih gh f seicneuqer eht levaw ne htg si elbarapmoc tiw h eht le htgn fo
c srotcudno ni a rt ans noissim l eni . ehT si lang setagaporp as a aw ve of egatlov dna
tnerruc la o gn ht e enil , esuaceb it nnac ot hc a egn atsni n uoenat sly at lla tacol i sno .
erehT f ro e, we tonnac n tcelge eht i pm eda ecn p seitrepor of eht riw es.
tnemtrapeD fo IBJS,ECE T aP ge 7

TAUQEENILNOISSIMSNART I TULOSDNASNO I :SNO
A nart s issim on nil e nac be ana l zy ed iw t reh by s oitulo n of Ma llewx s f lei d
snoitauqe ro by irtsid b detu ucric it oeht ry wh hci ovni l sev no ly no e ecaps irav a lb e
ni oitidda n ot the it em elbairav .
egatloV dna ruC r tne sevaW ni lareneg simsnart is no li sen
tnelaviuqE ci tiucr of na le e tnem tces i no el( n htg Δz) of eht rt ans im s nois :enil ,L R
a er eht tsid rib tu ed ni duc ecnat dna res cnatsi e p( er tinu nel g )ht of ht e noc otcud ;r
G,C era eht di tubirts ed ticapac na ec na d co udn c ecnat rep( un ti l htgne ) of ht e
leid e irtc c eb t ew en ht e srotcudnoc .
noitaleR be neewt in ts a suoenatn v egatlo v a dn uc r tner i ta any iop nt al gno eht il n :e

roF cidoirep angis l ,s reiruoF ana lys si nac eb a deilpp dna ti si mo er co tneinevn to
esu ahp s sro of tlov a eg V dna erruc nt I.
nilpuoceD g eht ba o ev ,snoitauqe ew teg
erehw γ si lac l de ht e p noitagapor c natsno t, and si ni neg e lar co elpm x.
α si eht unetta a noit c no ,tnats β si t eh sahp e co tnatsn
ehT lareneg snoitulos fo eht dnoces -o ,redr raenil di laitnereff tauqe i no rof ,V I era :
tnemtrapeD fo IBJS,ECE T aP ge 9

V ,+ V-, I ,+ I- era noc st stna (co pm l xe ahp s sro ). ehT et r sm tnoc a ni i gn e-γz re tneserp
sevaw evart l gni ni +z d ;noitceri et r sm tnoc a ni i gn γ+e z serper e tn w va es rt a gnilev ni
–z itcerid on.
tI nac eb sh nwo ht at the r ita o of egatlov ot uc r tner si vig en b :y
hw e er oZ is eht ahc r citsiretca i pm e ecnad of the ,enil vig en by
ehT rruc e tn I can now eb nettirw a :s
ssoL l nartsse s lnoissim i en s:
nI selssol s rt ans oissim n ,senil eht d ubirtsi t de c rotcudno re natsis ec R a dn irtceleid c
c ecnatcudno G a er b to h orez . nI th si esac t eh rahc a etc r itsi c i depm na ce si laer na d
si lauqe :ot
ehT gaporp a noit co tsn a tn γ si osla ima anig ry :htiw
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 01

nisserpxE g eht aw v se in ti em -do niam
ehT icolev ty htiw ihw ch a f tnor of tnatsnoc ph esa slevart is dellac the esahp
icolev ty up.
nI any nart s issim on il ne
nI selssol s rt ans oissim n enil
erehT f ro e
nI a coa laix c ,elba

oε – ep r ivittim ty of ucav um
rε – taler i ev ep r ivittim ty ( cirtceleid natsnoc t) of irtceleid c
oμ – ep r em a ilib ty of va uc um
xE a :elpm etaluclaC t eh siretcarahc t ci siser t cna e oR of a GR - 85 U c laixao lbac e
ihw ch ah s a in ren oc nd otcu r of suidar a 4.0= 06 mm and a bra dedi ou ret cudnoc t ro
htiw suidar b .1= 5 35 .mm ssA u em eht eid l cirtce si op l tey h ly e en w hti leid e rtc ic
c tnatsno of 62.2 .
noituloS : ehT irtsid b detu pac a ic ta ecn and tcudni ance of ht e elbac nac eb
c detalucla to :eb
L = 862.0 μH/m
C = 37.39 Fp /m
oR = L / C = 4.35 7Ω
noitcelfeR a imsnarTdn ssi :no
eR f noitcel oc -eff tneici si ed f deni sa ht e r ta io of a utilpm d se of er fle detc vo gatl e
evaw ot eht nedicni t vo egatl evaw at eht ecer vi gni dne .
Er 0 Η2 -Η1
=
Ei 0 Η2 +Η1
narT s ssim i no oc -effic tnei si ed f deni as eht ra oit of tr timsna t de tlov a eg ro tnerruc
ot eht ni cid tne lov t ega ro tnerruc .
Et 0
Τ = =
Ei 0
A nart s issim on enil mret i detan ni sti rahc a tc e citsir i cnadepm e si lac l de a reporp ly
et r detanim li en . occA r gnid ot eht rp i elpicn of vresnoc a noit of ygrene , the nedicni t
rewop sunim t eh er f detcel ewop r um st eb e lauq ot eht rewop rt na ttims de ot eht
aol d.
Γ =
2Η2
Η2
+Η1

v(z = )0 =vi (z = )0 +v-
(z =0)
i(z= )0 =ii (z=0)+i-
(z=0)
[vi ( z = )0 - v-
(z = ])0
vi (z = )0 +v-
(z =0)
vi (z = )0 -v-
(z =0)
tS :oitarevawgnidna
nI a elssol ss ,enil the a dutilpm e of eht f drawro o( r ab c )drawk v tlo age re am ins
c tnatsno sa eht evaw p setagapor gnola z, no ly htiw a ihs ft ni eht esahp .elgna ehT
repus i pm o noitis of eht f ro w dra evaw and ba drawkc wa ev user l st in a nats d ni g
evaw pa rett n.
1 + Γ
1 - Γ
• In a s nidnat g evaw , ereht a er itisop o sn at t eh enil erehw eht amp edutil of eht
tnatluser vo egatl has xam imum and nim imu .m
+
r
+
+1
=
Zo
v(z = )0
i(z = )0
r
r
+
=Zo
r
=ZL+
r
1
S =
1E (z )
E (z )
xam
=
nim

ehT tlov a eg ts a nidn g w eva ra oit (VS RW ) si ht e oitar of ht e maximum na d
nim imum ov l egat am g sedutin . ehT tsid a ecn neewteb owt seccus s evi maximu sm is
lauqe ot 2/λ .
VS RW si esu f lu ot f dni eht xam imum lov t ega edutingam on ht e enil eud ot
er f noitcel f mor eht load. If V cni si ht e cni i ed nt egatlov on eht ol a ,d
:TRAHCHTIMS
S htim trahC si a co vn e in e tn ihparg c la me sna of ted e gninimr v segatlo gnola
nart s ssim i no senil . tI is laitnesse ly a tolp of eht xelpmoc er f noitcel co fe fic tnei (Γ -l)
ta a po tni w ti h in tup imp cnade e Z (ni -l) ool k gni tni o ht e dne of eht nart smi iss no
nil e.
teL eht laer dna gami i an ry rap ts of (Γ -l) eb rΓ , iΓ evitcepser ly,and z eb eht tupni
ecnadepmi nor zilam ed by Zo.

sevaworciM & radaR CE01 45
nI a elssol ss nart s ssim i no ,enil ht e er si on ta t une a noit and a vaw e tr gnileva la o gn
eht enil lliw no ly ah ve a hp ase ihs ft. oS eht er f noitcel feoc f tneici (Γ -l) ta a tniop of
ecnatsid l f mor eht lo da ta eht dne of eht enil si re detal ot eht lo da ref noitcel
eoc ff tneici LΓ b :y
tI em a sn eht er f noitcel eoc ff tneici sah emas edutingam tub only a ph esa ihs ft of 2
β l if ew evom a gnel th l la o gn ht e nil e ( Γ r tato es lc o siwkc e no the S tim h rahC t
nehw gnivom wa ay from t eh daol dna itna - lc o esiwkc hw en vom i gn t sdrawo eht
daol ).
• ehT S tim h trahC is a cl reve loot f ro ana l zy i gn tr na s ssim i no senil
• ehT distuo e of ht e hc art swohs lo noitac on ht e enil ni wav tgnele hs
• ehT co itanibm on of etni r gnitces selcric ni side ht e trahc wolla su ot etacol
eht nor ezilam d i epm da ecn na d ht en ot f dni the i depm a ecn an rehwy e no t eh
enil
• nadepmI c se , gatlov e ,s ,stnerruc cte . lla eper at eve ry lah f levaw e gn th
• ehT gam n eduti of eht ref noitcel eoc ff ,tneici ht e idnats ng vaw e itar o S( )RW
od ton ,egnahc os ht ey c arah c et ezir eht lov t ega & tnerruc pa nrett s no eht
enil
• If eht daol ecnadepmi si on r dezilam by eht c citsiretcarah i pm e nad ce of eht
,enil eht v segatlo , cu ,stnerr i secnadepm , e .ct a ll its ll evah ht e sa em
,seitreporp tub eht er s stlu nac eb ge zilaren ed ot any il ne with eht mas e
on r dezilam i adepm nces

sevaworciM & radaR
Exp al n tia no fo smith ch :tra
sixAecnadepmIlaeR
• ,suhT eht f tsri pets ni ana lyz gni a
on r dezilam daol i epm d na ce no eht c ah rt
• ,txeN a lcric e si d ar wn taht rper e nes ts ht e ref noitcel coe ff tneici ro S RW .
ehT retnec of eht elcric si ht e c retne of eht .trahc ehT elcric ap s ses guorht h
eht on r lam i dez ol ad i cnadepm e
• Any op i tn on ht e l ni e si f dnuo on iht s cric l .e tatoR e kcolc wi es to vom e
drawot eht rotareneg (away from t eh )daol
• ehT ecnatsid devom on eht enil si i tacidn ed no eht stuo i ed of eht c trah ni
tgnelevaw hs
45CE01
adepmIyranigamI n ec
Ax si
nart s noissim enil si ot col a et eht

Tow dra
rotareneG
atsnoC n lfeRt e oitc n
eoC tneiciff elcriC
Away F mor
rotareneG
• ,tsriF acol te eht on r am l dezi i depm a ecn no t eh trahc f ro LZ = 05 + j100
• nehT ward t eh elcric th hguor eht p tnio
• ehT elcric sevig us eht er f noitcel feoc f tneici eht( ra suid of eht c lcri e) w hcih
nac eb daer from eht sc la e ta eht bo tt om of mo ts strahc
• oslA on te ht at tcaxe ly isoppo te to eht nor zilam ed ol ad is sti da mi cnatt e.
,suhT eht trahc nac la so eb desu ot f dni eht .ecnattimda eW esu ht is fa tc ni
buts ctam h gni
tnemtrapeD fo ,ECE TIBJS egaP 71

• woN ht e nil e si tam c deh ot eht el ft of ht e buts suaceb e eht nor am l dezi
ecnadepmi a dn admi tt a ecn era lauqe ot 1
• etoN aht t eht p tnio on eht S im th hC art rehw e ht e nil e si dehctam is ni ht e
retnec on( r dezilam z=1) ehw re la so eht er f cel t noi c eo ff tneici elcric h sa orez
suidar ro the er f el c noit eoc ff tneici si orez .
• ,suhT eht laog w hti the tam c gnih rp o lb em is ot a dd na i depm an ec os aht t
eht latot i ecnadepm si t eh iretcarahc s cit i pm de ecna .
SMELBORP :

D tnemtrape fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 02

OCER MME DN ED QU SE T NOI S F RO UN TI 1
1. ssucsiD id ff tnere typ se of imsnart s nois li sen us de ni co inumm c ita on a dn eht
f seicneuqer ta hcihw t eh y a er erp f derre .
2. gnitratS from isab cs ob niat eht os lu noit of eht nart s ssim i no enil e auq t snoi .
3. eD f eni dna ed r vi e expr snoisse f ro aunetta t noi dna esahp c tnatsno s,
htgnelevaw dna ev l ico ty of aporp g noita in a trans issim on enil .
4. Wh ta si em a tn by “ er l evita esahp icolev ty fac rot ? niatbO eht pxe r se s noi f or
eht emas .
5. evireD na ex isserp on f ro tupni i ecnadepm of im c evawor t nar smi iss on enil .
6. Wh ta si er f noitcel co-eff tneici ? niatbO na exp noisser f ro ht e sa em ? H wo si
ti detaler ot S RW ?
7. Wh ta si art ns ssim i no co- fe f ici e tn ? niatbo na noisserpxe f ro eht as em .
8. Wh ta era ts a gnidn aw v se ? woH are ht ey for dem ? niatbO eht rpxe e ss i no f ro
WSV R.
9. Wh ta si il ne i depm a cn ?e evireD na sserpxe i no f ro enil ecnadepmi at na y
tniop no the enil .
10. niatbO na e px r isse on f ro enil imp nade ce in te smr of er f noitcel oc -eff tneici .
11. lpxE a ni the spets i ovn lved ni clac u noital of st gnidna wave oitar
12. tahW si s htim hc art ? woh si ti c curtsno t de ?
13. ssucsiD ap ilp c ita o sn and itreporp es of ms i ht cha tr .
14. nialpxE how i pm e nad ce nac eb oc n ev r det to a ttimd ance u gnis s tim h trahc .
15. nialpxE ht e spets i ovn l dev ni nis gle buts tam c gnih nisu g s htim ahc rt

INU T- 2
IM RC OWA EV AW V GE UID SE A DN CO OPM NEN ST
ORTNI D ICU T NO
A vaw e ediug co stsisn of a wolloh tem la l ci t ebu of rehtie er c ugnat lar or ralucric
ssorc es c noit desu to g ediu e tcel or ma ng e cit w va e. tceR a alugn r w va e ediug is som t
co nomm ly su ed sa .ediugevaw vaw e iug d se era desu ta f seicneuqer ni eht
im c evawor r egna .
tA cim r evawo fre euq n seic ( evoba zHG1 to 001 HG z ) eht sol s se in eht owt nil e
nart s ssim i no s sy et m lliw eb ev ry gih h and ecneh ti tonnac be desu ta th eso
f seicneuqer . ecneh mi evaworc is g slan a er pr detagapo ht r hguo the w sediugeva ni
redro ot mini ezim t eh l sesso .
seitreporP dna siretcarahc scit fo w eva ug id :e
1. ehT dnoc u gnitc sllaw of eht ediug noc f eni t eh rtcele oma iteng c f sdlei na d
ereht by ug i ed eht le e tc r citengamo evaw ht r uo gh elpitlum ref snoitcel .
2. nehw eht w seva rt a ev l dutignol i lan ly do nw t eh ,ediug t eh enalp wa sev era
er f etcel d f mor wa ll to w lla t. he corp e ss er s stlu ni a co pm o tnen fo rehtie
cirtcele ro tengam ic f sdlei ni eht itcerid on of noitagaporp of eht r natluse t
vaw e.
3. MET aw v se nac n to pr etagapo ht r hguo t eh w ediugeva s ecni it uqer i ser an
laixa udnoc c rot f ro xa ial rruc e tn f wol .
4. nehw eht elevaw n htg edisni ht e evaw g ediu fid fers fr mo taht stuo i ed ht e
,ediug ht e olev city of evaw rp o oitagap n isni de eht wa diugev e sum t osla be
fid f tnere f mor taht thro hgu f eer ecaps .

sevaworciM & radaR 1 45CE0
5. if eno dne of eht ediugevaw si desolc gnisu a gnitrohs lp a et dna lla o dew a
evaw ot etagaporp f mor rehto en ,d neht reht e lliw eb pmoc l ete er f noitcel fo
eht sevaw re nitlus g ni s gnidnat wa sev .
ITACILPPA NO OF SLLEWXAM SNOITAUQE TO THE
UGNATCER RAL :EDIUGEVAW
teL su c redisno sevaw pr gnitagapo alo gn Oz tub htiw snoitcirtser ni eht x ro/dna y
noitcerid s. ehT aw ve is won on lo gn er cen e ss a ir ly evsnart r es .
ehT evaw eq noitau can eb wr netti as
nI eht serp e tn esac t sih ceb o sem
dna si im al rly f ro tcele. ric fie dl .
erehT era rht ee sdnik fo noitulos bissop le
radnuoB y noc d snoiti :
eW sa su em eht ediug s ot eb rep f tce srotcudnoc os = 0 edisni eht sediug .
,ecneH eht c iunitno ty of tE ta a adnuob ry i seilpm taht Et = 0 in eht w eva ediug ta
eht adnuob ry.

nE si ton irassecen ly orez ni eht evaw iug de ta eht adnuob ry sa t ereh may be
rus f eca segrahc no eht c gnitcudno sllaw ht( e noitulos nevig oleb w ilpmi es aht t
ereht are us ch egrahc )s
tI f swollo f mor Ma wx e s'll uqe a noit ht at be ac u es = ,0 si al os orez i sn i ed eht
rotcudnoc (t eh ti em depe ecnedn of si (pxe -iTt)). ehT tnoc i iun ty of Hn i seilpm t tah
nH = 0 ta the uob n ad ry.
erehT era ruc r stne ni d decu ni eht sediug but f ro rep f tce c rotcudno s seht e nac be
no ly rus f eca stnerruc . ,ecneH ereht si on noc t iuni ty f ro Ht. sihT is to eb tsartnoc de
htiw eht ob u adn ry con noitid desu f ro vaw es er f gnitcel fo f gnitcudnoc rus fa ec s
htiw f etini tcudnoc i iv ty.
ehT adnats rd eg ometry f ro a ralugnatcer vaw e ediug si gi nev f gi 1. A evaw nac be
dediug by owt llarap el senalp f ro ihw ch esac ew let eht senalp ta x = ,0 a dnetxe ot
y = 4± .
ET doM es: By def ,noitini zE = 0 a dn we s trat f mor
sa eht evaw noitauqe in naisetraC idrooc nates mrep i st eht esu of eht rapes a noit fo
elbairav s.

MT doM es: By ed f ini t ,noi zH = 0 dna we ats rt f mor
tI si c tsu o am ry in w eva iug d se to su e the ignol t anidu l f dlei st htgner as ht e
er fer cne e. roF eht para lell etalp evaw gu edi t ereh si on y ped e dn ence os tsuj tes Y
=
ET dom es
gnisU the oba ve f mro for eht s oitulo n of eht w eva tauqe i ,no ht e vaw e oitauqe n ac n
eb r nettirwe sa
eht nim us is g sn eb i gn nesohc so aht t ew teg t eh licso la ot ry s oitulo ns dedeen ot f ti
eht adnuob ry dnoc i oit ns.
woN ppa ly eht ob u adn ry c itidno o sn ot ed termi en eht re irts c snoit on Hz.
tA x = ,0 a: yE = 0 a dn H x = 0 ( zE si orez e ev ry hw er )e
roF eht f gniwollo firG f s'hti setirw nwod a ll eht llewxaM itauqe ons dezilaiceps ot
noitagaporp al gno 0z. I lliw wr eti tsuj oht se dedeen f ro eht iceps f ci ksat dna
mo etavit the eciohc .
eW n dee ot aler te Ey, xH ot eht ref nere ce Hz. H ,ecne ew esu ht e y co tnenopm fo
2EM (w ih ch sah 2 H f sdlei dna 1 E f )dlei
ehT f ri ts et rm si ki zHx hcihw si ez ro ta eht bo adnu ry.

ehT ecnesba of an ibra trary atsnoc nt nopu tni e noitarg si j itsu f dei leb ow.
tA y = ,0 b: xE = 0 a dn yH = 0 dna ew won su e eht x comp neno t of M 2E
sA eht ces o dn et rm si pr noitropo al yH ew g te
,revewoH m = n = 0 si ton ewolla d f ro ht e f gniwollo r ae s no .
Wh ne m = n = ,0 zH is tsnoc a tn ca r sso eht w diugeva e f ro any xy pl na e. Co disn er
eht largetni v noisre of daraF ay's wal f ro a htap taht seil ni us ch a enalp na d
lcricne es eht evaw g iu de tub ni ht e latem w lla s.
sA E = 0 ni eht udnoc c gnit sllaw dna eht time ecnedneped of si nevig by xe p(-iTt)
siht noitauqe iuqer r se taht . eW deen no ly ve a taul e ht e tni e larg vo er t eh ediug sa =
0 ni eht aw l sl .
roF snoc t tna Bz iht s g sevi azB b = 0. oS zB = 0 sa is zH . woH eve ,r sa we evah
c nesoh zE = 0 siht imp seil a TEM wa ev hcihw ca onn t co cur i edisn a lloh ow
diugevaw e. niddA g na rtibra ary oc n ts a tn w uo ld evig a os l noitu li ek
emtrapeD tn fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 62

hcihw is on t a itulos on ot ht e vaw e e tauq i no .. . try i .t It sla o iuqe v ela nt ot a nidd g a
noitulos w hti htie er m = 0 ro n = 0 hcihw is a noitulos w hti a id ff e tner
tuC fo f rf e cneuq y
sihT irtser ct noi el a sd to a nim imum av l eu f ro k. nI dro er ot eg t propa noitag kz2 >
0. tneuqesnoC ly
soppuS e a > b t neh ht e nim imum f uqer ency si cB/a na d f ro a li im t de gnar e of T
ped( e tnedn no a and b) siht os l noitu (m = ,1 n = ,0 or 01ET ) is eht no ly eno
sop lbis e.
wA ay f mor eht ob u dn a seir
hw e er xzH snaem that soc k xx sah neeb per al dec by nis kxx.
We een d ona t reh er lati no teb ween Ey na d ie t reh Hx or zH , cihw h tsum co em from
eht ehto r Ma llewx e uq noita 1EM( ). eW vah e ot ediced wh hci comp tneno of 1EM
ot .esu fI ew esoohc eht z enopmoc n ,t eht noitauqe vlovni es xE a dn Ey,
tni r nicudo g ona t reh un nwonk fie dl (Ex). Ho ,revew ht e x co nopm e tn lovni v se yE
a dn Ez. As zE = ,0 siht sevig eht re deriuq re al t noi .

tutitsbuS i gn ni the ba ove sevig
sedomMT
ehT adnuob ry itidnoc o sn era reisae ot ppa ly sa ti si zE lesti f taht si ze or ta eht
eiradnuob s.
euqesnoC ntl ,y eht noitulos si daer ily f dnuo ot eb
D tnemtrape fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 82

etoN aht t ht e sewol t TM dom e si eud to ht e fa tc taht zE . 0. ehtO rwi ,es nola g tiw h
zH = 0, ht e ulos t noi is a ET M dom e cihw h si f ddibro e .n hT e liated s a er ton evig n
ereh sa eht TM vaw e b ewte en p lara l le etalp s is na a giss n tnem pr lbo em.
tI nac eb wohs n ht at f ro oh im c essol s ni ht e nitcudnoc g llaw s eht TM edom s ra e
mo er unetta a det aht n the ET dom es.
tceR ang lu ar Waveg :ediu
• teL su noc s redi a er cta ralugn vaw e ediug w hti roiretni di oisnem ns are a x ,b
• Wa ediugev c na pus port ET dna TM dom es.
– nI ET ,sedom the le e cirtc f dlei si revsnart se ot eht noitcerid of
gaporp a oit n.
– nI MT ,sedom ht e ma iteng c fie dl taht si esrevsnart dna na rtcele ic
f dlei pmoc o tnen si ni t eh porp a tag i no erid c it on.
• ehT edro r of eht dom e er f sre ot ht e f dlei oc fn noitarugi ni t eh ug i ed , dna is
nevig by m dna n i etn g re pircsbus t ,s TE nm and TM nm .
– ehT m su tpircsb erroc s sdnop ot eht nu bm er fo lah f- evaw noitairav s
of eht f dlei ni eht x rid ec ,noit dna
– ehT n su pircsb t si the nu rebm of lah f-wave itairav o sn ni eht y
oitcerid n.
• A citrap u ral mo ed is o yln pus p tro ed voba e its otuc ff fre neuq c .y The otuc ff
f neuqer cy is nevig by

ralugnatceR gevaW uide
noitacoL of sedom
� � � �
� � � � 2 µrΕ r �
1 1 1
= =
µoµrΕ oΕ r µoΕ o µrΕ r
eW can eveihca a uq al evitati ednu r idnats ng fo wa ev noitagaporp ni wave ediug by
c niredisno g eht w va e to be a oprepus s oiti n of a iap r of ET M evaw s.
teL su c redisno a TEM evaw tagaporp i gn in eht z rid e .noitc iF g eru swohs eht
evaw f ;stnor ob ld nil es tacidni i gn oc n tnats esahp ta ht e maximum eulav of ht e
f dlei ,)oE+( and il g th er enil s acidni t gni c no s tnat hp a es at ht e nim imum va ul e (-
oE ).
ehT sevaw tagaporp e ta a icolev ty ,uu whe er eht u tpircsbus in setacid idem a
ednuobnu d by ug i ed w slla . In ,ria uu = c.
2
� �
2
�
2 2
� � � � �
�
+
c
+ =
� �
� �
c
µrΕ r
m n
a b
n
b
�
�
m
a
f nmc =
u =
1
2 µΕ
1
=
µΕ

ecniS ew wonk E = 0 no a rep f tce rotcudnoc , we nac ecalper eht ho latnozir enil s
of ze or f dlei htiw frep e tc gnitcudnoc .sllaw ,woN +u dna u- era er fle detc off eht
sllaw sa ht ey porp a tag e gnola eht g ediu .
ehT cnatsid e se itarap ng tnecajda ze or -f dlei senil ni erugiF ,)b( ro apes r gnita ht e
gnitcudnoc sllaw in iF gure ,)a( si gi nev sa t eh di noisnem a ni Fi erug ( )b .
ehT ecnatsid a si de et r denim by t eh gna le Θ dna by eht tsid a ecn eewteb n
evaw f tnor pe ,ska ro ht e htgnelevaw Λ. roF a gi nev evaw icolev ty u ,u t eh fre neuq cy
si f = /uu Λ.
If ew f xi ht e wa ll apes r noita ta a, dna ahc n eg eht f neuqer c ,y ew mu ts neht osla
cha egn eht a elgn Θ if ew ra e ot am i niatn a pr gnitagapo wave. iF g eru )b( swohs
evaw f stnor f ro eht u+ evaw .
ehT gde e of a + oE aw ev f tnor op( i tn A) iw ll enil up tiw h ht e gde e fo a – oE f tnor
tniop( ,)B a dn eht t ow f stnor sum t eb Λ 2/ rapa t f ro eht m = 1 dom e.

roF any av l eu of m, we nac etirw by si pm le rt i nog o tem ry
mΛ 2
Λ =
a
ehT evaw g ediu can su tropp rp o oitagap n sa lo gn sa ht e wa ev l htgne is s ellam r ht na
a lacitirc av l ,eu Λ ,c aht t oc sruc ta Θ = 90°, ro
uu
fc
Wh ere fc si t eh otuc ff uqerf ency f ro eht propa gnitag mo ed .
eW nac taler e eht gna el Θ ot eht itarepo ng f neuqer cy dna t eh otuc ff f neuqer cy by
is nΘ =
ehT time t CA ti at kes f ro eht evaw f tnor ot mo ev f mor A to C (a d tsi a ecn Al C) si
is nΘ
=
uu
f
is nΘ
=
2a
m
2a
=
m
Λ
=c
fc
=
f
Λ
Λc

sevaworciM & radaR
cnatsiD e orf m A Cot
t CA =
aW v eVtnorfe l ytico
A atsnoc nt sahp e iop nt sevom gnola the aw ll f mor A ot D. Calli gn siht sahp e
icolev ty up, dna given t eh ecnatsid lAD si
m Λ 2
oc sΘ
nehT eht ti em At D to tr leva f mor A ot D is
l DA
t DA = =
up
ecniS eht ti sem tAD and At C um st eb qe u ,la we evah
u =p
ehT evaW ev l ytico si gi nev by
1 1
uu = = =
µΕ µoµrΕ oΕ r
ehT esahP v yticole is g nevi by
u =p
oc sΘ = soc Θ =
ehT uorG p yticolev si g nevi by
ehT esahp c tnatsno si g nevi by
2
Β = Βu 1-
45CE01
m Λ 2
uu
l CA
= =
uu
lAD =
m Λ 2
oc sΘ up
uu
oc sΘ
1 1
=
µoΕ o µrΕ r
c
µrΕ r
2
egaP 33
uu
oc sΘ
1 - nis Θ = 1-( f f )
uG = u oc sΘu
2
c
2
( )f
fc

sevaworciM & radaR
ehT ediug nelevaw g ht is nevig by
Λ =
1 -
ehT itar o of eht art sn srev e ele ctr ci f dlei ot eht snart ver es tengam ci f dlei f ro a
nitagaporp g edom at a pa ralucitr f neuqer cy is eht ugevaw i ed pmi e ad n ec .
roF a ET ,edom ht e wave i nadepm ce si
Z =mn
1 -
roF a MT ,edom t eh wave i nadepm ce si
Zm
M
= Ηu
lareneG evaW heB avi :sro
T eh wa ev beha oiv r in a wa iugev de can be eted r denim by
45CE01
2
f
fc
Λu
( )
TE
2
� �
fc
f
� �
� �
Ηu
,
f
1 -
2
� f c �
� � .
� �
T
n

)1( TM edom ph esa ve icol ty la wa sy fast re naht t eh gil ht spe de ni the
muidem
)2( TM edom gr puo ve icol ty la wa sy slow re naht eht thgil s deep ni t eh
muidem
)3( peD e sdn on erf q neu cy � sid p sre ive msnart i noiss s sy et sm
)4( aporP g noita icolev ty (ve icol ty of rene gy art n ops r )t =
.yticolev
sedoM fo p or paga oit n:
nisU g p osah rs & ass gnimu wa ev g ediu fill de htiw
 sselssol eid le cirtc m eta r lai a dn
 wa sll fo efrep ct oc nd rotcu ,
eht wa ev sni i ed shou dl bo e …y
�2
E + k E = 0
�2
H + k H = 0
rehw e
nehT ppa lyi gn no the z-co nenopm t
uorg p
2
2
k = Ω
2
µΕc
�2
Ez +k2
Ez = 0 egaP 53
2

sevaworciM & aR rad 45CE01
+ k Ez = 0
gnivloS yb dohtem fo noitarapeS fo selbairaV :
E ( x, y, z) = X ( x)Y ( y)Z ( z)
morf erehw ew niatbo :
''
Y
+
Y
''
Y
- k
hcihw stluser ni eht snoisserpxe :
+ k X = 0
+ k Y = 0
- Γ Z = 0
rF om raF aday dna A erepm swaL ew nac f dni eht re niam i gn f ruo co stnenopm
∂Ez
-
∂x
z
- -
h2
∂y
j ΕΩ ∂Ez
-
h2
∂y
Γ ∂H
h2
∂y
erehw
h2
= Γ
sedoM of pr tagapo i no :
z∂2
E
+
∂y2
z∂2
E
+
∂z 2
2∂2
E
∂x2
z
z
''
X
+
X
''
Z
Z
+
2
= -k
= -k
''
Z
Z
''
X
X
- k
+
Y
2
2
= 22
x
2
y + Γ -k
''
X
''
Y
''
Z
2
x
2
y
2
Γ
h2
Γ
∂H
∂y
zjΩµ
h2
j µΩ
h2
Ex = -
∂E ∂H
∂x
E =
=
=
z
y
H
H
Γ ∂H
h2
∂x
z
x
y
∂Ez z
-
∂x
j ΕΩ
-
h2
2
x
2
y
2 2
= + k+ k k

rF om eht a evob equati sno we nac dulcnoc e:
 MET ( zE =Hz )0= ac n t’ etagaporp .
 ET (Ez= )0 tr srevsna e e cirtcel
 nI ET ,edom ht e rtcele ic senil of f xul era rep p ralucidne to eht a six of
eht ugevaw i ed
 MT ( zH 0= ) rt a evsn r es ma ,citeng Ez stsixe
 nI MT ,edom ht e gam n cite senil of f xul era pe pr e ralucidn ot eht a ix s
of eht vaw e ediug .
 EH h dirby sedom ni w hcih lla co nenopm ts ex stsi .
MT edoM :
Ez = Eo is n�
H = 0
∂Ez
∂x
nΠ mΠx
b a
� �E is n� �
o
j ΕΩ mΠ mΠx nΠy
h2
� a a b
�
y e- jΒzmΠ
a
�
�
nΠ
b
x �
is n�
� ��
� � �
z
Γ
h2
Γ
h2
mΠ
a
�
�
mΠx
nΠy
a b
�E soc � �
o
Γ
h2
Γ
h2
� � � � �
� � � � �is n�
�
e-Γz
�Ex = -
Ey = -
Ex =-
Ey =-
� �E is n� �
oc s� �
�
o
∂Ez
�� e-ΓznΠ
y
bj ΕΩ nΠ
mΠx
h2
� b a
� � � �
oc s�
� � � � �
� � � � �
j ΕΩ ∂E
∂y
nΠ
y
b
Hx =
z
e-Γz
�Hx = �
�h2
∂y
j ΕΩ ∂Ez
h2
∂x
H = -y Hy =- � � � � � �is n�
�
e-Γz
� �E soc � �
o
� � � � �

 ehT m na d n er p neser t eht om de of porp a itag on na d tacidni es ht e numb re of
va snoitair of eht fie dl in eht x dna y itcerid ons
MT Cuto ff :
Γ =
=
 ehT otuc ff f neuqer cy o srucc nehw
2
nehW Ωc
2
µΕ = +
2 2
� � � �
oN gaporp a ,noit ve eryt gnih si tta e detaun
nehW
itagaporP o :n
nehW
otuC ff
 ehT otuc ff f neuqer cy is eht freq neu cy b wole hcihw tta e oitaun n cco u sr na d
evoba ihw ch aporp g ta i no sekat lp a ec . ( iH gh P )ssa
fc nm =
ehT esahp c tnatsno eb c semo
nΠ
b
(kx + k )- k
mΠ
a
� �
� �
� +
2 2 2
y
2
2
� - Ω Εµ
2
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
mΠ� � �
� � �
2
neht Γ =Α + jΒ = 0��
a
nΠ
b
1
Εµ
mΠ nΠ� � � �
a b
+ro fc =
� � � �
1
2Π
2
� �+
� �
� �
2
Γ = Α dna Β = 0
�
�
�
�
nΠ
b
� �
mΠ
a
Ω
2
µΕ <
2
nΠ
+�
b
� � � �
a
� � �
� � � �
mΠ
2
Γ = jΒ dna Α =0Ω
2
Εµ >
2
� �+
� �
� �
2
egaP 83
n
b
�
�
�
�
u'
2
� �
m
a

sevaworciM & radaR
2
Β = Ω
2
Εµ -� � - �
esahP olev city dna impe ecnad
 ehT esahp v icole ty is def deni sa
Ω
up =
Β '
 cisnirtni i cnadepm e of eht edom si
Ey
= -
Hx
IM CROWA EV YH B DIR IC R IUC T :S
A orcim w eva iucric t si f demro nehw ves e lar cim r evawo com op stnen dna
secived hcus sa im c evawor eneg otar rs , im c evawor a pm lif ,srei elbairav
srotaunetta , ivac ty ser o ,srotan im c evawor f tli e ,sr itcerid o lan oc u relp s, rotalosi s
era delpuoc ehtegot r tuohtiw any im smatch f ro reporp nart s im s nois of a
im c evawor langis .
gnirettacS irtam x :
teL su noc s redi a t ow p tro rowten k hcihw per r se e stn a nu rebm of ap r ma e et r
fc
f
� �
� �
45CE01
2
= Β' 1-� �
� �
2
�
mΠ nΠ
a b
� � � �
� � � �
2Π
Β
= Η
'
Λ =
up
=
f
fc
f
1-
� �
� �
2
� �
Ex
ΗTM =
H y

llA ht e voba e etsil d ap r ma e et rs can be serper e detn as eht ra oit of e ti h re gatlov e
ot nerruc t ro cu tnerr ro gatlov e dnu er trec a ni idnoc t snoi of upni t or uo t up t
strop .
tA orcim w eva f euqer n seic ti si i issopm ble ot em a us re :
1. latot atlov ge dna uc rre tn as eht er q deriu eq iu pme tn si not va a bali le.
2. revO a br dao dnab re ,noig ti si id ff tluci ot eveihca rep ef tc nepo dna
trohs c iucri t tidnoc i no s.
3. ehT itca ve ed v seci su ed disni e ht e wt o rop t n krowte hcus sa orcim w eva
rewop sisnart t sro liw l dnet ot ceb o em tsnu a elb rednu nepo dna s troh
ic r tiuc noc d snoiti .

EVAW G EDIU EET TCNUJ I SNO :
A ediugevaw eeT is f mro ed hw en eerht w va e diug es era cretni o cenn t de ni eht f mro
of hsilgnE a ebahpl t T dna suht w iugeva de tee si 3- rop t itcnuj o .n T eh ugevaw i ed
seet a er us de to oc nn stce a cnarb h ro itces on of ugevaw i ed in res i se ro rap a ell l
htiw eht niam evaw guide nart s ssim i no enil ie t reh f ro gnittilps ro c gninibmo wop er
ni a gevaw u edi s sy tem.
erehT era ab s laci ly 2 t sepy of seet na em ly
.1 ) H- enalp eT e itcnuj on
.2 ) E- lp a en eeT noitcnuj
A com anib t noi of seht e owt eet uj n snoitc is cal del a h irby d eet ro “ M ciga ”eeT .
E- enalp eires(eeT s et e :)
nA E- alp ne eet is a wave ediug et e ni w hcih t eh a six of sti edis arm si ap r lla el to
eht E f dlei of eht iam n ediug . if eht raenilloc smra era s irtemmy c tuoba eht edis
arm.
If eht E- enalp eet si perf tce ly hctam ed htiw the dia of wercs srenut ta eht nuj c oit n
, eht ogaid an l compon stne of ht e nirettacs g am t xir a er ez ro ceb ause eht re lliw eb
on er f el c noit .
Wh ne ht e w va es ra e f de tni o edis ar ,m t eh wa sev a epp a gnir at rop t 1 dna p tro 2 of
eht aenilloc r arm iw ll be ni soppo i et sahp e na d ni sa em ma duting e.

H- nalp e te :e hs( u tn tee)
nA H- alp en eet si a aw ediugev tee ni wh hci the a six of sti edis mra si gnitnuhs eht
E f dlei ro ap r lella ot the H-f dlei of eht am in g ediu .

If owt tupni wa sev are f de otni trop 1 dna po tr 2 of eht raenilloc ar ,m eht tuo p tu
evaw ta rop t 3 w lli eb in esahp na d itidda ve .
If eht tupni si f de otni trop 3, ht e wave liw l s tilp uqe ally i otn trop 1 dna trop 2 in
esahp dna in sa em am g edutin .
gaM i rbyH(eeTc i eeTd s )
A ma cig eet si a co noitanibm of E- enalp and H- enalp .eet ehT hc scitsiretcara of
ma cig et e ra e:
1. If owt sevaw of uqe al tingam ude dna sa em esahp are f de otni rop t 1 na d
eht2trop tuptuo lliw eb ez ro ta po tr 3 na d ad evitid a pt or .4t

2. If a evaw si f de otni trop 4 ti lliw eb divid ed lauqe ly ewteb en trop 1 dna
trop 2 of eht nilloc e ra a smr dna wi ll ton a aepp r ta trop 3.
3. If a evaw si f de otni trop 3 , ti lliw rp o ecud na tuo p tu of lauqe
ma eduting dna op isop te esahp ta trop 1 dna op rt 2. eht tuptuo ta rop t 4 si
rez o.
4. if a evaw is f de tni o one of ht e loc l raeni ra sm at op rt 1 and op rt 2, ti liw l
ton raeppa ni eht hto er nilloc e ra arm ta trop 2 ro 1 be esuac eht E- mra
sesuac a hp a es led ay w lih e H arm ca sesu a ph sa e ecnavda .
Hy :)stiucricecaRtaR(sgniRdirb
A h rby id nir g snoc i ts s of na alunna r enil of reporp cele tr laci le tgn h ot tsus a ni
gnidnats evaw s, ot hcihw f ruo smra era nnoc e detc ta pr repo tni e lavr s by naem s
of ires se ro lellarap jun snoitc .

ehT yh b dir ir ng sah char scitsiretca ralimis ot esoht fo eht h dirby eet . anehW I
evaw si def otni trop ,1 it lliw ton raeppa ta 3trop esuaceb the ffid e er n ec of esahp
stfihs rof eht aw v se gnilevart ni eht esiwkcolc na d colcretnuoc kwi es rid e tc i no is
081 °. suhT eht sevaw era delecnac ta trop 3. roF t eh emas r vaweht,nosae se def i otn
trop tonlliw2 em egre ta trop 4 dna os no .
T eh S irtam x rof na aedi l h irdirby ng ebnac ex sadesserp
tI dluohs be deton taht eht esahp ca llecn a it on srucco no ly ta a ed s gi n deta
f neuqer cy f ro na aedi l hyb dir nir g. nI tca u la hy rb di gnir s ereht era s am ll el akage
sgnilpuoc a dn ereht f ro e eht z ore le eme stn in the tam r xi era ton uqe al to orez .

EVAW G EDIU OC RN SRE , NEB DS DNA SIWT T :S
ehT gevaw u edi roc ne ,r ,dneb and tsiwt ra e nwohs in f erugi ,woleb eht se
ediugevaw co nopm ents era on r lam ly desu to gnahc e eht tcerid ion of eht ediug
hguorht na artibra ry an elg .
nI redro ot nim i im ze r fe le snoitc f mor eht d si c eitiunitno s, ti si d ise rab el ot evah
eht naem le htgn L b te w nee nitnoc u seiti qe u la to na ddo un rebm of qua retr evaw
htgnel s. Th ta ,si
hw e er n = 0, ,1 ,2 3, ... , a dn gA is ht e aw v le en htg ni eht ugevaw ide. fI eht naem
htgnel L is na ddo nu rebm of etrauq r levaw ne ,shtg eht er f tcel ed wav se f mor ob th
sdne of eht diugevaw e noitces a er co elpm tely ca cn e .del roF eht wa ediugev dneb ,
eht nim imum dar i su of erutavruc f ro a s am ll ref noitcel si vig en by So htrowhtu as

CERID T NOI AL CO RELPU S:
A noitcerid al lpuoc er is a f ruo - op rt ugevaw i ed noitcnuj sa nwohs leb ow. tI
stsisnoC of a rp i am ry ediugevaw 1-2 dna a se dnoc ary wa ediugev 3-4. hW en lla
stroP era et rmina det in ieht r siretcarahc t ci i cnadepm e ,s ereht is f eer nart s issim on
of eht sevaw tuohtiw er f ,noitcel wteb e ne trop 1 a dn trop ,2 dna ht e er si on
nart s ssim i no of rewop be neewt trop I dna trop 3 ro ewteb en rop t 2 dna trop 4
suaceb e on c ilpuo ng e stsix teb w nee eht se owt sriap of .strop T eh eerged fo
c gnilpuo wteb e ne trop 1 dna 4trop dna wteb e ne trop 2 dna trop 3 sdneped no eht
urts c erut of eht cou elp r.
ehT retcarahc i scits of a lanoitcerid c relpuo can eb sserpxe ed ni ter sm of sti
gnilpuoC f rotca dna its ivitcerid t .y ssA um ni g taht eht w eva si rp o gnitagap from
rop t to rop t2 in eht rp i am ry l ,eni t eh oc u gnilp f rotca na d ht e ivitcerid ty ra e
ed f deni ,
hw e er PI = rewop input ot trop I
3P = ewop r uptuo t f mor trop 3
4P = ewop r uptuo t f mor trop 4

tI luohs d eb deton t tah rop t ,2 po tr ,3 a dn trop 4 are et r im n deta ni t ieh r
citsiretcarahc i depm na sec . ehT oc u gnilp f ca t ro si a aem s eru of eht oitar of rewop
slevel in eht rp i am ry a dn oces ndary li sen . He ecn if ht e oc u nilp g f rotca si k nwon , a
f noitcar of rewop aem sur de at rop t 4 may be desu to eted r enim t eh rewop in tup at
trop 1 .
sihT ingis f ecnaci si de elbaris f ro mi evaworc wop er aem sure stnem b ce a esu
on id s cnabrut e, ihw hc may be suac ed by ht e rewop rusaem e stnem , srucco ni ht e
amirp ry l eni . T eh rid ec ivit ty is a mea us re of woh lew l ht e f rawro d tr gnileva w eva
ni eht rp i am ry aw ve ediug uoc p sel no ly to a iceps fic trop of eht es c adno ry
ediugevaw i laed rid ec lanoit uoc p rel ohs uld evah ni f etini tcerid i iv t .y nI to h re
,sdrow eht rewop ta op rt 3 tsum eb orez eb c esua trop 2 dna Atrop era rep f tce ly
am t ehc d. autcA lly llew - dengised cerid t lanoi c srelpuo evah a itcerid vity of no ly 30
ot 53 Bd .
lareveS t sepy of tcerid i lano srelpuoc ex ,tsi us ch sa a owt - eloh erid ct reluoc ,
f ruo - eloh noitcerid al c ,relpuo reve esr - uoc pli gn erid c it onal cou elp r , dna Be eht -
eloh cerid t lanoi lpuoc er eht ev ry co nomm ly desu two- eloh itcerid o lan lpuoc er is
debircsed he er .

OWT H ELO D ERI C OIT NAL UOC P EL RS:
A owt eloh noitcerid al lpuoc er htiw tr ileva ng evaw itagaporp ng ni ti si rtsulli a det .
eht gnicaps eewteb n the sretnec of owt loh es is
A f noitcar fo eht evaw rene gy tne e der otni p tro 1 sessap hguorht the seloh dna si
detaidar otni eht ces o adn ry ediug as eh oh l se a tc sa tols a annetn s. ehT f rawro d
sevaw ni eht adnoces ry ediug era ni emas p ah es , ger a sseldr of eht eloh ecaps dna
a er dda ed at rop t .4 the awkcab rd wa sev in t eh oces n ad ry diug e are tuo of esahp
a dn era ecnac l del ni op tr 3.
UCRIC A OTL RS AND OSI L OTA R :S
htoB mi vaworc e ic r uc l srota na d alosi t sro ra e non cer pi roc la tr na smi noiss de eciv s
taht esu eht pr repo ty fo daraF ay tor a noit ni t eh f etirre etam r .lai A non corpicer al
esahp ihs fter sisnoc ts of niht bals of f etirre decalp ni a atcer n ralug wa ediugev ta a
tniop rehw e eht cd ma citeng f dlei of ht e tnedicni evaw dom e si ralucric ly
eziralop d. ehW n a ip e ec of f re r eti si a ff detce by a cd tengam ic f dlei ht e fer etir
stibihxe daraF ay or t ta i .no tI seod os eb c sua e eht f etirre si nilnon e ra iretam al dna
sti ep r aem b ili ty si an asym cirtem te rosn .
RCIM O EVAW IC R ALUC T SRO :
A evaworcim ic r taluc or si a lum t tropi waveg diu e noitcnuj ni w cih h eht vaw e nac
f wol no ly from the tn h trop to ht e n( + t)I h op rt ni one di oitcer n A tl h hguo th ere is
on noitcirtser no ht e n bmu er of op r ,st eht f ruo - trop im c wor ave ic rc rotalu si eht
mo ts co .nomm enO t epy of f ruo - op rt rcim o evaw ic r uc l rota is a c itanibmo on of
owt 3-dB edis eloh dir lanoitce co srelpu dna a alugnatcer r vaw eg diu e htiw two on n
corpicer al ph sa e ihs f et rs.

ehT itarepo ng cnirp i lp e of a t lacipy orcim w va e rotalucric can eb ana l dezy htiw
eht dia of giF hs own evoba caE. h of eht owt 3- Bd c srelpuo in eht talucric or
tni r ecudo s a hp a es hs ift of ,°09 dna ea hc of eht wt o sahp e ihs f sret cudorp es a

niatrec a tnuom of ahp se c egnah ni a niatrec di er c noit sa tacidni ed. nehW a evaw si
tnedicni ot trop eht,1 w eva si tilps otni owt comp stneno by uoc p rel I. ehT evaw ni
ht e rp i am ry ediug rra i sev ta trop 2 htiw a evitaler sahp e' egnahc of .°081 hT e
dnoces evaw p agapor t se orht u hg ht e wt o co srelpu and ht e oces dn ary diug e na d
sevirra ta trop 2 htiw a r evitale esahp ihs ft of .°081 ecniS the owt w seva nihcaer g
trop 2 era ni hp ,esa t eh rewop rt ans sim s oi n si deniatbo from port 1
,revewoH eht evaw p setagapor ht r hguo ht e rp i am ry diug e, ahp se ihs f ,ret dna
c relpuo 2 a dn ar sevir ta op rt 4 tiw h a sahp e egnahc of .°072 ehT evaw evart sl
hguorht uoc p rel 1 na d eht adnoces ry gu ,edi dna it sevirra ta op rt 4 htiw a esahp
ihs ft of .°09 ecniS eht owt vaw es re gnihca p tro 4 a er tuo of hp a es by ,°081 ht e
rewop rt ans sim s noi f mor rop t 1 to rop t 4 si orez . nI ge ,laren the id ff laitnere
oitagaporp n noc s tnat s ni ht e wt o tcerid oi sn of tagaporp i no in a vaw e diug e
c gniniatno f etirre ph sa e ihs f sret dluohs be
hw e er m and n era any ,sregetni ni c gnidul ez ros. A limis ar ana lys si sh swo taht a
evaw dicni e tn ot p tro 2 e segrem at trop 3 na d os no . As a tluser , eht ecneuqes of
rewop f wol si sed i ng at de sa 1 ~ 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 ~ 1.
aM ny t py es of cim row eva otalucric rs era ni u es dot ay. H vewo e ,r ht e ri selpicnirp
of noitarepo re niam ht e sa em . .A f ruo - trop ric c rotalu si co tcurtsn ed by ht e esu
of owt am g ci seet a dn a esahp ihs f ret . ehT pha es ihs f ret pr secudo a p esah
ihs ft of °081 .
ot op rt 2.

A rep f tce ly dehctam , lo ,sselss na d cernon i orp c la f ruo - op rt talucric or h sa na S
am t xir of ht e f mro
gnisU eht itreporp es of S rap a etem rs eht S-mat xir si
RCIM O EVAW OSI L :SROTA
nA losi a rot is a nonr lacorpice tr na s im s ois n cived e t tah is su ed to talosi e eno
co tnenopm from er fle snoitc of rehto co nopm e stn ni eht rt ans noissim enil . nA edi la
rotalosi co telpm ely a sbrosb the po ew r for pr agapo t noi in no e noitcerid dna

sedivorp ssol l sse art n noissims ni eht ppo o etis id r .noitce hT us eht otalosi r is
lausu ly lac el d linu i .en
srotalosI are reneg ally desu ot i vorpm e ht e f neuqer cy ilibats ty of aworcim ve
,srotareneg hcus as klyst snor and gam n rte o ,sn ni hw i hc ht e ref noitcel f mor eht
daol aff stce eht gnitareneg f neuqer c .y nI such ,sesac eht rotalosi pl deca eewteb n
eht areneg t ro na d aol d rp eve stn t eh er f detcel p wo er f mor eht un ctam h de daol from
gninruter ot t eh genera .rot sA a user l ,t the rotalosi am i sniatn t eh f neuqer cy
ilibats ty of eht neg erat ro .
srotalosI can eb oc n ts r detcu ni many ways. They nac eb edam by et rmi gnitan
strop 3 dna 4 of a f ruo - op rt ric c rotalu tiw h ehctam d sdaol . nO ht e rehto h ,dna
srotalosi nac eb dam e by in gnitres a fe tirr e dor gnola eht a six of a ralugnatcer
ediugevaw as ohs wn b wole .
ehT rotalosi he er si a aF r da ay- tor a noit osi lat .ro stI itarepo ng cnirp i lp e nac
eb ialpxe n de as f ollo ws . hT e upni t r sise t evi c dra si in ht e y-z pl ,ena dna ht e uptuo t
evitsiser ac rd si di lps ca de °54 htiw er s tcep to eht pni ut .drac T eh cd itengam c
f ,dlei hcihw si ap ilp ed dutignol i lan ly to eht ferr eti ,dor setator eht evaw nalp e of
oitaziralop n by 4 °5 . hT e seerged of noitator de dnep on eht el n htg and id a etem r of
eht dor dna no eht ap deilp ed ngam e cit f .dlei nA tupni TE OI domi tnan edom is
tnedicni ot eht el ft e dn of ht e rotalosi . ecniS the OIET edom evaw si pe idnepr c lu ar
ot eht tupni vitsiser e c ,dra ht e evaw ssap es hguorht eht f etirre dor uohtiw t
a oitaunett n. hT e vaw e ni eht f etirre r do se itc on si rota det c iwkcol se by 54 ° na d si
on r lam ot the ptuo ut re evitsis drac . sA a er sult of tor a ,noit eht aw ve sevirra ta eht
uptuo t.

vaworciM se & radaR 45CE01
dne tuohtiw etta n itau on at .lla nO eht rtnoc ra ,y a er f detcel evaw f mor eht ou tupt
dne si si ralim ly or t ta ed esiwkcolc 45° by t eh f etirre .dor ,revewoH ecnis ht e
er f detcel evaw is arap l lel ot ht e upni t siser tive ca ,dr the vaw e si t eh er by osba r deb
by eht pni ut .drac ehT t ipy c la rep f amro nce of eseht losi a srot si tuoba 1- Bd
noitresni l sso in f drawro nart smi noiss a dn ba o tu 02 - to 03 -dB alosi ti no ni ver e sr e
a oitaunett n.
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE gaP e 45

DEDNEMMOCER TINUNOSNOITSEUQ – 2
1. ssucsiD the oirav us rp o seitrep dna c retcarah ist sci of sediugevaw .
2. wohS taht ugevaw ide a stc sa a ih gh ssap f etli r
3. evireD rpxe e snoiss f ro otuc ff vaw e htgnel dna otuc ff f neuqer cy f ro TM
sevaw orp p gnitaga ht ro hgu natcer g ralu vaw ge sediu .
4. evireD rpxe e snoiss f ro ediug vaw el htgne , hp a es dna group olev city for MT
sevaw ni RWG
5. warD eht f dlei ettap r sn f ro eht nimod a tn TM a dn TE om d se ni er c at n ralug
ediugevaw s.
6. ssucsiD the oirav us typ se of sesol irrucco ng in ralugnatcer vaw e ug ides.
7. niatbO na e px r isse on f ro taunetta i no ni oc - xa ial senil .
8. evireD na e isserpx on f ro f neuqer cy of allicso t noi f ro a r ralugnatce and
lyc i lacirdn tanoser o .r
9. tsiL eht ap oitacilp ns of ivac ty ser o srotan .
10. warD a taen rgaid am of H- enalp eT e dna xe pla ni sti repo a noit na d ed r evi
eht S rtam ix.
11. warD a taen rgaid am of E- nalp e eeT dna xe pla ni sti po era noit na d der evi
eht S rtam ix.
12. warD a taen rgaid am of Ma ig c eT e a dn lpxe a ni sti itarepo on dna de vir e eht
S xirtam .
13. nialpxE ht e 2 loh e rid e lanoitc cou relp tiw h sk hcte .
14. nialpxE ht e itarepo on fo a 3 trop c rotalucri
15. nialpxE ht e ikrow ng of fa dar ay tor at noi si o al t ro .

sevaworciM & radaR 1 45CE0
tinU -3
M ORCI W VA E D DOI SE
TR SNA F RE E CEL T NOR DE CIV ES
ORTNI D TCU I :NO
ehT a ilpp cati no of owt - et r lanim se udnocim tc ro cived es ta im c wor a ev f seicneuqer
sah neeb ni c aer des su ga e gnirud t eh tsap de sedac . ehT CW, va e ar eg , dna kaep
rewop o tuptu s of ht se e ecived s ta h gi her im c evawor f icneuqer es are cum h gral er
naht esoht bo t nia a lb e wi ht eht tseb p wo er rt a rotsisn . ehT oc nomm c rah a citsiretc of
lla vitca e owt -ter anim l dilos - tats e cived es is th rie tagen i ev ser i nats ce. ehT aer l trap
of rieht depmi an ec is ne evitag revo a egnar fo f icneuqer es. nI a evitisop r cnatsise e
eht ruc r ne t ht or u hg the natsiser ce na d eht v egatlo rca o ss it are in esahp . hT e
egatlov pord ssorca a tisop ive cnatsiser e is evitisop dna a ewop r fo 1( 2 R) si
detapissid ni eht re sis tance.
nI a agen evit ser i nats c ,e revewoh , ht e c nerru t dna egatlov a er out of esahp
yb 081 °. hT e ov l at eg d por ssorca a vitagen e re ecnatsis si evitagen , and a rewop of
(-I!R) si eg n re deta by t eh rewop s ppu ly as cos i deta htiw t eh ne tag i ev r ecnatsise . nI
op evitis r natsise c se ab bros . p wo re (p vissa e d ,)secive w aereh s tagen ive siser ta cn es
neg tare e wop er ( tca ive cived es). In this hc a tp er eht snart ef err d ele c nort
ed v seci (TED )s era analy ez d.
ehT d fi f nere ces neewteb rcim o evaw isnart ts sro dna snart f derre ele c nort
cived es (T DE )s are f dnu ame latn . isnarT s rot s o etarep iw th e hti er cnuj t noi s ro ga et ,s
tub DET s a er b klu ed civ es vah i gn on ju noitcn s ro setag . The ma iroj ty of
rotsisnart s era f cirba a det f mor ele tnem al mes i cudnoc t ro ,s hcus sa nocilis or
eg r inam um, rehw eas 1 Dt s a er f cirba ated f mor co opm u dn se dnocim u ,srotc us ch as

illag um ars dine e ( A.r s) i, dn ium hp so p edih (l Pn ), or ac d im um et ll ediru (Cd eT ).
rT ansistors etarepo
sA " aw rm" ele rtc o sn w esoh rene gy si ton um ch retaerg ht an eht ht re mal rene gy
0. Ve620 ta room te pm era erut ) of nortcele s in t eh semi oc n rotcud s.
NNUG EF TCEF ID O SED – Ga sA oid de
nnuG eff tce era man ed after .J B. nnuG ohw si 3691 revocsid ed a cidoirep
f noitautcul of tnerruc gnissap ht r hguo the n- type illag um sra en di e . w neh eht
deilppa ov l egat ecxe ed de a niatrec cr laciti v la eu .
lkcohS ey in 591 4 us g detseg aht t ht e two t lanimre en g evita re is sta ecn cived es
gnisu semic cudno t sro h da gatnavda es revo tra srotsisn ta hgih f euqer nc sei .
nI 1691 , R ldi ey and Wa snikt de debircs a wen htem od f ro atbo i gnin tagen i ev
fid f laitnere om b ili ty in cimes o otcudn rs. ehT elpicnirp ovni l dev si ot taeh reirrac s
ni a thgil ssam , low mo ilib ty , ih g reh ene rgy s bu dnab wh ne ht ey ah ve a gih h
rutarepmet e.
laniF ly orK e rem tats ed taht eht nigiro of eht evitagen id ff laitnere mo ilib ty is
ldiR ey taW k sni liH sum’s nahcem si m of nortcele snart f re otni the llav e sy aht t
rucco ni oc n ud c oit n ba sdn .
nnuG ffe ect:
ehT leb ow f erugi s oh ws eht gaid ram of a u in form n-type G sAa oid de tiw h oh im c
stcatnoc at eht dne us rf .seca G nnu ats ted th ta “ bA ove so em irc ti lac gatlov e ,
dnopserroc i gn to na el cirtce f dlei of 0002 to 0004 /stloV c ,m ht e cu tnerr ni eve ry
ceps i nem beca em a flu gnitautc f noitcnu of ti .em

nnuG Di sedo
elgniS eip ce of sAaG or pnI a dn co sniatn no j snoitcnu
stibihxE n evitage diff laitnere siser t ecna
itacilppA o :sn
wol - esion l laco so c alli t sro for im x sre (2 to 140 )zHG .
woL - op ew r nart smi ett rs a dn ediw dnab tu ban le secruos
ounitnoC us- evaw (CW) wop er slevel of pu ot reves al derdnuh im ll sttaw nac be
deniatbo in eht X-, uK -, dna Ka-ba .sdn A wop er o tuptu of 30 Wm nac be
deveihca from co mm er laic ly liava a elb ived ces ta 49 zHG .
rehgiH po rew nac be veihca ed by combi gnin reves al cived es ni a rewop
co nibm er.

nnuG icso l srotal e bihx it ev ry wol cd - ot -RF ef icif ency of 1 ot %4 .
nnuG osla evocsid r de t tah ht e ht res dloh le e tc ric f dlei iliE deirav wi ht eht htgnel
dna t epy fo lairetam . He depoleved na bale ora et apac c viti e eborp f ro gnittolp the
cirtcele f dlei birtsid u it on nihtiw a ps ecimen of n-t epy aG As of htgnel L = 012 JL llI
dna ssorc - ces t lanoi ar ae 5.3 x 01 -3 c 2m w ti h a wol -f dlei tsiser a ecn of 61 .n
tnerruC i ilibatsn t sei oc derruc ta ceps imen ov l segat oba ve 95 ,V whi hc me na s aht t
eht ohserht ld f dlei si
YELDIR AW T SNIK DNA HI MUSL HT E :YRO
aM ny e tanalpx i sno ha ev neeb fo f re ed f ro eht nnuG eff .tce nI 4691 orK em re [ ]6
detseggus taht uG n 'n s oitavresbo ns erew in c etelpmo ga r ee tnem iw th eht ldiR ey-
aW t snik -Hi sl um R( )HW oeht ry.
fiD f aitnere l tageN i ev cnatsiseR e:
ehT f nemadnu t la noc c tpe of eht ldiR ey-Wat snik - sliH um (R )HW t oeh ry is eht
fid fe laitner evitagen r se natsi ce eved l depo in a klub dilos - etats III -V nuopmoc d
nehw rehtie a gatlov e o( r cirtcele f )dlei ro a c tnerru si ap deilp ot the et r slanim fo
eht sa .elpm ehT re era owt sedom of evitagen - siser t ecna ved ice :s egatlov -
c dellortno a dn rruc e tn dellortnoc sedoM .

nI eht ov l egat - oc n lort l de edom t eh rruc e tn de isn ty nac eb um l ulavit e ,d aerehw s in
eht tnerruc - noc t dellor mo ed eht egatlov nac eb mu ulavit1 e .d ehT am j ro eff tce fo
eht ecnaraeppa of a fid fe laitner evitagen - ser i ts a ecn noiger ni ht e c ru r tne isned ty
f dlei evruc si ot redner eht elpmas tcele r laci ly tsnu a .elb sA a luser t, ht e laitini ly
ho enegom o su sa elpm ceb o sem irtcele c la ly h ete r oenego us ni na ta t tpme ot hcaer
tilibats y. nI the atlov ge- llortnoc ed n evitage -r natsise ce mo ed hgih -f dlei do niam s
era f mro ed, apes r nita g owt low-f dlei oiger ns. ehT i retn fa sec rapes a gnit ol w na d
hgih -f dlei do niam s eil gnola iuqe itnetop al ;s t suh ht ey ra e ni alp nes pe ralucidnepr
ot eht erruc nt rid tce i no .
desserpxE htam ema it c la ly, eht ne evitag res si tance of eht sa elpm at a ralucitrap

noiger si
If na cirtcele f dlei oE ( ro tlov age oV ) si ap ilp ed ot ht e sa ,elpm f ro xe amp ,el eht
tnerruc isned ty si01 gene tar ed. sA eht a eilpp d f dlei ro( )egatlov si in desaerc ot 1E
ro( V2 ,) eht tnerruc den is ty si rced e desa ot 21 . Wh ne eht f dlei ro( v lo t )ega si ced r~
ot .£ ro( VI ,) eht ruc r tne isned ty si ercni ased ot ,1 . Th ese hp enomena of eht
egatlov rtnoc o ll ed gen a evit re tsis a ecn era sho nw ni giF . 7-2-3(a). Si im l ra l ,y f ro eht
c tnerru tnoc r dello om d ,e eht tagen ive- siser tan ec orp f eli si sa hs o nw be ol w.
OWT VA ELL Y MO LED TH :YROE
orK e rem pr esopo d a n evitage ma ss cim rowa ev a ilpm f rei ni 1 859 [ ]Ol dna 1 59 9
[ ]II . gnidroccA ot eht rene gy dnab oeht ry of ht e n -t epy Ga ,sA a hgih - bom i il ty
rewol llav ey si apes ra det by na en re gy of 63.0 Ve f mor a wol -m ilibo ty pu p re
yellav

vaworciM se & radaR 45CE01
nortcelE ed n seitis in the rewol dna reppu va ll eys re niam t eh sa em nu d re na
irbiliuqE um co noitidn . nehW eht deilppa le e cirtc f dlei si rewol naht ht e irtcele c
f dlei of eht rewol va ll ey (E < Ee ,) no rtcele no s lliw snart f re ot the up rep va ll ey.
Wh ne eht ap deilp le ect cir fie dl si rehgih th na t tah of ht e rewol lav ley dna ewol r
naht taht of eht pu p re v lla ey ( eE < E < Eu ,)) le snortce liw l nigeb to
snart f re ot eht reppu va ll ey.
nehw eht ilppa ed tcele ric field si rehgih naht t tah of eht reppu va ll ey uE( < E ,) a ll
snortcele wi ll snart fer to eht reppu llav ey.

Wh ne a us ff tneici ly hgih f dlei E si deilppa ot eht ceps i ,nem snortcele era
a arelecc et d dna rieht fe f evitce epmet r ruta e sesir voba e ht e ittal ce epmet ra rut e
osla rcni e sa es. uhT s le e nortc isned ty/I dna era htob f snoitcnu of le e tc r ci f dlei E.
SEDOM FO OP RE A OIT N OF UG NN DI :EDO
A nnug di do e nac o ep r eta ni f ruo :sedom
1. nnuG so cil noital dom e
2. elbats a pm lif noitaci mo ed
3. ASL licso l noita edom
4. saiB iucric t llicso at noi mo ed
nnuG os itallic on om de: sihT mo ed si ed f ni ed ni eht ger i no rehw e t eh tcudorp fo
f neuqer cy pitlum l dei by tgnel h si a tuob 107 c s/m a dn ht e orp ud tc of gnipod
mu eilpitl d by tgnel h si retaerg ht an 10 /21 c 2m . nI ht is ger i no eht devi ec si u tsn ab el
esuaceb of eht c cilcy for noitam of ehtie r eht ca cu italum on la rey ro eht hgih f dlei
do iam n.

sevaworciM & radaR E01 45C
Wh ne ht e cived e si op detare si a italer vely hi hg Q ac vity and puoc l de pr epo rly to
eht ,daol the do am in I dehcneuq or dela dey bef ero gnitaelcun .
elbatS.2 a ifilpm c oita n edom : hT is dom e si def deni ni eht noiger whe er eht
p tcudor of f neuqer cy times htgnel si oba ut 107 slmc dna eht orp d tcu of gnipod
semit gnel th si eb t eew n 0l 11
dna O1 12
2mc/
.3. ASL o tallics i no mo ed : sihT edom si def deni ni eht ger i no hw e er the pr tcudo of
f neuqer cy ti sem el n htg si evoba 01 7
slmc a dn t eh touq nei t of gnipod d dedivi by
f neuqer cy is eewteb n 2 x 01 4
dna 2 x 105
.
4. saiB -ci tiucr o llics a noit om de: hT is om de srucco only w neh t ereh si ie th re
nnuG or LSA os llic at .noi na d it si lausu ly ta ht e oiger n rehw e the orp duct fo
f neuqer cy ti sem el n htg si oot s am ll ot pa p rae in ht e f erugi . nehW a bu kl edoid si
desaib ot th lohser d. ht e egareva rruc e tn dus ed nly spord as nuG n icso l noital geb i sn .

ehT pord ni rruc e tn ta eht dlohserht nac dael ot cso snoitalli ni eht bi sa tiucric aht t
era t lacipy ly 1 zHk to 1 00 zHM .
deyaleD do niam m edo 601( c s/m < Lf < 1 70 cm/ )s . ehW n eht art n tis t mi e si
nesohC so taht ht e doma ni si elloc c det ihw le E < htE sa sh nwo in giF . 7-3- ,)b(4 a

wen do am in nac n to f mro litnu t eh f dlei sir es evoba rht e dlohs iaga n. nI siht esac ,
eht tallicso i no irep od is retaerg naht eht art n is t time- taht i ,s oT > T,. sihT led a dey
mo ed si la so dellac hni i detib edom . ehT e ff neici cy of siht edom is ba o tu %02 .
dehcneuQ d niamo om de (fL > 2 X 701 c )s/m .
If eht saib f dlei spord woleb eht iniatsus ng f dlei sE gnirud eht evitagen lah f-c lcy e
sa ohs wn ht, e doma ni c sespallo eb f ero ti sehcaer eht ona .ed ehW n eht saib f dlei
sgniws kcab ab evo ht r dlohse a, en w do niam si detaelcun dna eht pr sseco staeper .
erehT f ero eht itallicso o sn rucco ta eht fre neuq cy of eht noser a tn tiucric rehtar naht
ta eht art n tis - mit e f neuqer c ,y tI sah eb en f dnuo taht the oser n tna f neuqer cy of ht e
tiucric si lareves emit s eht tr tisna -ti em fr neuqe c ,y is n ec eno elopid seod ton vah e
hguone ti em ot re ujda st dna a brosb eht v atlo ge of eht rehto selopid . laciteroehT ly,
eht e ff neici cy of uq enc deh domain llicso at sro nac r hcae 13%
ASL MO ED
Wh ne eht f neuqer cy si ev ry ,hgih t eh do sniam od ton vah e us ff tneici mit e ot form
Wh eli eht f dlei si above dlohserht . sA a re tlus , tsom of eht do am i sn are niatniam ed
nI eht tagen i ev noc d cu t ecna etats du gnir a large fr noitca of ht e atlov ge cyc el . ynA
ccA u talum i no of tcele r sno raen ht e dohtac e has ti em ot c espallo lihw e eht langis si
woleB rht e dlohs . suhT eht ASL edom si . eht simp tsel mo ed of po e tar i no .
ALAVA N EHC TRAN TIS TI ME D CIVE E :S
DAER DI :EDO
daeR edoid saw eht f tsri soporp ed nalava c eh edoid . ehT cisab arepo t gni elpicnirp s
of TTAPMI id o ed ac n eb isae ly srednu t doo by f tsri u atsredn n gnid the oitarepo n of
daer edoid .
ehT isab c daer doid e stsisnoc of f ruo la ey rs na em ly n+ p I p+ layers. hT e sulp
tpircsrepus ref sre ot v re y h hgi od p gni el vels a dn ’i‘ toned es nirtni s ci laye A.r egral

esrever saib si eilppa d ac ssor edoid . eht ehcnalava lpitlum i oitac n srucco ni eht
niht ”p“ ger i no hw i hc is osla c ella d eht ih gh f dlei noiger or nalava che noiger .
ehT eloh s tareneg ed du gnir eht a hcnalav e orp c sse ird ft ht r guo h eht ni t cisnir region
elihw vom i gn wot a sdr +p atnoc ct. T eh oiger n wteb e ne +n p itcnuj on a dn eht i-p+
noitcnuj is onk wn sa spa ec egrahc er g oi n.
Wh ne siht edoid si r ve esre ib a des dna alp ced edisni na tcudni i ev im c evawor ca iv ty
im c evawor icso l noital s a er decudorp eud ot eht re tnanos noitca of ht e viticapac e
ecnadepmi of eht doid e dna c iva ty cudni t ecna . ehT cd bias po rew si c vno e detr into
im cr evawo rewop by t tah daer id o ed licso l ta or.

vA a ehcnal lpitlum i tac i no co c sru nehw the ap deilp rever se saib lov t ega si aerg t re
neht eht dkaerb o nw v gatlo e os taht eht ps a ec ahc r eg noiger txe e dn s f mor +n p
noitcnuj th hguor the p dna I re oig n ,s ot the i to +p nuj cti no .
TTAPMI OID DE:
ttapml doid es era am nuf derutca gnivah id ff tnere f smro su hc sa n+ ,+pip nin+p +,
+nn+p rba u tp uj n oitc n dna +p i n+ d edoi c no f ugi r .noita hT e am ter lai esu d f ro
ma un fa erutc of eseht mo sed era ei reht eG rma in u ,m S ,nocili G la lium nesrA ide
)sAaG( ro I idn um ohP s edihp nI( P).
tuO of eseht slairetam , tsehgih fe f neici c ,y hi rehg po e gnitar f euqer cn y dna wol er
esion si deniatbo iw th .sAaG tuB eht egatnavdasid htiw aG As si lpmoc ex
f ba r noitaci ssecorp na d neh ce ih g reh c tso . ehT f erugi woleb sho sw a esrever
desaib +n ip +p edoid htiw cirtcele f dlei ,noitairav gnipod cnoc ent noitar ev r us s
ecnatsid lp o ,t ht e rcim ow eva atlov ge niws g and eht nerruc t va itair on.
CINIRP P EL FO EPO RA IT :NO
Wh ne a ever r es saib v egatlo eecxe d gni eht b er a nwodk v egatlo si a ,deilpp a hi hg
e cirtcel f dlei sraeppa ssorca eht +n p tcnuj i .no sihT ih gh f dlei isnetni ty i apm rts
fus f tneici rene gy ot the ecnelav ortcele ns ot esiar ht e esm l sev otni the udnoc c it on
nab d. sihT luser ts va a hcnal e pitlum l noitaci of eloh - nortcele iap rs. htiW us i elbat
gnipod prof eli ,ngised it si sop s elbi to ma ek el cirtce fie dl ot have a v re y prahs aep k
ni eht esolc iniciv ty of eht noitcnuj re us l gnit in tcapmi" nalava che itacilpitlum o "n .
hT si si a umuc l evita ssecorp itluser ng ni dipar esaercni of rac r rei isned t .y
tneverp eht d edoi from ,gninrub a c tnatsno ib as cruos e si u des ot ma niatni areva ge
tnerruc ta as fe li tim ,01 ehT id ode rruc ne t si irtnoc b detu by the udnoc c it on
snortcele ihw ch m vo e ot eht +n noiger na d eht detaicossa oh les hcihw ird ft
hguorht
eht aets dy f ei ld a dn .c.a f .dlei · ehT doid e gniw~ s tni o na d uo t of lava a ehcn
noitidnoc s dnu er ht e inf ecneul of taht ever rse saib aets dy f lei d na d eht a.c. f lei d.
tnemtrapeD fo BJS,ECE TI egaP 86
oT

uD e ot eht ird ft emit fo seloh 'gnieb s ,llam ac r eir rs ird ft ot ht e dne atnoc c st eb f ero
eht .c.a tlov a eg iws ngs eht edoid tuo of ht e ehcnalava D eu ot b gnidliu pu fo
oitallicso n ,s eht a c. . f dlei sekat rene gy from t eh ilppa ed saib dil the oitallicso ns ta
im c vawor e f eicneuqer s era sus t denia ac ssor t eh edoid . euD ot ht is .c.a f ,dlei eht
eloh tnerruc sworg exp laitneno ly to a am ix mum a dn iaga n ced a sy ex laitnenop ly ot
eZ or .
gniruD ht is eloh drif gnit pr ,sseco a tsnoc ant nortcele rruc e tn si in decud ni ht e
e tx e lanr riC cu ti ihw ch strats f gniwol ehw n eloh tnerruc aer c eh s sti kaep na d
eunitnoc s f ro lah f c cy le oC r er s nidnop g to n evitage s niw g of eht a .c. atlov ge as
nwohs ni f erugi suhT a 081 seerged hP a es s ih ft neewteb eht xe ret n la tnerruc dna
a c. . worcim a ev tlov age sedivorp a vitagen e Re cnatsis e f ro iatsus n de o snoitallics .
ehT rotanoser si u us ally tu den ot siht f er q neu cy os taht eht IM AP TI edoid s
edivorp a H hgi po rew c suounitno evaw (C )W a dn deslup cim row eva slangis .
tacilppA i sno fo PMI A TT doiD es
)i( esU d ni t eh f lani op w re gats e of los id etats worcim a ev tr na s rettim s f ro
co cinumm a noit up r op se.
)ii( desU in eht art sn rettim of VT s tsy em.
)iii( desU ni DF M T/ DM s tsy e sm .
)vi( desU as a rcim owa ev ecruos in al arob tory f ro rusaem e tnem up rpo ses .

APART TT ID OD :E
nociliS is usu ally u es d f ro eht ma un f rutca e of TAPART T doid es dna have a
noc f noitarugi of p+ n n+ sa ohs wn ehT. p-N j nu c noit is r esreve aib sed be noy d ht e
nwodkaerb er g ,noi os t tah ht e tnerruc ned sity si regral . sihT rced e sa es ht e ele c cirt
f dlei ni eht ecaps egrahc noiger a dn saercni es eht reirrac tisnart ti .em uD e ot siht ,
eht f neuqer cy of repo a noit steg derewol to ssel naht 01 GH .z tuB the fe f neici cy
steg rcni e sa ed eud to low rewop di itapiss on.
edisnI a oc -ax lai oser n ,rota eht TR PA A TT di edo si on r lam ly mo nu t de ta a niop t
erehw xam imum RF egatlov sw gni si iatbo n .de hW en eht nibmoc ed cd saib dna
FR tlov a eg cxe ee sd br nwodkae egatlov , ava l ehcna cco u sr na d a plas am of loh se
a dn snortcele are neg e detar hcihw g ste part pe .d nehW eht e nretx al tiucric ruc r ne t
f ,swol eht atlov ge sir es dna ht e ppart ed alp sma steg r desaele orp d gnicu ruc rent
eslup orca ss eht d ir ft .ecaps ehT t lato art n tis emit si the sum of eht ird ft emit and
eht led ay rtni o decud by t eh esaeler of eht deppart alp s .am euD to siht gnol er
tisnart ti ,em ht e repo a nit g f neuqer cy is lim ti de ot 10 zHG . aceB use ht e uc rr tne
eslup si detaicossa wi ht wol ,egatlov eht rewop itapissid on si wol gnitluser in
rehgih e ff neici cy.
ehT navdasid t sega of APART TT era hgih n esio f erugi dna reneg a noit of gnorts
ah r scinom eud ot s troh noitarud of eht rruc e tn eslup .
APART TT edoid f sdni a noitacilpp ni S- ab nd deslup nart s srettim f ro deslup rra ay
radar s tsy e sm .

ehT cirtcele f dlei si exp desser sa
TIRAB T OID DE ( Barr rei itcejni on art ns tim ti em ved i sec :)
TTIRAB secived era an i vorpm ed srev i no of TTAPMI cived es. MI P TTA cived se
lpme oy i capm t inoi z ta i no hcet n euqi s cihw h is oot on isy. cneH e ni o dr re ot eveihca
wol esion f ,serugi imp tca zinoi a noit si a dediov ni B IRRA TT .secived hT e
mi iron ty i noitcejn is dedivorp by cnup h- hguorht of eht etni rme etaid ger i no
oitelped( n oiger n). T eh secorp s is lacisab ly of ewol r sion e aht n i pm a tc azinoi t oi n
lbisnopser e f ro c rru e tn itcejni on in na I PM TTA . ehT n itage ve r natsise ce is
deniatbo on nuocca t of eht ird ft of eht tcejni ed seloh ot ht e lloc e tc or e dn of eht
p- airetam l.

ehT rtsnoc u noitc of a B TTIRA ed v ci e noc s tsi i gn of time t ,re ab ,es
etni r etaidem ro ird ft or detelped ger i no dna oc rotcell . nA e laitness er riuq e tnem f ro
eht AB R TTI d ecive is ht e er f ero aht t eht i etn r taidem e ird ft regi no be e eritn ly
detelped ot esuac p nu hc ht r hguo ot eht e ttim er- esab cnuj t noi iw t tuoh nisuac g
hcnalava e bre wodka n of eht esab - rotcelloc jun noitc .
ehT ap r citisa s dluoh be tpek sa wol sa p bisso le. ehT laviuqe e tn cric u ti sdneped on
eht type of noitaluspacne dna mo gnitnu am ek . roF am ny ap oitacilp n ,s eht re luohs d
eb a egral cnaticapac e ,noitairav sma ll va ul e of nim imum pac ac ti a ecn dna eires s
ecnatsiser Rs' tarepO oi n si on r lam ly li tim ed ot f 0l/ [ 52 zHG f ro iS dna 09 GHz f ro
sAaG ]. qerF u ne cy of noitarepo beyo dn (f )01/ sdael ot esaercni ni ,R esaerced in
fe f neici cy and aercni es ni esion .

ARAP ME CIRT AMP EIFIL R :S
ehT rap a cirtem a ilpm fier si na ilpma f rei isu ng a ecived esohw caer t ecna si va eir d
ot ecudorp a ilpm f itaci on. rotcaraV di edo si t eh mo ts ediw ly desu ca it ev le e tnem ni
a rap a cirtem a ilpm f rei . tI si a wol esion a ilpm f ei r esuaceb on tsiser na ec si devlovni
ni eht ilpma f gniy orp c .sse erehT lliw eb on eht r lam ,esion sa eht evitca le e nem t
desu devlovni si er a tc i ev c( a )eviticap . Amplif noitaci si niatbo ed if eht aer c ecnat si
deirav rtcele o lacin ly ni so em derp e et r nim ed f noihsa .
euD ot eht ad atnav ge of wol ion se a pm lif ci a ,noit rap a rtem ic ilpma f srei ra e
evisnetxe ly esu d ni s tsy e sm us ch sa gnol ra gn e sradar , lletas ite gr dnuo ats t snoi ,
oidar ,sepocselet itra if laic ,setilletas im cr wo eva dnuorg co mm u in c noita ,snoitats
oidar ortsa mon y etc.

isaB c raP a cirtem mA reifilp
A tnevnoc i lano a ilpm f rei sesu a av ria elb ser ist ecna dna a d.c. ewop r s ppu ly. oF r a
rap a cirtem a ilpm f ,rei a elbairav tcaer a ecn dna na ca rewop ppus ly ra e dedeen .
Pu gnipm langis at f neuqer cy fp dna a sma ll edutilpma langis at f neuqer cy fs era
deilppa is atlum n suoe ly ot ht e ived ce (vara otc r). ehT pump cruos e su ilpp se en re gy
ot ht e angis l a( t eht is g lan f neuqer c )y itluser ng ni a ilpm f noitaci . hT is rucco s at ht e
evitca cived e erehw the c eviticapa re natca ce v seira ta eht up pm fr qe u ne cy.
ehT egatlov ca r sso ht e rotcarav si ercni a des by t eh pu pm i gn angis l ta ea hc angis l
egatlov pe ka as wohs n evoba .e.i , rene gy si at nek f mor eht up pm os u ecr dna a dedd
ot eht langis ta eht si lang f uqer enc .y Wi ht na tupni tiucric dna lo da detcennoc ,
ilpma f noitaci luser ts.
enO trop n no - ged ene etar a ilpm f rei si ht e m tso co nomm ly us de para rtem ic
a ilpm f ei r. nO ly ht r ee seicneuqerf era ovni lved - eht ,pmup eht si ng al dna eht reldi

f eicneuqer s. If pump f neuqer cy si f 'p ht e angis l f neuqer cy is f 's ht en ldi er
f neuqer cy is fj = fp - f 's
If fi = f 's neht ti si llac ed tarenegeD e a ilpm f ei r dna
if fi si ton lauqe ot f 's neht ti si non-degen re ate a ilpm f rei .
sL sC ~ denut tiucric at ngis al f uqer ency fs
jL jC ~ ut n de cric u ti ta reldi f neuqer cy fj (pu pm f neuqer cy t enu d tiucric is on t
,)nwohs
ehT uo t tup can be at k ne ta i reld f neuqer cy fr iaG n si p lbisso e iw th iht s t py e of
a ilpm f ei r. esuaceB t eh pu pm uos r ec sevig om re rene gy
nI non - eneged r eta t py e, lausu ly fj > fs gnitluser ni .niag ehT ldi re cir tiuc ep r tim s
rene gy ot eb kat en f mor the pu pm so .ecru T sih rene gy si co trevn ed otni angis l
f neuqer cy dna i reld f neuqer cy e ren gy dna amp il f dei uptuo t nac be niatbo ed at
rehtie f neuqer cy.

LNAM EY – RO EW R TALE I :SNO
roF eht ted er tanim i no fo xam imum ga ni of eht para cirtem a ilpm f ,rei a tes of rewop
itavresnoc on italer o sn nwonk sa lnaM" ey-Ro "ew italer o sn era qu eti esu f lu .
owt nis u ladios langis s fp dna fs a deilpp a orc ss a ssol l sse ti em av ryi gn non -li raen
c ecnaticapa jC )t( . tA t eh tuptuo of siht av ryi gn apac c ,ecnati ah rmo scin of eht owt
f seicneuqer fp dna fs ra e detareneg .
esehT ah r cinom s are etarapes d su i gn band-pa ss f tli e sr nivah g ev ry an r or w
tdiwdnab h.
ehT rewop at ht e es ha cinomr fre seicneuq is detapissid in eht er spe evitc tsiser i ev
daol s.
rF om eht law of snoc er noitav of ene rg ,y we ha ev

ehT voba e italer o sn are dellac lnaM" ey-Ro "ew pow re noc s tavre i no tauqe i sno .
Wh ne hT e ewop r si su deilpp by eht t ow neg e ,srotar ht en Pmn si po .evitis nI ht si
c ,esa rewop wi ll f wol otni eht non -l aeni r ac p .ecnatica If ti si eht ot reh wa ,y eht n
P nm si nega vit e.
sA an xe a pm l ,e let su disnoc re eht ca es w eh n eht p rewo uptuo t f wol si la l ewo d at
eht sum f neuqer cy fp + fs no l ,y w hti lla t eh re am i gnin ah r cinom s eb i gn nepo
c etiucri d. htiW eht ab evo ser t itcur o ,sn the eititnauq s ‘ 'm na d ‘n' nac at ke no
seulav - 0,1 dna ser p tce ively.
ehT op srew P0 dna1 01P era c isno der de p ,evitiso rehw e sa 11P si disnoc e er d
vitagen e. :. hT e wop re niag def deni sa ht e rewop uptuo t f mor t eh non -li en ra
roticapac ed l derevi to eht daol ta sum fre euq cn y to taht p rewo er cei dev by ti ta a
f neuqer cy fs si vig en by

suhT eht rewop iag n si eht ra oit of ptuo ut ot pni ut f neuqer c .y sihT t py e of
rap a cirtem ecived is dellac S" um-f neuqer cy rap a cirtem a lpm if "rei ro pu" -
c trevno er".
nO ht e ehto r dnah , if ht e angis l f neuqer cy si fp + fs dna uo t tup f neuqer cy is fs'
neht
sihT t epy of rap a rtem ic ecived wi ll on w eb llac ed ap" ra cirtem down- evnoc rte "r
a dn eht pow re niag eb c semo wop er a unett a it on.
NIP ID O ED AND ITS LPPA I TAC I :NO
ehT IP N oid de is a p-t ,epy irtni n ,cis n-t py e id o ed c sno i gnits of a rran ow la ey r of p-
type se im c tcudno or and a orran w la rey of n-type se im c tcudno o ,r w hti a iht cker
noiger of irtni n cis or ev ry gil htly n- epod d se udnocim c rot iretam al iwdnas c deh
neewteb ht em.
nociliS si t eh se cim o rotcudn on r am lly used esuaceb of sti wop er nildnah g
ilibapac ty dna ti off sre hgih evitsiser ly f ro the cisnirtni oiger n. ,tuB won -a-da sy
illaG um nesrA i ed G( a )sA si a osl gnieb desu . lateM la srey era atta c deh f ro tcatnoc
soprup es. I st niam acilppa snoit era ni rcim owa ev ihctiws ng dna dom u noital .

NIP id o ed ca ts as a mo er or sel s nidro ary edoid at f seicneuqer u otp oba ut 01 0
HM z. tA h hgi f neuqer c ,sei ti saec es ot re itc fy dna neht ca ts sa a v ira a elb atsiser n ec
htiw na uqe i tnelav tiucric dna a re tsis a ecn - tlov a eg c tcarah eri scits nI. ' ht e
e tnelaviuq c ,tiucri Land C re serp e tn eht pa kc a eg udni c nat ce dna capa ecnatic p p
levitcepser y. R is ht e klub se im c cudno t ro lay re dna c tcatno re tsis a .ecn R. a dn C.
tneserper eht cepser tive noitcnuj atsiser n ec dna ticapac a ecn of eht cisnirtni la rey .
Wh ne ht e saib si va ir ed no ht e IP N edoid , its cim r wo a ev resi nats ce .R hc a egn s
f mor a t ipy c la eulav of 6 K rednu J
evitagen saib to hrep a sp 5 Q ehw n eht ib as si evitisop T. h ,su if eht edoid si
mo detnu a ssorc a 05 Q oc - laixa l ,eni ti lliw n to ingis f tnaci ly l dao ht is enil wh ne ti
si kcab - ib a ,des so taht eht rewop f wol w lli not eb tni erfer de iw t .h H ,revewo if ht e
edoid si now f drawro ,desaib sti re is ecnats rd spo ingis f tnaci ly ot 5Q, os taht om st
of eht rewop si er f detcel dna drah ly any is t nar s ;dettim t eh edoid is gnitca sa a
ctiws h.
ILPPA C OITA N FO NIP ID ODE AS IS N ELG PO EL S CTIW H:
A NIP edoid can be desu ni rehtie a eires s ro a s tnuh noc f noitarugi ot f mro a
elgnis - elop , is n elg - rht ow RF tiws ch. Th ese ci stiucr are hs o nw htiw saib en t row ks
oleb w.

nI eht seires noc f noitarugi eht hctiws si NO nehw leht edoid si f drawro desaiB dna
FFO nehw ti si re srev e .desaib ,tuB ni sh tnu noc f noitarugi of for draw gnisaib ht e
doid e stuc" - ffo ' ht e oissimsnart n na d r sreve e nisaib g ht e doid e serusne
nart s ssim i no f mor ni p tu ot ptuo u .t ehT DC skcolb s dluoh h va e a ev ry ol w
ecnadepmi at RF o ep r gnita f neuqer cy na d RF ekohc in rotcud s hs o dlu evah very
hgih FR i nadepm ce.
laedI l ,y a hctiws shou dl ha ev z ore sni e itr on ssol ni eht NO tats e dna ni f etini
a noitaunett ni eht OFF .etats Re citsila s iw tc gnih eleme ,stn of co ,esru luser t ni
so em sni e itr on ssol f ro eht ON etats a dn f etini noitaunetta f ro eht OFF tats e eud to
non - orez f drawro ib as r ecnatsise .
Si ralim l ,y f ro esrever b sai tnuhs ac p rotica si n to ni f etini & non - orez noitresni lo ss
tluser s. aceB u es of eht gral e br odkae wn vo egatl ( 005= lov t )s comp dera ot na
anidro ry ,edoid NIP di edo nac be ib a des at hi hg tagen ive ger i no so t tah gral e .a c.
,langis us p re i pm o des on c.d . nnac ot ekam the ived ce f drawro saib e .d

roF w dra :saiB hW en eht NIP oid de si f drawro ib a ,des eht icapac t sro C dna C.
tsomla evaheb sa o nep stiucric os taht eht equi lav e tn c tiucri can now be si ilpm f dei
erehw Rf si eht tot al f drawro siser t ecna of eht NIP edoid nevig by
.. ehT doid e i depm a cn e dZ of eht NIP id o ed si nevig by
esreveR :saib nehW eht NIP edoid si ver e esr ,desaib eht capac itance of eht
cisnirtni layer .C bec semo ingis f tnaci and rR lliw eb eht uqe iv tnela esrever
ecnatsiser dna eht is mp il f dei tnelaviuqe c cri iu t for esrever desaib IP N edoid can eb
c detcurtsno as hs o nw .
ehT edoid i nadepm ce dZ of eht NIP oid de un red ever r es b ,sai si t eh n nevig by
esreveR :saib nehW eht NIP edoid si ver e esr ,desaib eht capac itance of eht
cisnirtni layer .C bec semo ingis f aci tn and rR lliw eb eht uqe iv tnela esrever
ecnatsiser dna eht is mp il f dei tnelaviuqe c iucri t for esrever desaib IP N edoid can eb
c detcurtsno ;
ehT edoid i nadepm ce dZ of eht NIP oid de un red ever r es b ,sai si t eh n nevig by

NIP OID DE SA TDPS S :HCTIW
elgniS - elop do elbu ht r wo )TDPS( noitca ac n eb deniatbo by isu ng a riap fo NIP
sedoid htie er ni ires es noc f noitarugi ro ni s tnuh noc f noitarugi as nwohs nI. t eh
seires noc f rugi oita n of f erugi ,)a(92.3 ehw n DI si f ro w dra desaib a dn zD srever e
,desaib c tcenno i no si dehsilbatse teb w nee RF tupni dna tuptuo I dna on tuptuo ta
TUPTUO II .
Wh ne eht ib a gnis cond noiti si re ev r des (D( re esrev ib a des a dn zD of drawr esaib d),
c noitcenno si batse l si h de neewteb FR ni p tu a dn tuptuo II.

nI eht tnuhs noc f noitarugi nehw 3D si f drawro ,desaib ti eb co sem s troh detiucric
gniworht an nepo circ tiu ta FR in tup enil ju noitcn eud to IA( )4 sec .noit 4D is
esrever desaib os ht at ti ceb o sem o nep c tiucri hgih( i nadepm ce )etats na d
c noitcenno si lbatse ish de wteb e ne FR tupni dna tuptuo .II nehW 3D si esrever
desaib na d 4D f awro rd saib e ,d nnoc e tc i no is ilbatse shed eb t neew RF upni t na d
tuptuo I.
OHCS T YKT B RRA I RE ID O :ED
ttohcS ky b reirra di edo si a ihpos s detacit v sre i no of eht tniop - noc t tca nocilis crys lat
,edoid wh niere t eh em t la -se nocim d rotcu j cnu t noi os formed si a us rf eca rehtar t ah n
a tniop conta tc .
ehT navda t ega of ohcs ttky doid e revo tniop oc tcatn cr tsy al oid de si ht e le i nim ati no
of ironim ty ac r reir f wol ni eht r esreve - saib ed noitidnoc of eht id o .ed euD ot iht s
le i oitanim n of seloh , t ereh is on led ay eud to loh e- le ec nort cer o bm i noitan ( cihw h
si tneserp ni cnuj noit d )sedoi dna ecneh eht o ep r noita si f .retsa esuaceB of regral
tcatnoc ra ea of itcer fyi gn atnoc ct co apm red to cr atsy l edoid , ht e f drawro siser t cna e
si ewol r sa a osl esion . N esio f serugi sa low as d3 B vah e neeb atbo i den tiw h seht e
doid es. tsuJ ekil cr tsy al edoid s, ht e ohcs ttky sedoid are la so su ed in itceted on na d
nixim g.

ehT curtsnoc t noi of ttohcs ky oid de si sulli t tar ed ni f erugi (03.3 a .) hT e doid e
snoc stsi of +n nocilis s rtsbu a et pu on hcihw a niht la rey of nocilis of 2 ot 3 orcim n
ssenkciht is ixatipe ally .nworg hT en a niht i gnitalusn layer of ilis c no edixoid is
nworg lamreht l .y After gninepo a wodniw t hguorh ma iks ng corp e ,ss a me lat -
se udnocim c rot uj itcn on si f demro by oped si gnit me lat revo iS O2. ttohcs ky edoid
hcihw si tsomla id itne cal htiw aht t of cr sy t la d edoi .

DEDNEMMOCER QU TSE OI NS NO TINU - 3
1. tahW si “ nnuG ceffE t ?” htiw a taen margaid ex nialp eht curtsnoc it ano l de sliat
dNNUGfo i edo .
2. Ex nialp eht tnereffid sedom fo noitarepo fo nuG n edoid cso li al t ro .
3. Ex nialp RWH yroeht rof refsnarT nortcele ived ec s.
4. nialpxE eht owt yellav oeht ry ledom .
5. tahW era sedom fo noitarepo fo nnuG ,edoid ex nialp .
6. htiW taen margaid ex nialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo DAER di edo .
7. htiW taen margaid ex nialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo TTAPMI oid de.
8. htiW taen margaid ex nialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op re noita fo TTAPART di edo .
9. htiW taen margaid nialpxe eht noitcurtsnoc dna noitarepo fo AB R TTI oid de.
10. htiW taen margaid ex nialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo YKTTOHCS
reirrab edoid .
11. nialpxE eht noitarepo fo a cisab cirtemarap reifilpma htiw erauqs evaw
gnipmup .
12. tahW era YELNAM –R EWO snoitaler ? woH era yeht lufesu ni srednu tandi gn
rtemarap ic sreifilpma .

TINU – 4
EVAWORCIM N OWTE RK TH YROE AND SSAP EVI VED I EC S
NOITCUDORTNI
A orcim w eva net krow stsisnoc of gnilpuoc of av r suoi orcim w eva comp tneno s na d
secived cus h sa netta u ,srota esahp ihs fte ,sr amp il fie ,sr otanoser rs et ,.c ot uos r ec s
hguorht nart s noissim li sen ro sediugevaw . Co noitcenn of owt ro more rcim o vaw e
secived dna co pm o nen ts ot a gnis le tniop user l st ni a cim r evawo j cnu t noi .
nI a wol f neuqer cy en t ,krow eht in tup dna uo t tup lbairav es era tlov ga e dna uc r ner t
hcihw ac n eb re etal d ni et r sm of i depm na ec Z- rap a ,sretem ro a ttimd a ecn Y-
rap a tem sre ro h rby id h- rap a sretem ro AB DC rap a tem e sr . hT e es aler t spihsnoi f ro a
owt - trop ne krowt of f ugi re 1.4 nac eb per r se ne det by

esehT rap a ,sretem ,Z h,Y dna A DeB rap ma srete can eb e isa ly me derusa ta low
f seicneuqer rednu ohs rt ro nepo tiucric noc id snoit dna can eb su ed f ro ana lyz ni g
eht tiucric .
ehT ph lacisy gnel th of eht de eciv ro eht enil ta im c or w va e f ,seicneuqer is
co rapm a lb e ot ro um ch egral r aht n eht vaw e .htgnel euD to ht i ,s the gatlov e na d
tnerruc era id ff tluci ot rusaem e sa a osl the evoba nem t denoi p ra a .sretem T eh
snosaer f ro siht a er l si t de sa oleb w.
)a( iuqE p tnem is ton a lbaliav e to saem ure ht e latot vo egatl and atot l tnerruc ta any
op ni t.
)b( revO a diw e nar ge of f ,seicneuqer ohs rt dna nepo stiucric are fid f tluci ot
ilaer ze.
)c( evitcA secived su hc sa rewop tsisnart o ,sr lennut sedoid cte , lliw moceb e
elbatsnu un red ohs rt ro nepo tiucric tidnoc i sno .
erehT f ,ero a wen repr noitatnese si deen ed ot revo oc em seht e lborp e sm at
im c evawor f icneuqer e .s ehT lacigol irav abl se era vart e gnil aw ev s rehtar naht
segatlov dna c tnerru s dna eseht va ir a elb s ra e la deleb sa " cS a gnirett ro S-
rap a sretem ". esehT ap r ma e sret f ro a owt trop krowten era r pe re tnes ed sa nwohs in
f erugi 2.4 .

esehT S-p ra a etem rs can eb per r etnese d ni an noitauqe form rela det to eht rt ave nil g
sevaw
a 2a,1 dna b1 2b ht r uo gh
MMYS E CIRT AL Z DNA Y M RTA I SEC ROF RE RPIC O LAC WTEN O KR
nI a lacorpicer ten wor ,k eht noitcnuj aidem era cha deziretcar by s ralac lacirtcele
sretemarap na em ly ba s etulo ep r ilibaem ty I .. l dna osba l etu ep r vittim ity E . In us ch
a ,krowten eht i depm a ecn dna ht e ad ttim a cn e ecirtam s beca em symmet .lacir Th si
reporp ty nac eb pr vo ed by disnoc e gnir na N- trop en t ow rk. eL t jE dna Hi eb ht e
vitcepser e irtcele c na d tengam ic f dlei tni e sn i seit at eht i ht
po tr and tel t eh ot t la
egatlov oV = 0 ta la pl or st f ro n = ,0 2,1 .. .. ex tpec ta h1i po tr .
ralimiS ly if E. dna H. a er deredisnoc f ro eht i ht
trop htiw V = 0 ta oth re op r ,st eht n
icorpicermorf ty ht eor me .
S- RTAM IX RE ERP S TATNE I NO OF MU OPITL RT EN T OW R :K
teL su won c redisno a j noitcnu of "n" nu rebm of ralugnatcer vaw e ug i sed sa ohs nw
ni f erugi 4.4 . nI siht ,esac lla 'a" "s eserper nt eht tnedicni sevaw ta re evitceps trop s

dna lla " s'b " eht er flected wa ev s f mor t eh mi evaworc ju noitcn comi gn tuo of ht e
evitcepser p .stro
nI ht is sac e osla , auqe t snoi (4. )81 and 4( . )91 era lits l ilav d w reh e S.. dna .S have
eht f gniwollo aem n gni s:
=iiS ettacS r gni eoc ff tneici pserroc o gnidn to the tupni po rew a lpp ied at
JI eht h1i p tro dna tuo p tu rewop co gnim o tu of jth
trop dna
jjS = rettacS i gn eoc ff tneici pserroc o gnidn to t eh rewop pa p deil ta t eh ith
op rt " . and
tuptuo nekat o tu of troph1i lesti f. sihT oc eff tneici si a me sa u er of tnuoma of
m si hctam neewteb the ith
trop dna eht itcnuj no .
sA an xe a elpm tel us c redisno a t ow - op tr en t krow sa sh nwo ni f ugi re 5:4 .

ehT ler a oit n pihs . be wt e ne eht icni d tne dna ref detcel sevaw ni et r sm of gnirettacs
coe ff stneici nac eb irw t net sa

EPORP R SEIT FO S-M RTA IX
nI lareneg the rettacs ni g rap a em ret s a er co pm l xe ititnauq es ha iv ng the f gniwollo
:seitreporP
reporP ty )1( : ehW n na y 1Z h trop is ep rfe tc ly ma ehct d ot t eh ju tcn i ,no eht n ereht
era on er f noitcel s f mor taht p .tro Th su S . =. .O If lla eht trop s era rep f tce ly
am t ,dehc th ne ht e el adi gn id a anog l II le eme tn s lliw lla eb orez .
reporP ty )2( : S mmy et cir reporP ty of S- tam ri :x - If a orcim w eva uj n noitc sitas f sei
icorpicer ty noc d noiti dna if ht e er are on vitca e ,secived neht S para sretem era
e lauq ot ht e ri oc r er spo gnidn nart s sesop .

reporP ty (3 :) - tinU ary reporp ty f ro a lssol e ss j :noitcnu -
. sihT reporp ty s setat th ta f ro any l sselsso netw ,kro eht sum of eht stcudorp of hcae
et rm of anyo en row ro anyo en loc umn of eht [ JS tam r xi tiw h sti co elpm x
etagujnoc is inu ty.
oorP f:- morF t eh nirp c elpi of esnoc r noitav of rene g ,y if eht noitcnuj si sselssol ,
neht eht rewop tupni mu ts eb lauqe ot op w re .tuptuo T eh edicni nt a dn er f detcel
sevaw era er l deta ot the tnedicni and er fle detc tlov ages by
Wh ne eht noitcnuj si l ,sselsso neht on laer po ew r nac eb dereviled ot eht krowten .
,suhT if eht iretcarahc s cit i cnadepm es of lla eht strop a er di e lacitn a dn ssa u dem ot
eb inu ty p( erf tce ly nor am l ,)dezi the a rev a eg p rewo eviled r de ot ju cn t noi si rez o.

sihT orp rep ty of noitauqe )87.4( on [ ]S am rt xi si so tem i sem dellac " REZ O
RP OPE TR Y", nI row d ,s noitauqe 7.4( 7) tats es taht eht tcudorp of any oc lu nm fo
[ ]S htiw eht pmoc l xe c gujno a et of taht loc u nm sevig inu t ,y hw i el eq noitau )87.4(
setats taht eht dorp uct of any loc u nm of [ ]S htiw eht co xelpm c etagujno of a
fid f tnere loc u nm gives orez .
treporP y )4( :- PHASE- FIHS T ORP P RE TY
Co elpm x S- rap a retem s of a rowten k era ed f deni tiw h cepser t ot the itisop o sn of
eht trop ro er f ecnere lp ane .s roF a wt o- op rt krowten htiw u rpn imed er f ecnere
senalp 1 dna 2 sa hs o nw ni f erugi ,6.4 eht S- rap ame et rs evah ed f etini co xelpm
seulav .
Wh ne the er f ecnere pl sena 1 na d 2 are ihs ft de tuo w dra to I' and 2' by rtcele i lac
esahp ihs f ,st
tnemtrapeD fo S,ECE TIBJ egaP 69

sihT eporp rty si va dil f ro any nu rebm of strop .
.. roF n" " nu bm er of ,strop
ehT evoba reporp ty si c della eht " HP A ES SHI TF ORP P TRE Y" ilppa c elba ot a ihs ft
of er f ecnere senalp .
APMOC R NOSI EB T NEEW [ ]S , [ ]Z DNA [ ]Y TAM R :SECI
We onk w taht i adepm n ec ro ad cnattim e rtam ix for na N- rop t ten work per r nese t la l
eht tiucric siretcarahc it sc of eht ecived ta any nevig fre neuq cy. iL ke eht pmi e ecnad
ro ad attim n ec irtam x f ro na N- op rt wten or ,k eht [S] xirtam la so sedivorp q
co telpm e pircsed t noi fo eht ten w ro k as se ne ta sti N po .str elihW the [ ]Z dna [ ]Y
am t secir etaler eht t ato l gatlov es na d ruc re stn ta eht strop , ht e [ ]S am t xir taler es ht e
egatlov aw ev s icni de tn no ht e rop ts ot ht o es ref detcel f mor eht rop ts .
rF om qe u noita ( ,)25.4 eht rettacs i gn ma xirt [ ]S si ler a det to eht imp ecnade tam rix
]Z[ by
nI a is alim r way, ht e r ihsnoitale p teb ween [S] dna eht ad ttim an ec [Y] ac n sla o eb
e rpx e ss ed as

sevaworciM & aR rad 45CE01
rahcehT a tc e citsir s co nomm teb w nee ,]S[ [ ]Z dna [ ]Y :
)i( eht nu rebm of le eme stn ni lla t eseh tam r eci s era sa em .
)ii( f ro acorpicer l en t ,skrow all ht e 3 am tri sec [ ,]S [Z] dna [ ]Y are s mmy e cirt
ecirtam s.
)iii( hT e vda a segatn of gnirettacs tam r xi [ ]S revo [ ]Z a dn [ ]Y can eb sil t de as
:woleb
)1( gnisU rcim o vaw e aem s ru e tnem et c inh q ,seu fre neuq c ,y VS ,RW rewop na d
esahp of evaworcim si slang nac eb isae ly me .derusa usaeM re tnem fo RWSV is
gnihton tub rusaem me tne of ,)a/b( ewop r si em a rus e em nt of a2lal nd usaem er nem t
of esahp si rusaem eme tn of hcuS.2b a tcerid o en - ot - no e italer o ihsn p seod not xe i ts
htiw [ ]Z ro [ ]Y rap ame sret .
ehT)2( op w re italer o sn of sselssol rcim o evaw stiucric na d ecived s can be idaer ly
dekcehC by gnisu nu i at ry reporp ty of [ ]S am t .xir uS ch a iuq ck c kceh si not
elbaliava wi ht [ ]Z or [ ]Y secirtam .
)3( hT e esac of [ ]Z and [ ]Y secirtam , eht vo segatl and ruc re stn ra e f nu c snoit of
co xelpm i cnadepm es a dn ad attim n sec pser ect evi ly. ehW n eht er f cnere e senalp ra e
,degnahc ht e er si hc a gn e ni tob h ingam tude dna esahp of eht mi p secnade and
ad ecnattim s. ,tuB ni the sac e of [ ]S ,xirtam the egnahc ni er f cnere e enalp gnahc se
no ly eht ph esa of eht sc gniretta para sretem .

sevaworciM & daR ra 45CE01
SNOITSEUQDEDNEMMOCER TINUROF – 4
1. Ex nialp eht aler t noi b te w nee tnedicni a dn r detcelfe w seva ni et r sm fo
gnirettacs rap a em t re s of r a two trop ten w kro . oslA ex nialp hp y lacis
acifingis n ec fo s- rap a em t sre .
2. hcihW pr eitrepo s era co nomm in ,S Z dna Y am t ecir s?
3. Two issimsnart on nil es fo arahc c citsiret mi secnadep jZ and 2Z a er
denioj ta enalp .'PP xE sserp s - rap ame sret ni et r sm of i epm d na c se
4. etatS na d ex nialp eht seitreporp fo S-para sretem
5. Ex nialp S- tam rix r tatneserpe i no fo ium tl i trop ten w kro .
6. tahW era t eh da v tna a seg fo S rap a tem e sr o rev Z and y rap a em ters ?

INU T -5
IM RC OWA EV P SA SIVE ED VICES
OC -AXIAL AC B ,SEL ENNOC C SROT DNA ADA TP E SR
laixaoC C selba rciM o evaw comp tneno s and secived era retni co nn e detc su i gn
eseht oc -ax lai ca lb es fo elbatius tgnel h dna o rep a det at worcim a ev f seicneuqer . In
siht noitces tel su noc s redi so em arp c lacit as ep c st of eseht oc - laixa ca lb e .s MET
mo ed is gaporp a det ht r hguo ht e oc - aixa l enil dna eht o etu r co udn ctor sediug eht es
slangis ni t eh eleid ctric ecaps wteb e ne lesti f a dn enni r co rotcudn .
ehT tuo er c otcudno r al os stca sa a ihs e dl ot preve tn eht ex nret al sign sla ot etni rf ere
htiw ht e lanretni s ngi a .l tI osla stneverp eht i etn r lan langis el a egak . ehT co- aixa l
selbac us lau ly p sesso s rahc a etc ris cit i depm a ecn of rehtie 50 oh sm ro 75 ohms
desaB no the curts t ru e of ,gnidleihs coa ix al selbac are alc s is f dei in ot eerht sab ic
epyt s.
)i( elbixelF oc - laixa C :elba erugiF 1.5 wohs s eht rutcurts e of fle elbix -t epy of oc -
laixa elbac tsisnoc ing fo wol ssol dilos ro f mao t epy op lyethyl ene cirtceleid .
rtcelE o am g citen sh lei d gni si pr edivo d f ro uo t re lgnis e diarb ro od bu le diarb of eht
f elbixel elbac sa ohs w ,n by us gni ttink ed me lat eriw .hsem ehT ec ntre tcudnoc or
lausu ly oc n stsis of um l it dnarts wi er .

)ii( Se im - igir d oc - ixa al elbac : rugiF e .5 2 hs o sw ht e ssorc - anoitces l weiv of se im -
digir oc - laixa .elbac S ime gir id oc - laixa bac l se ekam esu of niht retuo tcudnoc or
ma ed of reppoc dna a gnorts renni oc n cud t ro osla edam of poc p .re hT e noiger
neewteb eht nni er and retuo noc d rotcu oc nta sni a dilos leid e irtc c. sehT e lbac es
nac tneb f ro oc nevn i ne t gnituor and era on t sa f lbixel e as eht f tsri t py e.
( )lli digiR co- laixa cab :el erugiF 5.3 ohs ws t eh erutcurts of a digir oc - laixa lbac e
c nitsisno g of renni na d retuo c cudno t ro iw th a ri sa d cirtcelei . oT us p trop ht e nni er
cudnoc rot ta eht ce tn re tceleid r ci ecaps rs are cudortni ed ta er g lu ar slavretni sa
wohs n. T eh ciht k ssen of eseht cirtceleid aps c sre si am de s lam l os th ta ht ey do on t
ecudorp is g in fic tna id s itiunitnoc es ot eht aw ve gaporp a it on.
tnemtrapeD fo E TIBJS,EC egaP 101

oC -a ix al ac b sel nac eb desu otpu worcim a ev - egnar of fre seicneuq . eB yo dn th ese
f seicneuqer itaunetta on ceb o sem ev ry ral ge ecnis( itaunetta on sesaercni iw ht
f neuqer c )y w hcih mak se oc - laixa ca selb uns elbatiu at hi hg er f qer u .seicne emoS
itsiretcarahc cs of nats d dra laixaoc c selba w ti h rieht oidar ediug ( GR ) a dn evinu r las
)U( nu ebm rs gnola iw th otcudnoc r enni( r a dn )retuo dime snoisn .
oC ax lai Co nn ce ot rs a dn Ada tp re s:
tcennocretnI i no eb twe ne oc -a ix al ca selb and vaworcim e comp eno n st si ihca e dev
htiw eht pleh of leihs d de ts a adn rd noc n rotce s. ehT egareva cric umfer ecne of eht
oc - laixa lbac e, f ro mar hgih f neuqer cy po er noita tsum eb li im ted ot tuoba o en
tgnelevaw h. hT is qer u ri e tnem si a IV assecen ry ot ecuder orp p aga t noi ta rehgih
mo sed dna osla ot le mi etani citarre er fle noitc oc e ff ic stnei RWSV( cl eso ot inu t )y ,
langis itrotsid on dna rewop sessol . lareveS t sepy of oc - laixa c srotcenno ha ev eeb n
depoleved a dn so em of ht em era de debircs eb l wo .
)a( CPA 3.5 (Amph ne ol noisicerP ennoC c rot - 5.3 )mm
PH ttelweH( - akcaP rd) lanigiro ly leved oped siht ,rotcennoc tub it si won gnieb
ma un f derutca by Amp loneh . sihT cennoc t ro nac etarepo pu ot a f neuqer cy of 43
zHG dna sah a ev ry l wo egatlov ts a idn ng vaw e oitar V( S .)RW hT si nnoc e tc or
edivorp s ataeper b el co noitcenn s na d sah 05 Q tcarahc e itsir c i pm ed ecna . hT e am el
ro f elame of AMS rotcennoc nac eb cennoc t de ot eht etisoppo t py e of CPA 5.3
c otcenno r.
)b( CPA -7 (Amp oneh l Pr noisice c tcenno or -7 )mm
sihT co otcenn r aw s la so leved o dep by HP but i orpm v de al t re by Am .lonehp sihT
rotcennoc p edivor s re ep a elbat co oitcenn ns dna su ed f ro ev ry ca c etaru 05 ohm
em a rus e em nt pa p cil ati sno . hT is co otcenn r pr divo es a uoc p gnil em c inah sm uohtiw t

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