The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and function. It describes the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, with the left heart having thicker walls and extending into the apex to pump to the higher pressure systemic circulation. It also outlines the layers of the heart tissue, the pathway of blood flow through the heart's chambers and valves, the cardiac cycle of heart sounds, and electrocardiogram waves. Arrhythmias and types of heart block are defined.

2. General Anatomy
• Regions of the Heart
– Base and Apex (point of heart)
• Left Ventricle
– Right Heart
• Pulmonary Pump (blood to lungs)
– Left Heart
• Systematic Pump (pressures of 100-120
mmHg)

3. Difference between the Right and
Left Hearts
• Right Heart
– Doesn’t
extend into
the apex
– Thinner
walls
• Left Heart
– Extends into
the apex
– Thicker walls
– Higher
pressure

4. Difference between the Right and
Left Hearts
• Right Heart
– Doesn’t
extend into
the apex
– Thinner
walls
• Left Heart
– Extends into
the apex
– Thicker walls
– Higher
pressure
True or False:
The Right Heart has thicker walls
than the Left Heart?
FALSE
The Left Heart has thicker
walls.

5. Tissue Layers of the Heart
• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Pericardium
– visceral pericardium (epicardium)
– parietal pericardium (pericardial sac)
• pericardial fluid) between
pericardial sac and epicardium)

6. Tissue Layers of the Heart
• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Pericardium
Name the three layers of the heart

7. Pathway of Blood Flow through the
Heart
(Unoxygenated)
• Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava
– (also coronary sinus = the venous return from coronary veins)
• Right Atrium and Right Auricle
• Tricuspid Valve
– chordae tendonae
• tendon cords attached to tricuspid valve to prevent blood from
going back into the atrium
– papillary muscle
• anchors valve
• Right Ventricle
• Pulmonary Semilunar Valves
• Pulmonary Artery
• Pulmonary Circulation
– (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) -- exchanges of O2
and CO2

8. Pathway of Blood through the Heart
(Oxygenated)
• Pulmonary Veins
– carry O2 back to the heart from the lungs.
• Left Atrium and Left Auricle
• Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
– chordae tendonae
• tendon cords attached to mitral valve to prevent blood from
from going back into the atrium
– papillary muscle
• anchors valves
• Left Ventricle
• Aortic Semilunar Valves
• Aorta
• Coronary Arteries

9. The “Lub-Dub” of the
Heart
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
B
C
The Cardiac Cycle. A- Ventricular filling
during the first part of diastole. B- Ventricular
filling during the last part of diastole as a result
of atrial contraction. C- Ventricular contraction
ejects blood from the ventricles during systole.
Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventrical Systole
1. Aortic Semilunar Valve (closed)
2. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (closed)
3. Tricuspid Valve
4. Bicuspid Valve
5. Semilunar Valve (closed
6. Tricuspid and Bicuspid (mitral)
Valves (open)
7. Semilunar Valves )open)
8. Tricuspid and Bicuspid (mitral)
Valves (closed)

10. Electrocardiogram

11. EKG Explanation
• P wave
– result of action potentials that cause depolarization
of the atrial myocardium, signals the onset of atrial
contraction.
• QRS wave
– composed of 3 individual waves-- Q, R, S waves
– QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization
and signals the onset of ventricular contraction.
• T wave
– represents the repolarization of the ventricles and
precedes ventricular relaxation.

12. EKG Explanation
• P wave
• QRS wave
• T wave
What are the three waves of the EKG?

13. Arrythmias
T a c h y c a r d ia
( fa s t h e a r t r a t e )
s y m p a t h e t ic
( e le v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e )
B r a d y c a r d ia
( s lo w h e a r t r a t e )
p h y s io lo g ic a l
( w e ll c o n d it o n e d a t h le t e )
A r r y t h m ia
How do you describe
TACHYCARDIA?
How do you describe
BRADYCARDIA?
What are the TWO types of ARRYTHMIA?
Tachycardia and Bradycardia

14. Heart Blocks
• First Degree block
– prolonged AV conduction
• (prolonged P-R [or P-Q] interval)
• Second Degree block
– mobitz type I and II
• (2:1, 3:1 or 4:1 rhythm)
• Third Degree block
– complete AV block
• no synchrony between atria and ventricles (no
synchrony between the P and QRS waves)
• “ventricular escape’
– some site will take over as ventricular site