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1. NETWRAP: An NDN Based Real-
TimeWireless Recharging Framework
for Wireless Sensor Networks

2. Using vehicles equipped with wireless energy transmission technology
to recharge sensor nodes over the air is a game-changer for
traditional wireless sensor networks. The recharging policy regarding when
to recharge which sensor nodes critically impacts the network performance. So far
only a few works have studied such recharging policy for the case of using a single
vehicle. In this paper, we propose NETWRAP,
an NDN based Real Time Wireless Recharging Protocol for
dynamic wirelessrecharging in sensor networks. The real-time
recharging framework supports single or multiple mobile vehicles. Employing
multiple mobile vehicles provides more scalability and robustness. To efficiently
deliver sensor energy status information to vehicles in real-time, we leverage
concepts and mechanisms from named data networking (NDN) and design energy
monitoring and reporting protocols. We derive theoretical results on the energy
neutral condition and the minimum number of mobile vehicles required for
perpetual network operations.

3. Then we study how to minimize the total traveling cost of vehicles while
guaranteeing all the sensor nodes can be recharged before their batteries
deplete. We formulate the recharge optimization problem into a Multiple
Traveling Salesman Problem with Deadlines (m-TSP with Deadlines), which is NP-hard.
To accommodate the dynamic nature of node energy conditions with low
overhead, we present an algorithm that selects the node with the minimum
weighted sum of traveling time and residual lifetime. Our scheme not only
improves network scalability but also ensures the perpetual operation
of networks. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and
efficiency of the proposed design. The results also validate the correctness of the
theoretical analysis and show significant improvements that cut the number of
nonfunctional nodes by half compared to the static scheme while maintaining
the network overhead at the same level.

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